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Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Green): Trilobe Scale

California Pest Rating for
Psuedaonidia trilobitiformis (Green)
Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Green): Trilobe Scale
Photo Credit: National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources (NBAIR)
Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Green):  Trilobe Scale
Hemiptera: Diaspididae
Pest Rating:  A
PEST RATING PROFILE
Initiating Event:

Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis is commonly intercepted by CDFA and presently has a temporary rating of “Q”.  A pest rating proposal is required to determine a permanent pest rating.

History & Status:

Background:  Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis is a polyphagous, widespread armored scale insect.  Known hosts include:  Agavaceae: Agave mexicana1, Cordyline sp.1, Cordyline neo-caledonyca1, Dracaena sp.1; Anacardiaceae: Anacardium sp.1, Anacardium occidentale1, Mangifera sp.1, Mangifera indica1, Nothopegia colebrookiana1, Schinus molle1, Schinus terebinthifolius1, Sclerocarya caffra1; Annonaceae: Annona sp.1, Annona reticulata1, Annona squamosa1, Cananga odoratum1; Apocynaceae: Acocanthera abessinica1, Carissa carandas1, Carissa madagascariensis1, Carissophyllum sp.1, Catharanthus roseus1, Cerbera oppositifolia1, Echites sp.1, Nerium sp.1, Nerium indicum1, Nerium oleander1, Ochrosia oppositifolia1, Plumeria acutifolia1, Plumeria rubra1, Thevetia sp.1, Thevetia peruviana1, Trachelospermum foetidum1; Araceae: Monstera deliciosa1, Philodendrom sp.1, Pothos aureus1; Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera1, Dictyosperma alba1, Elaeis guineensis1, Hyphaene thebaica1; Bignoniaceae: Crescentia cujete1, Pyrostegia venusta1; Boraginaceae: Cordia myxa1; Bromeliaceae: Ananas sativa1; Caricaceae: Carica papaya1; Combretaceae: Terminalia arjuna1, Terminalia catappa1; Corylaceae: Corylus sp.1; Ebenaceae: Diospyros sp.1, Diospyros eriantha1, Diospyros kaki1; Euphorbiaceae: Aleurites sp.1, Aleurites fordi1, Aleurites moluccana1, Aleurites montana1, Codiaeum sp.1, Gelonium lanceolatum1, Hura crepitans1, Jatropha curcas1; Fabaceae: Acacia simplicifolia1, Acacia spirorbis1, Bauhinia sp.1, Bauhinia monandra1, Bauhinia variegata1, Cassia sp.1, Cassia siamea1, Cassia spectabilis1, Clitoria terneata1, Crotalaria sp.1, Dalbergia sp.1, Dalbergia championii1, Derris indica1, Mucuna bennettii1, Pithecolobium unguis-cati1; Fagaceae: Quercus sp.1; Flacourtiaceae: Flacourtia ramontchi1, Hydnocarpus wightiana1, Scolopia oldhamii1; Fumariaceae: Fumaria sp.1; Guttiferae: Calophyllum inophyllum1; Hydrangeaceae: Hydrangea sp.1; Lauraceae: Cinnamomum zeylanicum1, Laurus nobilis1, Machilus sp.1, Persea sp.1, Persea americana1, Persea gratissima1; Lecythidaceae: Barringtonia asiatica1; Liliaceae: Taetsia neocaledonica1; Magnoliaceae: Michelia champaca1; Malvaceae: Hibiscus sp.1; Marantaceae: Maranta sp.1; Meliaceae: Xylocarpus obovatus1; Moraceae: Artocarpus sp.1, Artocarpus altilis1, Artocarpus communis1, Artocarpus heterophyllus1, Artocarpus incisa1, Artocarpus integrifolius1, Brosimum utile1, Cudrania cochinchinensis1, Ficus sp.1, Ficus awkeotsang1, Ficus benghalensis1, Ficus elastica1, Ficus pumila1, Ficus religiosa1, Ficus repens1, Ficus retusa1, Ficus scandens1, Ficus swinhoei1, Ficus thonningii1, Ficus trichoclada1, Ficus wightiana japonica1; Myrtaceae Eugenia sp.1, Eugenia jaboticaba1, Myrtus sp.1, Psidium sp.1, Psidium cattleianum1, Psidium guajava1; Naucleaceae: Cephalanthus sp.1; Nyctaginaceae: Bouganvillea sp.1; Oleaceae: Jasminum sp.1; Passifloraceae: Passiflora sp.1, Passiflora edulis1, Passiflora laurifolia1, Passiflora quadrangularis1; Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum sp.1; Polygonaceae: Coccoloba uvifera1; Punicaceae: Punica granatum1; Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus sp.1, Ziziphus spina-christi1; Rosaceae: Eriobotrya japonica1, Mespilus germanica1, Prunus domestica1, Pyrus sp.1, Rosa sp.1; Rubiaceae: Coffea sp.1, Coffea arabica1, Coffea liberica1, Ixora sp.1, Ixora coccinia1; Rutaceae: Citrus sp.1, Citrus aurantium1, Citrus aurantium bigaradia1, Citrus bergamia1, Citrus decumana1, Citrus grandis1, Citrus histrix1, Citrus limetta1, Citrus limon1, Citrus maxima1, Citrus nobilis unchiu1, Citrus sinensis1, Murraya exotica1; Santalaceae: Santalum austro-caledonicum1; Sapindaceae: Dodonaea viscosa1, Euphoria longana1, Litchi sinensis1; Sapotaceae: Achras sapota1, Mimusops sp.1, Mimusops elengi1; Solanaceae: Capsicum sp.1, Capsicum annuum1, Capsicum frutescens1; Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao1; Theaceae: Camellia sp.1, Camellia japonica1, Eurya japonica1, Thea japonica1; Thymelaeaceae: Peddiea africana1; Tiliaceae: Grewia sp.1; Verbenaceae: Premna sp.1, Tectona grandis1; Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera1.

Worldwide Distribution: Although it was first found in Sri Lanka, the native range of Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis is uncertain.  From its origin it has spread through much of Africa, Asia, Australia, the Pacific, South America, and Central America1.  In the continental United States the scale is known to be present in Florida1.

Official Control: Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis is listed as a quarantine pest by Japan, the Republic of Korea, and New Zealand2.

California Distribution:  Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions:  Between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2014 Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis was intercepted by CDFA’s dog teams, border stations, and high risk programs 139 times.  These interceptions have occurred on a wide variety of commodities from Hawaii, Florida, Mexico, and many other countries in Central and South America.  Many of the interceptions are on mango.

The risk Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (trilobe scale) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction: 

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Host plants of Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis are grown throughout California as agricultural crops and ornamentals.  The scale insect is likely to establish wherever these plants are grown.  It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.  Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis is highly polyphagous.  The scale insect is known to feed on more than 174 plant species in 50 families.  It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: The biology of Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis is not well documented.  However, scale insects have high reproductive rates.  They are capable of moving long distances through commerce in infested plants and plant parts.  Trilobe scale receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Trilobe scale is known to feed on many plants that are economically important in California including citrus, avocado, and grapes.  However, despite its polyphagous nature and widespread distribution, Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis is not well-documented to be a plant pest and is therefore not expected to lower crop yields.  It may increase crop production costs as growers may treat to control scale populations for quarantine purposes.  Trilobe scale is listed as a quarantine pest by several of California’s trading partners.  The presence of this scale in California may have significant impacts on California fresh fruit exports.  Trilobe scale is not expected to change normal cultural practices, vector other pestiferous organisms, injure animals, or interfere with water supplies.  Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: If Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis were to enter California it is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes.  It may directly affect threatened or endangered species, such as Rosa minutifolia (small-leaved rose), by feeding on them.  It is not expected to disrupt critical habitats.  It may trigger additional private treatment programs in fruit production and nursery industries.  Since it is not well-documented as a pest in other locations, trilobe scale is not expected significantly impact cultural practices, home/urban gardening, or ornamental plantings.  Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

Consequences of Introduction to California for Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Trilobe Scale):  High (14)

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis has never been found in the environment of California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (14)

Uncertainty:

Although it is not well-documented as a pest in other localities, Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis could have a more significant impact in California.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis has never been found in California and would be likely to have significant economic and environmental impacts if it were to enter the state.  An “A”-rating is justified.

References:

1 SEL Catalog Query Results.  http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/catalogs/diaspidi/Pseudaonidiatrilobitiformis.htm

http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Pseudaonidia%20trilobitiformis/

2 USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD).  https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦  Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment: 

Consequences of Introduction:  1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦  Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦  Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦  Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦  Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating:  A

Posted by ls

Insects, Mites & Earthworms, Lepidoptera

Malacosoma americanum (Fabricius): Eastern Tent Caterpillar

California Pest Rating for
Photo Credit: Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources - Forestry , Bugwood.org
Photo Credit: Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources – Forestry , Bugwood.org
Malacosoma americanum (Fabricius): Eastern Tent Caterpillar
Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae
Pest Rating: A
PEST RATING PROFILE
Initiating Event:

Malacosoma americanum is frequently intercepted by CDFA.  A pest rating proposal is required to support its pest rating.

History & Status:

Background:  Malacosoma americanum is a foliage-feeding moth.  The moth overwinters in egg masses of 150-424 eggs on tree branches1,2.  Egg hatch coincides with bud break.  The caterpillars from each egg mass stick together and spin a silky tent in a crotch of the tree1.  During evening, night, and early morning hours the caterpillars emerge from the tent to eat leaves1.  They feed for 4-6 weeks then move individually to protected places to pupate1.  Moths emerge about 3 weeks later to mate and lay eggs1.  There is only one generation per year1.  Preferred hosts include: Rosaceae: cherry, peach, and plum (Prunus spp.2), apple and crabapple (Malus spp.2), hawthorns (Crataegus spp.2), and sometimes pear (Pyrus spp.2).  In addition to the preferred hosts the caterpillars will also feed on a wide variety of hardwoods2.  A similar moth Malacosoma californium (western tent caterpillar) is native to and widespread in California; however, its host preferences are aspens, willows, cotton, and mountain mahogany4.  Eastern tent caterpillar poses a distinct threat to California’s specialty crops.  It may be transported into the state as a contaminating pest (cocoons or larvae) on a wide variety of objects or as egg masses on potted trees or fresh tree branches.

Worldwide Distribution: Malacosoma americanum is native to the eastern United States and Canada1.  It is not known to have invaded any other nations.

Official Control: Malacosoma americanum is listed as a harmful organism by Japan, the Republic of Korea, Mexico, Morocco, the Russian Federation, Taiwan, and Turkey3.

California Distribution:  Malacosoma americanum has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions:  Between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2014 Malacosoma americanum was intercepted 108 times by CDFA’s border stations.  Interceptions typically occur on outdoor items and goods associated with household moves.

The risk Malacosoma americanum (eastern tent caterpillar) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

 1) Climate/Host Interaction: Malacosoma americanum is native to a wide variety of climates in eastern North America and its host plants are widely grown in California. Eastern tent caterpillar can be expected to establish a widespread distribution in this state and receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.  Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Preferred hosts of Malacosoma americanum are limited to seven varieties of plants in one family.  However, it can also feed on other hardwood trees.  It receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Malacosoma americanum has only one generation per year and each female lays an average of 293 eggs2.  Adult moths may fly short distances and caterpillars can crawl between trees.  The moths may also be transported long distances as a contaminating pest or when infested plants or plant parts are moved.  Eastern tent caterpillar receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Eastern tent caterpillar is not expected to lower crop yields.  In their native range the moths often defoliate entire trees.  They may increase crop production costs in California as orchards and nurseries treat to mitigate damage.  Malacosoma americanum is listed as a harmful organism by several of California’s trading partners.  The moth could disrupt exports of nursery stock but it is not likely to follow fresh fruit pathways.  Eastern tent caterpillar is not expected to change cultural practices or vector other organisms.  Exposure to the caterpillars is thought to cause the equine disease mare reproductive loss syndrome (MRLS) which is responsible for abortions in horses5.  Malacosoma americanum is not expected to disrupt water supplies.  Eastern tent caterpillar receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Malacosoma americanum is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes.  It is not expected to affect threatened or endangered species or disrupt critical habitats.  Eastern tent caterpillar often completely defoliates ornamental trees.  This damage is likely to trigger treatment programs by residents, orchards, and the nursery industry.  Malacosoma americanum receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

Consequences of Introduction to California for Malacosoma americanum (Eastern Tent Caterpillar):  High (14)

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Malacosoma americanum has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (14)

Uncertainty:

Traditionally residents have treated outbreaks by dousing tents with a flammable liquid and setting them on fire during the afternoon when all of the caterpillars are inside, although this is no longer recommended1.  This treatment could cause additional significant environmental impacts in California due to the drier climate.  Existing IPM programs in orchards may preclude damage from Malacosoma americanum.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Malacosoma americanum has not been found in California and is expected to have significant economic and environmental impacts if it were to establish in the state.  An “A” rating is justified.

References:

1 Bessin, Ric. 2013. Eastern Tent Caterpillar. University of Kentucky ENTFACT-423.  http://www2.ca.uky.edu/entomology/entfacts/ef423.asp

2 Hyche, L.L. 1996. The Eastern Tent Caterpillar: A Guide to Recognition and Habits in Alabama. Auburn University. http://www.ag.auburn.edu/enpl/bulletins/easterntentcaterpillar/easterntentcaterpillar.htm

3 USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD).  https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

4 Forest Insect Defoliators. Field Guide to Insects and Disease of Arizona and New Mexico Forests. http://www.fs.fed.us/r3/resources/health/field-guide/fid/tent-caterpillar.shtml

5 Webb, Bruce A., W.E. Barney, D.L. Dahlman, S.N. DeBorde, C. Weer, N.M. Williams, J.M. Donahue, K.J. McDowell. 2003. Eastern tent caterpillars (Malacosoma americanum) cause mare reproductive loss syndrome. Journal of Insect Physiology 50(2-3):185-193. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002219100300249X

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦  Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment: 

Consequences of Introduction:  1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦  Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦  Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦  Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦  Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Insects, Mites & Earthworms, Thysanoptera

Dichromothrips smithi (Zimmerman): Bamboo Orchid Thrips

California Pest Rating for
Dichromothrips smithi
Photo Credit: http://keys.lucidcentral.org
Dichromothrips smithi (Zimmerman): Bamboo Orchid Thrips
Thysanoptera: Thripidae
Pest Rating: A
PEST RATING PROFILE
Initiating Event:

In April and May 2015 the thrips Dichromothrips smithi was found on orchids at a nursery in San Luis Obispo County.  A pest rating proposal is required to assign a permanent pest rating.

History & Status:

Background:  Dichromothrips smithi is an important pest in orchid greenhouses in Korea and Hawaii1.  The thrips feed in aggregations on flowers1.  It seems to prefer Bamboo orchids (Arundina graminifolia), but also infests other orchids in the genera Vanilla, Phalaenopsis, Spathoglottis, Dendrobium, Epidendrum, Cattleya, and Cymbidium1.  It is a pest of cultivated Vanilla in India2.  Dichromothrips smithi may be transported long distances when infested plants or cut flowers are moved.

Worldwide Distribution: Dichromothrips smithi is native to Asia where it is widespread from India to Malaysia, Indonesia, and Japan1.  It was first found in Hawaii in 20071.

Official Control: Dichromothrips smithi is listed as a harmful organism by Japan and the Republic of Korea3.

California Distribution:  Dichromothrips smithi has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions:  Dichromothrips smithi has been intercepted twice by CDFA on orchids from Hawaii.

The risk Dichromothrips smithi (Bamboo orchid thrips) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction: 

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Dichromothrips smithi is a tropical thrips that is likely to only establish in the warmest areas of southern and coastal California and in orchid greenhouses. It receives a Low (1) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.  Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Dichromothrips smithi typically feeds on eight genera of plants in the orchid family.  In China it is reported to have a much broader host range than anywhere else it has been found4.  There it is reported to feed on plants in 10 families including Amaryllidaceae, Leguminosae, Cucurbitaceae, and Solanaceae4.   It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Thrips are capable or rapid reproduction and local dispersal.  They may be transported long distances when infested plants or cut flowers are moved.  Dichromothrips smithi receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Dichromothrips smithi is not expected to lower any crop yields.  It is likely to reduce the value or orchid plants by disfiguring them with its presence and feeding.  Since the thrips is not known to be present in North, Central, or South America its presence in California may disrupt markets for orchid plants and cut flowers.  It is not expected to change cultural practices, injure animals, or interfere with water supplies.  Thrips often vector viruses between plants.  Dichromothrips smithi receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Dichromothrips smithi is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes.  It is not expected to feed on threatened or endangered species or disrupt critical habitats.  It is likely to trigger additional treatment programs in the nursery and cut flower industries and by residents who find infested orchids unacceptable.  The thrips is a significant pest of orchids which are high value ornamental plants.  Dichromothrips smithi receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

Consequences of Introduction to California for Dichromothrips smithi (Bamboo Orchid Thrips): High (13)

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Dichromothrips smithi has never been found in the environment of California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (13)

Uncertainty:

It is unknown why Dichromothrips smithi is reported to have a much greater host range in China than it has elsewhere in its distribution.  This could be due to no-choice lab associations or taxonomic confusion.  It is possible that the thrips will be limited to orchids in California.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Dichromothrips smithi has never been found in the environment of California.  If it were to establish in the state it is likely to have significant economic and environmental impacts.  An “A” rating is justified.

References:

1 Hollingsworth, Robert G., Frances Calvert, and Arnold H. Hara. 2012. Dichromothrips smithi (Zimmerman), a New Thrips Species Infesting Bamboo Orchids Arundina graminifolia (D. Don) Hochr. And Commercially Grown Orchids in Hawaii.  Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 44:1-9.  http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/25458/PHES-44_1-9.pdf?sequence=1

2 Hoddle, M.S., Mound, L.A., Paris, D.L. 2012. Thrips of California. CBIT Publishing, Queensland. http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/thrips_of_california/identify-thrips/key/california-thysanoptera-2012/Media/Html/browse_species/Dichromothrips_smithi.htm

3 USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD).  https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

4 Liao, Qi-rong and Bo Wang. 2012. Hosts and Occurrence Regularity of Dichromothrips smithi. Guizhou Science. http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-GZKX201203010.htm

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦  Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment: 

Consequences of Introduction:  1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦  Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦  Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

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♦  Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦  Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Planococcus minor (Maskell): Pacific Mealybug

California Pest Rating for
Planococcus minor (Maskell): Pacific Mealybug
Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae
Pest Rating: A
PEST RATING PROFILE
Initiating Event:

Planococcus minor is frequently intercepted by CDFA and is presently assigned a temporary rating of “Q”.  A pest rating proposal is required to assign a permanent pest rating.

History & Status:

Background:  Planococcus minor is a highly polyphagous mealybug that feeds on a wide variety of valuable agricultural crops and ornamental plants.  Infestations may cause reduced yield, lower plant or fruit quality, stunted growth, discoloration, and leaf loss1.  The mealybugs also excrete large volumes of honeydew that reduces photosynthetic activity and attracts ants as it builds up on leaves and fruit1.  The mealybug can be an economic pest at low population densities by vectoring viruses that kill plants1.  However, it has not emerged as a serious economic pest in much of its range presumably due to the presence of predators and parasitoids1.  Known hosts include:  Acanthaceae: Aphelandra sp.2, Graptophyllum sp.2, Justica carnea2, Odontonema sp.2, Pachystachys coecinea2; Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus sp.2; Anacardiaceae: cashew (Anacardium occidentale2), mango (Mangifera indica2), Rhus sp.2, ambarella (Spondias dulcis2); Annonaceae: custard apple (Annona reticulata2), sugar apple (Annona squamosa2), soursop (Annona muricata2), ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata2); Apiaceae: celery (Apium graveolens2); Apocynaceae: Araujia sericofera2, Hoya sp.2, Plumeria rubra2; Araceae: Aglaonema sp.2, Alocasia sp.2, giant taro (Alocasia macrorhiza2), taro (Colocasia esculenta2), giant swamp taro (Cryptosperma chamissonis2), Dieffenbachia sp.2, centipede tongavine (Epipremnum pinnatum2), Philodendron fonzii2, water cabbage (Pistia stratioites2), Rhaphidophora vitiensis2, arrowleaf elephant ear (Xanthosoma sagittifolium2), Xanthosoma nigrum2; Araliaceae: Aralia sp.2, ivy (Hedera helix2), Polyscias guilfoylei2, umbrella tree (Schefflera actinphylla2); Arecaceae: betel tree (Areca catechu2), Balaka seemanni2, Chrysalidocarpus sp.2, coconut tree (Cocos nucifera2), Kentia palm (Howeia forsteriana2); Asparagaceae: Dracaena sp.2; Asteraceae: black-jack (Bidens pilosa2), endive (Cichorium endivia2), Dahlia sp.2, lilac tasselflower (Emilia sonchifolia2), Helianthus sp.2, climbing hempvine (Mikania scandens2), sweetscent (Pluchea odorata2), node weed (Synedrella nodiflora2), French marigold (Tagetes patula2), Tithonia sp.2, beach sunflower (Wedelia biflora2), common zinnia (Zinnia elegans2); Balsaminaceae: garden balsam (Impatiens balsamina2), Impatiens sultani2; Bignoniaceae: Bignonia sp.2; Boraginaceae: Spanish elm (Cordia alliodora2), Tournefortia argentata2; Brassicaceae: broccoli etc (Brassica oleracea2), Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis2), radish (Raphanus sativus2); Bromeliaceae: pineapple (Ananas comosus2); Burseraceae: java almond (Canarium indicum2), santa cruz nut (Canarium harveyi2); Cactaceae: higo chumbo (Harrisia portoricensis2); Casuarinaceae: Casuarina equisetifolia2; Clusiaceae: Alexandrian laurel balltree (Calophyllum inophyllum2); Combretaceae: Lumnitzera coccinea2, tropical almond (Terminalia catappa2), Commelinaceae: Commelina sp.2, Tradescantia sp.2, Convolvulaceae: beach morning-glory (Ipomoea pes-caprae2), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas2), Merremia peltata2; Corynocarpaceae: Corynocarpus sp.2; Cucurbitaceae: watermelon (Citrullus lanatus2), cucumber (Cucumis sativus2), muskmelon (Cucumis melo2), squash (Cucurbita moschata2), squash (Cucurbita maxima2), squash (Cucurbita pepo2), chayote (Sechium edule2); Cyperaceae: coco-grass (Cyperus rotundus2); Dioscoreaceae: purple yam (Dioscorea alata2); Euphorbiaceae: chenille plant (Acalypha hispida2) , copperleaf (Acalypha godseffiana2), Acalypha tricolor2, candlenut (Aleurites moluccana2), Antidesma sp.2, garden croton (Codiaeum variegatum2), Croton sp.2, poinsettia (Euphorbiaceae pulcherrima2), fireplant (Euphorbiaceae heterophylla2), Euphorbiaceae geniculata2, Euphorbiaceae atoto2, river poison tree (Excoecaria agallocha2), Glochidion ramiflorum2, rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis2), Barbados nut (Jatropha curcas2), Macaranga aleuritoides2, blush macaranga (Macaranga tanarius2), Macaranga macrophylla2, Macaranga harveyana2, food wrapper plant (Mallotus japonicus2), cassava (Manihot esculenta2), stonebreaker (Phyllanthus niruri2), castor oil plant (Ricinus communis2); Fabaceae: Acacia spirobis2, soapbush wattle (Acacia holosericea2), needle bush (Acacia farnesiana2), Formosan Koa (Acacia confusa2), saga tree (Adenanthera pavonina2), peanut (Arachis hypogaea2), Napoleon’s plume (Bauhinia monandra2), Cajanus indicus2, pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan2), Calliandra houstoniana2, candle bush (Cassia alata2), Cassia imperialis2, butterfly pea (Centrosema pubescens2), Erythrina sp.2, Flemingia sp.2, Gliricidia maculata2, Gliricidia sepium2, soybean (Glycine max2), Tahitian chestnut (Inocarpus fagifer2), white leadtree (Leucaena glauca2), white leadtree (Leucaena leucocephala2), sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica2), giant sensitive tree (Mimosa pigra2), velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens2), lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus2), siratro (Phaseolus atropurpureus2), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris2), Wisteria sp.2; Geraniaceae: Pelargonium sp.2; Heliconiaceae: Heliconia aurantiaca2; Iridaceae: Gladiolus sp.2; Lamiaceae: painted nettle (Coleus blumei2), Epimeredi indicum2, comb bushmint (Hyptis pectinata2), sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum2), sage (Salvia officinalis2); Lauraceae: avocado (Persea americana2); Lecythidaceae: fish poison tree (Barringtonia asiatica2); Liliaceae: common asparagus fern (Asparagus plumosus2), pale grass lily (Caesia parviflora2), spider lily (Crinum asiaticum2); Loganiaceae: false coffee tree (Fagraea racemosa2); Lythraceae: crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica2), Pemphis acidula2; Magnoliaceae: banana shrub (Michelia figo2); Malvaceae: Abutilon sp.2, Gossypium sp.2, sea hibiscus (Hibiscus tiliaceus2), sunset muskmallow (Hibiscus manihot2), Kleinhovia hospita2, Pavonia sp.2, Theobroma cacao2, Chinese bur (Triumfetta rhomboidea2); Marantaceae: Maranta sp.2; Moraceae: breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis2), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus2), paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera2), panama rubber tree (Castilloa elastica2), Ficus opositica2, fig (Ficus carica2), Ficus congesta2, weeping fig (Ficus benjamina2), white mulberry (Morus alba2); Musaceae: pink velvet banana (Musa velutina2), latundan banana (Musa sapientum2); Myristicaceae: Myristica macrantha2; Myrtaceae: rainbow eucalyptus (Eucalyptus deglupta2), jambolan (Eugenia cumini2), mountain apple (Eugenia malaccensis2), common guava (Psidium guajava2); Oleaceae: Jasminum sp.2, Onagraceae: primrose willow (Ludwigia octovalis2); Orchidaceae: Dendrobium veratrifolium2; Pandanaceae: Pandanus edulis2, Pandanus foetida2, Pandanus maliformis2, Pandanus odoratissimus2; Passifloraceae: passion fruit (Passiflora edulis2); Phyllanthaceae: bishop wood (Bischofia javanica2); Piperaceae: Piper puberulum2, kava (Piper methysticum2), matico (Piper aduncum2); Poaceae: sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum2), corn (Zea mays2); Proteaceae: macadamia nut (Macadamia tetraphylla2); Rhamnaceae: Alphitonia zizyphoides2; Rosaceae: Asian pear (Pyrus serotina2), china rose (Rosa chinensis2); Rubiaceae: Borreria laevis2, Liberian coffee (Coffea liberica2), arabica coffee (Coffea arabica2), robusta coffee (Coffea canephora2), gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides2), beach gardenia (Guettarda speciosa2), jungle geranium (Ixora coccinea2), great morinda (Morinda citrifolia2), Tahitian gardenia (Randia tahitensis2); Rutaceae: bitter orange (Citrus aurantium2), lemon (Citrus limon2), grapefruit (Citrus paradisi2), key lime (Citrus aurantifolia2), mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata2), orange (Citrus sinensis2), pomelo (Citrus grandis2), Evodia hortensis2; Sapotaceae: sapodilla (Manilkara zapota2), taun (Pometia pinnata2); Scrophulariaceae: coral fountain (Russelia equisetiformis2); Solanaceae: raintree (Brunfelsia hispida2), chili pepper (Capsicum frutescens2), bell pepper (Capsicum annuum2), angel’s trumpet (Datura suaveolens2), devil’s trumpet (Datura metel2), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum2), turkey berry (Solanum torvum2), potato (Solanum tuberosum2), indian nightshade (Solanum indicum2), eggplant (Solanum melongena2), Theaceae: tea plant (Camellia sinensis2); Urticaceae: Boehmeria sp.2, Leucosyke sp.2, native mulberry (Pipturus argenteus2), Procris pedunculata2; Verbenaceae: pagoda flower (Clerodendrum paniculatum2), java glorybower (Clerodendrum fallax2), Clerodendrum disparifolium2, Premna taitensis2, Premna obtusifolia2, Stachytarpheta sp.2, teak (Tectona grandis2), Verbena sp.2, simpleleaf chastetree (Vitex trifolia2); Vitaceae: grapevine (Vitis vinifera2); Zingiberaceae: red ginger (Alpinia purpurata2), shellflower (Alpinia nutans2), green cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum2), white ginger lily (Hedychium coronarium2), torch ginger (Nicolaia speciosa2), ginger (Zingiber officinale2).  Planococcus minor may be transported long distances when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved.

Worldwide Distribution: Planococcus minor is probably Asian in origin1.  From there it has invaded much of the Neotropical region spanning from Mexico south to Argentina1,2.  It was first found in Hawaii in 2009 and Florida in 2010.

Official Control: Planococcus minor is listed as a harmful organism by China, the Republic of Korea, and Japan3.

California Distribution:  Planococcus minor has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions:  Planococcus minor has been intercepted 89 times by CDFA’s high risk programs, border stations and dog teams.  Interceptions have occurred on plants and fresh plant parts mostly from Hawaii, but also from Florida, Washington, and Pennsylvania.

The risk Planococcus minor (pacific mealybug) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction: 

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Host plants of Planococcus minor are widely grown throughout California as agricultural crops and ornamentals. The mealybug is likely to establish wherever suitable host material is found and receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.  Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California, or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Planococcus minor feeds on more than 250 plants belonging to 66 families and receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Pacific mealybug can complete a generation in less than a month and each female lays between 206 and 270 eggs, indicating a high reproductive rate.  Mealybugs can be transported long distances when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved.  They may also disperse locally by crawling, wind, or by hitchhiking on clothing, equipment, or animals.  Planococcus minor receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Planococcus minor may lower the value of nursery stock by disfiguring plants with its presence and sooty mold.  It may also increase production costs for a wide variety of crops.  Several of California’s trading partners list pacific mealybug as a harmful organism, so exports of fresh fruit including citrus and grapes may be disrupted.  Pacific mealybug has been implicated in the transmission of virus diseases between plants1.  Furthermore, honeydew secreted by the mealybugs will attract ants, which may injure parasitic wasps, disrupting biological control programs for other pests.  Planococcus minor receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Planococcus minor is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes.  It may feed on threatened and endangered species such as Wiggins’ croton (Croton wigginsii) and small-leaved rose (Rosa minutifolia).  The mealybugs are not likely to disrupt critical habitats.  They may trigger new treatment programs in agriculture and by residents who find infested plants unsightly.  Pacific mealybug feeds on a wide variety of popular ornamental plants and plants common in home/urban gardens.  Planococcus minor receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

Consequences of Introduction to California for Planococcus minor (Pacific Mealybug): High (15)

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Planococcus minor has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (15)

Uncertainty:  

Recent formal mealybug surveys in California have focused on Proteas and would have been unlikely to detect pacific mealybug.  It is possible that the mealybug could be present in some localities.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Planococcus minor has never been found in California and is likely to have significant economic and environmental impacts if it were to establish in the state.  An “A” rating is justified.

References:

1 Francis, Antonio W., Moses T.K. Kairo, and Amy L. Roda. 2012. Passionvine mealybug, Planococcus minor (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). University of Florida Extension.  http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/IN/IN92000.pdf

2 Miller, Dug, Yair Ben-Dov, Gary Gibson, and Nate Hardy.  ScaleNet.  http://scalenet.info/validname/Planococcus/minor

3 USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD).  https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦  Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment: 

Consequences of Introduction:  1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦  Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦  Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦  Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦  Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Insects, Mites & Earthworms, Thysanoptera

Pezothrips kellyanus (Bagnall): Kelly’s Citrus Thrips

California Pest Rating for
Pezothrips kellyanus (Bagnall): Kelly’s Citrus Thrips
Thysanoptera: Thripidae
Pest Rating: A
PEST RATING PROFILE
Initiating Event:

In May 2015 Pezothrips kellyanus was intercepted by CDFA’s high risk programs on three shipments of leis from Hawaii.  A pest rating proposal is required to assign a permanent pest rating.

History & Status:

Background:  Larvae and adult Pezothrips kellyanus feed on flowers, young leaves, and fruit1.  Where it is established it may be the most common thrips in citrus orchards3 and is considered to be a serious pest2.  Pupae overwinter in the soil and leaf litter and adults migrate to flowers as they emerge in the spring3.  Adult females lay eggs inside the tissue of flowers, fruits, and leaves2. Primary hosts are: Rutaceae: Citrus bergamia2 (bergamot orange), Citrus aurantium2 (orange), Citrus limonia2 (lemon), Citrus spp.3; Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera spp.2 (honeysuckle), Oleaceae: Jasminum fruticans2 (wild jasmine), Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum tobira2 (Japanese mock-orange).  Other hosts include: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica3 (mango); Apiaceae: Daucus carota (Queen Anne’s lace), Foeniculum vulgare2 (fennel); Apocynaceae: Araujia sericifera5 (moth plant); Asteraceae: Helianthus spp. (sunflower), Senecio spp.2 (ragworts), Anthemis cotula2 (stinking chamomile), Leucanthemum vulgare2 (ox-eye daisy), Sonchus oleraceus2 (common sowthistle), Calendula arvensis3 (field marigold), Urospermum picroides3 (prickly goldenfleece); Brassicaceae: Brassica spp.2 (mustard), Brassica rapa sylvestris2 (wild turnip), Sinaspis alba2 (white mustard); Fabaceae: Trifolium repens2 (white clover), Trifolium pratense2 (red clover); Lauraceae: Persea americana (avocado); Malvaceae: Malva nicaeensis3 (bull mallow), Malva sylvestris3 (common mallow); Oleaceae: Jasminum officinale3 (jasmine); Jasminum sambac3 (Arabian jasmine), Ligustrum vulgare2 (wild privet); Oxalidaceae: Oxalis pes-caprae3 (Bermuda buttercup); Pittosporaceae: Hymenosporum sp.1 (native frangipani); Rosaceae: Eriobotrya japonica3 (loquat); Prunus dulcis (almond)3; Rubus fruticosus2 (blackberry); Rubiaceae: Gardenia jasminoides3 (gardenia); Solanaceae: Lycopersicon spp.2 (tomato).  Pezothrips kellyanus may be transported long distances when infested plants, fresh plant parts, or soil or leaf litter is moved.

Worldwide Distribution: Pezothrips kellyanus is probably native to Australia1.  From there it has spread to New Zealand1, New Caledonia1, France1, Italy1, Greece1, Cyprus1, Turkey1, Spain2, Portugal2, and Israel2.  Recent interceptions indicate that it could be present in Hawaii.

Official Control: Pezothrips kellyanus is listed as a harmful organism by Chile and Japan4.

California Distribution:  Pezothrips kellyanus has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions:  From 2001 and 2015 Pezothrips kellyanus has been intercepted by CDFA 13 times on shipments of leis from Hawaii.

The risk Pezothrips kellyanus (Kelly’s Citrus Thrips) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction: 

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Pezothrips kellyanus is established in areas with climates similar to California and is expected to encounter suitable host material throughout much of the state. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.  Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Pezothrips kellyanus is polyphagous on plants in at least 15 families.  It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Pezothrips kellyanus has a high reproductive rate and may breed continuously throughout the year on plants that have extended flowering periods and repeated flower flushes2, such as lemons.  The thrips may spread long distances when infested plants, fresh plant parts, or soil and leaf litter are moved.  It may also spread by hitchhiking on clothing, equipment, or animals.  Pezothrips kellyanus receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: If Pezothrips kellyanus were to establish in California it may lower crop yields and lower crop value.  It is considered a serious pest in citrus orchards and its feeding can lead to reduced yields and disfigure fruit with stem-end scarring, ring-scarring with halo and scurfing, and rind discoloration2,5.  This may lead to fresh market fruit being diverted to juice production and trigger chemical treatments2.  There are many additional crops in California that may also be affected.  The presence of this thrips in California may also disrupt markets since it is listed as a harmful organism by both Japan and Chile4.  Pezothrips kellyanus is not expected to change cultural practices, injure animals, or disrupt water supplies.  It is not known as a vector of plan pathogens.  It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: If Pezothrips kellyanus were to establish in California it is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes.  It may feed on threatened and endangered species including Algodones Dunes sunflower (Helianthus niveus tephrodes), showy indian clover (Trifolium amoenum), pacific grove clover (Trifolium polyodon), and Monterey clover (Trifolium trichocalyx).  The thrips is not expected to disrupt critical habitats.  It is likely to trigger new chemical treatments in agriculture and by residents who find infested plants unsightly.  Many of the hosts of Pezothrips kellyanus are grown as ornamentals and in home gardens in California and may be significantly impacted.  Pezothrips kellyanus receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

Consequences of Introduction to California for Pezothrips kellyanus (Kelly’s Citrus Thrips): High (15)

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Pezothrips kellyanus has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (15)

Uncertainty:

Existing IPM programs targeting other thrips that are already established in California may preclude some of the impacts from this pest.

 Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Pezothrips kellyanus has never been found in California and may have significant economic and environmental impacts if it were to establish in the state.  An “A” rating is justified.

References:

1 Hoddle MS, Mound LA, Paris DL. 2012. Thrips of California. CBIT Publishing, Queensland.

http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/thrips_of_california/identify-thrips/key/california-thysanoptera-2012/Media/Html/browse_species/Pezothrips_kellyanus.htm

2 Marullo, Rita. EPPO Quarantine Bulletin.  Università degli Studi di Reggio Calabria

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=6&ved=0CC4QFjAFahUKEwj08bHclvzGAhURoogKHTm0CDk&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eppo.int%2FQUARANTINE%2FPest_Risk_Analysis%2FPRAdocs_insects%2F06-12760%2520DS%2520PEZTKE.doc&ei=LZi2VbSnH5HEogS56KLIAw&usg=AFQjCNHrfJMlhro7kb2f880G5VK35jYDSA&bvm=bv.98717601,d.cGU&cad=rja

3 Vassiliou, V.A. 2010. Ecology and behavior of Pezothrips kellyanus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on citrus.  Journal of Economic Entomology 103(1):47-53.  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214367

4 USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD).  https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

5 Navarro-Campos, Cristina, Apostolos Peskas, Amparo Aguilar, and Ferran Garcia Mari. 2013. Factors influencing citrus fruit scarring by Pezothrips kellyanus.  Journal of Pest Science http://www.researchgate.net/publication/235993907_Factors_influencing_citrus_fruit_scarring_caused_by_Pezothrips_kellyanus

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦  Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment: 

Consequences of Introduction:  1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦  Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦  Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦  Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦  Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Gastropoda, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

A Semi-Slug | Parmarion martensi (Simroth)

California Pest Rating for
A Semi-Slug  |  Parmarion martensi (Simroth)
Gastropoda: Helicarionidae
Pest Rating: A
PEST RATING PROFILE
Initiating Event:

Parmarion martensi has been intercepted by CDFA and presently has a temporary “Q” rating.  A pest rating proposal is required to determine a permanent pest rating.

History & Status:

Background:  Parmarion martensi is a terrestrial semi-slug that is polyphagous on a variety of living and decaying plant material.  In Hawaii a survey found the semi-slug on: green plants: lettuce, fennel, sweet potato, banana, passion fruit, lemongrass, Heliconia; fallen fruit: avocado, guava, citrus, papaya, mango; under plastic or plastic-like materials: black plastic sheeting, tarps, drainpipes, plant pots; compost and trash cans; food preparation and sink areas: outdoor sinks, dishes, grills, a toothbrush; pet food; structures: decks, walkways, walls; palm trees; catchment tanks; ripe fruit: papaya; miscellaneous plant debris1.  Semi-slugs may be transported long distances when infested plants or plant parts are moved.

Worldwide Distribution: Parmarion martensi is presumably native to continental Southeast Asia1.  It has also been found in Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Japan, Taiwan, Samoa, and American Samoa1.  It was first found in Hawaii on the islands of O’ahu in 1996 and Hawai’i in 20041.

Official Control: Parmarion martensi is not known to be under official control in any other states or nations2.

California Distribution:  Parmarion martensi has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions:  Since March 2009 Parmarion martensi has been intercepted by CDFA’s high risk programs and dog teams 37 times on nursery stock and plant parts imported from Hawaii.

The risk Parmarion martensi would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction: 

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Parmarion martensi is a polyphagous semi-slug and is likely able to establish anywhere suitable moisture is available in California.  It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.  Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Parmarion martensi is polyphagous on a wide variety of living and decaying plants.  It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Parmarion martensi produces large numbers egg masses1 and may be transported long distances when infested nursery stock is moved.  It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Parmarion martensi is an efficient vector of the parasitic nematode that causes rat lungworm disease in humans1.  The semi-slug often feeds on green plants such as lettuce, contaminating the produce with nematodes that can be present in tiny immature semi-slugs or slime.  This could have significant impacts on California’s salad industry.  Although the semi-slug is not known to be on any quarantine list, its presence in the state may affect markets for California produce if any of it were found to be contaminated with rat lungworm disease.  This may lower crop yields if produce were unmarketable and increase crop production costs as growers ensure that fields are free from Parmarion martensi.  The semi-slug receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score: A, B, C, E

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

Economic Impact Score: High (3)

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Parmarion martensi is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes.  It is not expected to directly affect threatened or endangered species or disrupt critical habitats.  The semi-slug is likely to trigger additional treatment programs in the nursery industry, by growers, and by residents who find contaminated produce unacceptable.  As an efficient vector of the nematode that causes rat lungworm disease, Parmarion martensi has the potential to significantly impact home/urban gardening by sickening residents.  The semi-slug receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

Environmental Impact: D,E

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score: High (3)

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

Consequences of Introduction to California for Parmarion martensi: High (15)

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Parmarion martensi has never been found in the environment of California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (15)

Uncertainty: 

There have been no recent surveys for semi-slugs in California.  It is possible that some of them could have eluded inspections and made it into the state.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Parmarion martensi has never been found in California and is likely to have significant economic and environmental impacts if it were to establish here.  An “A” rating is justified.

References:

1 Hollingsworth, R.G., R. Kaneta, J.J. Sullivan, H.S. Bishop, Y. Qvarnstrom, A.J. da Silva, and D.G. Robinson. 2007. Distribution of Parmarion cf. martensi (Pulmonata: Helicarionidae); a new Semi-Slug Pest on Hawai’i island, and its potential as a Vector for Human Angiostrongyliasis.  Pacific Science 61(4): 457-467.

2 USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD).  https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Hymenoptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Camponotus modoc Wheeler: Modoc Carpenter Ant

California Pest Rating for
Camponotus modoc Wheeler: Modoc Carpenter Ant
Hymenoptera: Formicidae
Pest Rating:  C
PEST RATING PROFILE
Initiating Event:

At least one ant hobbyist is selling queen ants of Camponotus modoc in California.1  A pest rating proposal is required to determine future direction on this ant.

History & Status:

Background:  Camponotus modoc is a carpenter ant that inhabits montane forests.2,3  It is a generalist forager on dead and living insects, nectar, fruit juices, and honeydew2.  It nests by excavating galleries in wood such as trees, wood piles, and landscaping materials2.  Colonies may be transported long distances when infested wood is moved.

Worldwide Distribution: Camponotus modoc is native to the western United States and Canada3.  It is not known to have invaded any other states or nations.

Official Control: Camponotus modoc is not known to be under official control in any other states or nations.

California Distribution:  Camponotus modoc is native to California and commonly found in montane forests.

California Interceptions:  Camponotus modoc was intercepted once by CDFA’s border stations in pine firewood from Nevada.

The risk Camponotus modoc (Modoc Carpenter Ant) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction: 

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Camponotus modoc is native to and widespread in California and is not likely to establish in parts of the state where it does not already occur. It receives a Low (1) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.  Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Camponotus modoc is a generalist forager and is considered a destructive pest when it excavates galleries in wooden structures.  It receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Ants typically have high reproductive rates.  Camponotus modoc has only been intercepted by CDFA once.  It receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Camponotus modoc is already widespread and is not known to have lowered any crop yields or reduced crop values.  Its presence has not disrupted any markets.  It has not changed cultural practices or vectored other organisms.  It is not known to have injured any animals or interfered with any water supplies.  It receives a Low (1) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Camponotus modoc is native to and widespread in California and it has not been found to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes.  It has not affected any threatened or endangered species or disrupted critical habitats.  The ant does trigger additional treatment programs when it infests wooden structures2.  Camponotus modoc is not known to have impacted cultural practices, home/urban gardening, or ornamental plantings.  It receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

Consequences of Introduction to California for Camponotus modoc (Modoc Carpenter Ant):  Low (8)

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Camponotus modoc is considered to be widespread and common in California. It receives a High (-3) in this category.

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: Low (5)

Uncertainty:

There is low uncertainty with this ant.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Camponotus modoc is a native ant that is widespread in California and is not reported to have had any negative economic impacts.  It may have limited environmental impacts by triggering new chemical treatments when it infests wooden structures.  No significant impacts are expected from hobbyists trading colonies of this ant within the state, provided that they adequately protect against the escape of colonies or queen ants into urban and rural residential environments.

References:

1 The AntsCanada Global Ant Nursery Project.  http://www.antscanada.com/queen-ants-for-sale/

2 UC IPM: How to Manage Pests of Homes, Structures, People, and Pets: Carpenter Ants:  http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7416.html

3 AntWiki: Camponotus modoc  http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Camponotus_modoc

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦  Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment: 

Consequences of Introduction:  1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦  Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦  Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦  Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦  Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating:  C

Posted by ls

Insects, Mites & Earthworms, Lepidoptera

Terastia meticulosalis Guenée: Erythrina Twigborer

California Pest Rating for
Terastia meticulosalis Guenée: Erythrina Twigborer
Lepidoptera: Crambidae
Pest Rating:  B
PEST RATING PROFILE
Initiating Event:

In October 2015 larvae collected from coral tree plants at a nursery in Oceanside (San Diego County) were confirmed by molecular diagnostics to be Terastia meticulosalis, Erythrina twigborer.  A pest rating proposal is required to determine future direction on this pest.

History & Status:

Background:  Terastia meticulosalis is a moth that feeds on coral trees (Erythrina spp.).  Early instar caterpillars are found inside the stems, leaf stalks, and seed pods1.  Their feeding can cause the tip of the host plant to die back and gradually kill off the upper part of the plant1.  Larvae typically exit the plant to pupate on the ground.  The damage attributed to this moth is reported to make the cultivation of Erythrina nearly impossible in Florida3.  This moth may be transported long distances when infested plants are moved.

Worldwide Distribution: Terastia meticulosalis is native to Central and South America1.  The moth is known to occur in the southern United States from Florida and South Carolina west to Arizona1.  Populations of Terastia spp. in other areas are presently considered to be different species1.

Official Control: Terastia meticulosalis is not known to be under official control in any other states or nations.

California Distribution:  The only confirmed record of this moth from the environment of California was collected in November 2015 from the Los Angeles County Arboretum.  Unofficial records indicate that the moth may be more widespread (see Uncertainty section below).

California Interceptions:  Terastia meticulosalis has only been intercepted in two nurseries in San Diego County.

The risk Terastia meticulosalis (Erythrina twigborer) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction: 

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Erythrina are commonly grown as ornamentals in southern and coastal California and Terastia meticulosalis is expected to establish wherever suitable hosts are available. It receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.  Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.
– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.
– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Terastia meticulosalis is only known to feed on coral trees in the genus Erythrina.  It receives a Low (1) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.
– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.
– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Terastia meticulosalis is assumed to be capable of rapid reproduction and may be transported long distances when infested plants are moved.  The moth receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.
– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.
– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: If Terastia meticulosalis were to become established in California it is not expected to lower any crop yields.  It may reduce the value of Erythrina nursery stock and increase production costs of those trees.  The moth is not expected to disrupt any markets, change cultural practices, vector other organisms, injure animals, or interfere with water supplies.  Terastia meticulosalis receives a Low (1) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.
B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).
C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).
D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.
E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.
F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.
G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.
– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.
– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Terastia meticulosalis is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem practices.  It is not likely to directly affect threatened or endangered species or disrupt critical habitats.  It may trigger additional treatment programs in the nursery industry and by residents who wish to save their coral trees.  Coral trees are grown as ornamentals in southern California and may be extirpated by Terastia meticulosalis.  Erythrina twigborer receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.
B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.
C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.
D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.
E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.
– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.
– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

Consequences of Introduction to California for Terastia meticulosalis (Erythrina twigborer):  Medium (10)

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points
–Medium = 9-12 points
–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: The only official sample of Terastia meticulosalis in California was collected from a site in Los Angeles County. It receives a Low (-1) in this category.

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.
–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).
–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.
–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: Medium (9)

Uncertainty:  

Unconfirmed sightings indicate that this moth could be much more widespread in California including Long Beach (September 21, 2015 – Los Angeles County), Mount Washington (October 25, 2015 – Los Angeles County), and Irvine (November 26, 2015 – Orange County)2.  There have not been any recent formal surveys for this moth in California.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Terastia meticulosalis is only known to be established in Los Angeles County.  However, if it were to establish a more widespread distribution in the state it is likely to have significant economic and environmental impacts to coral trees in the nursery industry and California landscape.  A “B” rating is justified.

References:

1 Sourakov, Andrei. 2012. Common name: Erythrina moths. University of Florida Featured Creatures.  http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/orn/shrubs/erythrina_moths.htm

2 What’s That Bug?  http://www.whatsthatbug.com/2015/10/25/erythrina-borer-visits-wtb-offices/

3 Sourakov, Andrei. 2011. Nice partitioning, co-evolution and life histories of Erythrina moths, Terastia meticulosalis and Agathodes designalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Trop. Lepid. Res. 21(2): 84-94. http://troplep.org/TLR/21-2/Sourakov-Niche-partitioning-erythrina-moths-TLR-21-2.pdf

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦  Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment: 

Consequences of Introduction:  1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦  Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦  Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦  Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦  Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating:  B

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Thysanofiorinia nephelii (Maskell): Longan Scale

California Pest Rating for
Thysanofiorinia nephelii (Maskell): Longan Scale
Hemiptera: Diaspididae
Pest Rating:  B
PEST RATING PROFILE
Initiating Event:

August 23, 2012 Ron Eng (CDFA) requested a permanent rating for longan scale (Thysanofiorinia nephelii) as follow-up to a find of the Q-rated pest on a longan tree in a nursery in Santa Ana.

History & Status:

Background:  Longan scale is an armored scale insect that is sometimes considered a pest of the tropical fruits longan (Dinocarps longan) and lychee (Litchi chinensis).  In addition to those primary hosts it has also been occasionally recorded on other hosts:  “Kentia sp.” (a palm), “Cassia” (a leguminous tree), Euphorbia longena (a spurge), and Indigofera sp. (a flowering plant) (SEL).  Longan scale may be spread long distances by the movement of infested plants and fruit.

Worldwide Distribution: Longan scale is believed to be native to mainland Asia (India to China) but has invaded Australia, Japan, Taiwan, the Northern Mariana Islands, Brazil, Cuba, Algeria, and Hawaii (sometime before 1932).  It was first detected in Florida, the nation’s leading producer of longan and lychee fruit, in 1996 and considered an emerging pest.  Although it had spread to seven counties by 2007, there were no reports of significant economic damage (Suh et.al. 2007).

Official Control:  Thysanofiorinia nephelii is not known to be under official control in any other states or nations.  The scale was downgraded to non-actionable by USDA in March 2011.

California Distribution:  Longan scale has never been collected in the environment in California.

California Interceptions:  This scale was found in regulatory situations by CDFA 164 times between 1992 and August 2012.  The majority of these were interceptions of crawlers (the 1st instar nymphs) on longan and lychee fruit purchased out of state.  The scale has also been found 5 times on trees in nurseries.

The risk Thysanofiorinia nephelii (longan scale) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction: 

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Longan scale has not spread beyond southern Florida since it established there. Longan and lychee are only grown in limited areas of Southern California and the scale would probably be restricted to those areas if it were to enter the state.  Longan scale receives a Low (1) rating for this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.  Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.
– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.
– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Longan scale feeds primarily on longan and lychee, two tropical sapindaceous fruit trees in two different genera.  However, it has also been reported on four other hosts in three different plant families.  Longan scale receives a Medium (2) for host range.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.
– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.
– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Scale insects have high reproductive rates.  Crawlers of longan scale have been intercepted on longan and lychee fruit many times and may be able to disperse through this pathway.  However, fruit would have to be disposed of in close proximity to a host tree.  Adult female longan scales have been detected on trees in nurseries.  This pathway is how the longan scale is thought to have spread within Florida (Suh et. al. 2007) and is the highest risk pathway for spread within California.  Due to its ability to move long distances through nursery stock longan scale receives a High(3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.
– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.
– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: California has approximately 23 ha of longan and lychee orchards (Crane et. al. 2005) worth an estimated $500,000 annually.  Additionally, there is a market for longan and lychee nursery stock in Southern California.  Furthermore, discussions on internet forums indicate there is interest among residents in growing more longan and lychee fruit in the state.  However, no major economic damage has been reported from the introduction of this scale to Florida’s industry.  Longan scale is not expected to lower yields on these trees but it could increase production costs in some cases by triggering chemical treatment.  It is presumed that the fruits grown in California are produced for domestic consumption so no export issues are considered.  Longan scale is not known to vector any pathogens, injure animals, or interfere with water supplies.  Longan scale receives a Low (1) for economic impact.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.
B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).
C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).
D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.
E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.
F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.
G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.
– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.
– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Longan scale is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes.  There are no plants listed in California’s threatened and endangered plant list from the genera listed as hosts for the scale (Dinocarps, Litchi, Kentia, Euphorbia, Cassia, or Indigofera).  The scale is not expected to disrupt critical habitats.  Although the scales are often controlled by natural enemies in Florida they do sometimes reach high populations that require additional treatment programs.  The scale is not expected to significantly change cultural practices, home/urban gardening, or ornamental plantings.  Longan scale receives a Medium (2) for environmental impact.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.
B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.
C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.
D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.
E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.
– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.
– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

Consequences of Introduction to California for Thysanofiorinia nephelii (Longan Scale): Medium(9)

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points
–Medium = 9-12 points
–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Longan scale has never been found in the environment of California and receives a Not established(0) in this category.

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.
–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).
–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.
–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score:  Medium(9)

Uncertainty:

A variety of ants that tend Homoptera, such as longan scale, are abundant in California.  Ants could protect the scales from natural enemies, causing them to reach higher populations more rapidly than in Florida, thereby triggering more chemical treatments.  The market for Asian fruit is expanding in the United States.  Although lychee and longan do not thrive in California at present, changes in technology or the environment could change this in the future.  If lychee and longan production were to expand in California in the future then longan scale may become a more damaging insect.  Furthermore, the possibility exists that longan scale could colonize additional host plants in California.

Longan scale was intercepted in regulatory situations 164 times between 1992 and 2012.  Presumably the scale enters California many additional times and is not intercepted.  Since it has never been found in our environment, it is possible that environmental conditions (such as the lack of humidity) preclude its establishment.  Alternatively, it is possible that the scale is already here and no one has looked for or noticed it.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Evidence suggests that the introduction of Longan Scale would be of low economic consequences to California.  Despite the scale’s invasive nature and ability to travel in international and domestic trade of longan and lychee fruit and nursery stock, there is only one scientific paper in the literature that mentions its pest potential.  It has not had major economic consequences since its detection in Florida in 1996.  The pest has a limited host range and would probably not affect the environment of California, with the exception of possible additional treatments by longan and lychee growers.

Evidence also suggests that the introduction of longan scale to California is highly likely to happen.  It has been detected in regulatory situations many times.  It is likely to survive post-harvest treatments and shipment to California.  Due to the small size of crawlers and immobility of adults it is likely to at least occasionally escape detection by inspectors.  It is capable of living on and spreading through nursery stock and is likely to be introduced to favorable environments for establishment through that pathway.

The scale has never been detected in the environment of California.  Additionally, rare fruit markets are expanding and we do have a small commercial longan and lychee fruit industry that may be affected by the pest.  Therefore, it is recommended that the permanent pest rating be set to “B”.

References:

Crane, J.H., Zee, F., Bender, G.S., Faber, B., Brunner, B. and Chia, C.L. 2005. COMMERCIAL

SAPINDACEOUS FRUIT PRODUCTION IN THE USA. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 665:93-104

http://www.actahort.org/books/665/665_11.htm

Suh, S.J., G. S. Hodges, and A. C. Hodges.  2007.  Notes on the Longan Scale, Thysanofiorinia nephelii (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae) in Florida.  Florida Entomologist 90(2): 407-409.  http://journals.fcla.edu/flaent/article/view/75670/73328

SEL:   http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/catalogs/diaspidi/Thysanofiorinianephelii.htm

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦  Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment: 

Consequences of Introduction:  1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦  Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦  Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦  Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦  Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating:  B

Posted by ls

Coleoptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Ananca bicolor (Fairmaire): Red-Black False Blister Beetle

California Pest Rating for
Ananca bicolor (Fairmaire): Red-Black False Blister Beetle
Coleoptera: Oedemeridae
Pest Rating:  B
PEST RATING PROFILE
Initiating Event:

The false blister beetle Ananca bicolor was recently intercepted by CDFA’s high risk programs on a shipment of Plumeria cut flowers from Hawaii.  The beetle is presently assigned a temporary rating of “Q”.  A pest rating proposal is required to support a permanent pest rating.

History & Status:

Background:  Ananca bicolor adults are nocturnal and highly attracted to lights1,2.  They are considered a nuisance pest and may enter dwellings in large numbers.  The adult beetles feed on pollen.  The larvae are not well documented but similar beetle grubs feed on rootlets and rhizomes3.  Ananca bicolor may be transported long distances when infested cut flowers are moved or as a contaminating pest.

Worldwide Distribution: Ananca bicolor is Polynesian in origin4.  It is known to be established in Samoa, Tahiti, Marquesas, Tonga, Ellice Island, and New Hebrides4.  It invaded Hawaii sometime before 18854.

Official Control: Ananca bicolor is not listed on any nations’ harmful organisms lists5 and is not known to be under official control anywhere.

California Distribution:  Ananca bicolor has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions:  Ananca bicolor has been intercepted by CDFA four times. Three interceptions were on cut Plumeria flowers from Hawaii and one was on green vegetables.

The risk Ananca bicolor (Red-black false blister beetle) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction: 

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Ananca bicolor is only known to be established on tropical islands.  Almost all oedemerid larvae are limited to wet/moist environments.  This indicates that if the beetle were to establish in California it is likely to be limited to warm coastal areas.  It receives a Low (1) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.  Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Ananca bicolor adults are polyphagous on a wide variety of pollen.  Grubs are presumed to be equally polyphagous on organic matter in soil.  The beetle receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: In Hawaii Ananca bicolor occurs in large numbers indicating that it likely has a high reproductive rate.  Despite its abundance and more than a century of transoceanic commerce, Ananca bicolor has not spread beyond Polynesia, indicating that it does not often spread via trade.  Ananca bicolor receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: If Ananca bicolor were to establish in California it is not expected to lower any crop yields.  It may lower the value of cut flowers and flowering nursery stock by contaminating plants with its presence.  It is not likely to trigger lost markets, change cultural practices, vector other organisms, injure animals, or interfere with water supplies.  Ananca bicolor receives a Low (1) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.
B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).
C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).
D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.
E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.
F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.
G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: If Ananca bicolor were to establish in California it is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes.  It is not likely to directly affect threatened or endangered species or disrupt critical habitats.  Since adult beetles are attracted to lights in large numbers, they may trigger new private treatment programs by residents who find them to be a nuisance.  The beetles are not likely to have significant impacts on cultural practices, home/urban gardening, or ornamental plantings.  Ananca bicolor receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.
B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.
C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.
D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.
E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.
– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.
– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

Consequences of Introduction to California for Ananca bicolor (Red-Black False Blister Beetle):  Medium (9)

Add up the total score and include it here.

-Low = 5-8 points
-Medium = 9-12 points
-High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Ananca bicolor has not been found in California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.
–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).
–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.
–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: Medium (9)

Uncertainty: 

California does have a rich oedemerid and melyrid fauna, which would be the direct competitors of Ananca bicolor.  If this new beetle were to establish in California it might outcompete and displace these native beetles.  It is possible that Ananca bicolor may be able to adapt to wider variety of climates and colonize a larger part of California.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Ananca bicolor has never been found in California and is likely to have impacts on the cut-flower and nursery industries and become a nuisance to residents if it were to establish in the state.  A “B” rating is justified.

References:

1 Kinsey, Beth T. 2015. Red-black False Blister Beetle.  The Firefly Forest.  http://fireflyforest.net/firefly/2009/07/08/red-black-false-blister-beetle/

2 Tenorio, JoAnn M. and Gordon M. Nishida. 1995. What’s Bugging Me?: Identifying and Controlling Household Pests in Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press. 184pp.  https://books.google.com/books?id=2ehBWyagf2gC&pg=PA69&lpg=PA69&dq=Ananca+bicolor&source=bl&ots=ROFVnohzQs&sig=K-jbQylsU-8-EjiOcwGtf-8ARV8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-HaMVdjENIvooAS00r24Dw&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q=Ananca%20bicolor&f=false

3 Arnett, Ross H. Jr. 2014. Common Name: False Blister Beetles. University of Florida Featured Creatures. http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/urban/medical/false_blister_beetles.htm#top

4 Swezey, O.H. 1939. Notes on Oedemeridae in Hawaii and Palmyra. Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc. 10(2):263-264.  http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/15990/PHES10_263-264.pdf?sequence=1

5 USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD).  https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦  Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment: 

Consequences of Introduction:  1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦  Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦  Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦  Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦  Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating:  B

Posted by ls

Diptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Ophiomyia kwansonis Sasakawa: Daylily Leafminer

California Pest Rating for
Ophiomyia kwansonis Sasakawa: Daylily Leafminer
Diptera: Agromyzidae
Pest Rating:  B
PEST RATING PROFILE
Initiating Event:

June 23, 2015 Dr. Martin Hauser tentatively identified an intercepted insect as Ophiomyia kwansonis.  This is the first time this insect has been intercepted by CDFA and a pest rating proposal is required to determine future direction on this insect.

History & Status:

Background:  Ophiomyia kwansonis is a leafmining fly that feeds on the leaves of daylilies (Hemerocallis spp.)1,2.  Adult female flies typically lay eggs near the tip of the leaf blade1.  As larvae feed they create mines that appear as long, prominent, whitish lines1.  Larvae pupate in mines, often near the leaf base1.  Mining does not kill plants1.  Daylily leafminer may be transported long distances when infested daylilies are moved.

Worldwide Distribution: Ophiomyia kwansonis is native to Japan and Taiwan2.  In March 2011 it was first found in the United States in a nursery in Florida1 and by 2014 had been found in Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia2.  It has also spread to Europe1.

Official Control: Ophiomyia kwansonis is not listed as a harmful organism by any states or nations3 and is not known to be under official control in any locations.

California Distribution: No official samples of Ophiomyia kwansonis have ever been collected in California.  However, there is a published report of a photograph from Irvine (Orange County) that shows a plant that has likely been damaged by the fly4.

California Interceptions:  Ophiomyia kwansonis has only been intercepted once by CDFA on a shipment of daylilies (Hemerocalis sp.) from Delaware to Contra Costa County (PDR 070P06223714).

The risk Ophiomyia kwansonis (daylily leafminer) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction: 

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Ophiomyia kwansonis is widespread in the eastern United States and it is expected to be able to establish anywhere that daylilies are grown. Daylily leafminer receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.  Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.
– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.
– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Ophiomyia kwansonis is only known to feed on daylilies (Hemerocallis) and receives a Low (1) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.
– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.
– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Ophiomyia kwansonis has a high reproductive potential.  It can complete 2-3 generations per year in cooler climates and breed continuously under warm conditions1,2.  The leafminer may disperse locally by flying and may be transported long distances as eggs, larvae, or pupae on infested daylilies.  Daylily leafminer receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.
– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.
– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: If Ophiomyia kwansonis were to become established in California it is not expected to lower crop yields.  It is likely to lower the value of daylily nursery stock by disfiguring plants with its presence.  The leafminer is not expected to disrupt any markets, change cultural practices, vector other organisms, injure animals, or interfere with water supplies.  Daylily leafminer receives a Low (1) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.
B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).
C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).
D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.
E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.
F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.
G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.
– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.
– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: If daylily leafminer were to become established in California it is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes.  It is not likely to directly affect threatened or endangered species or disrupt critical habitats.  In Florida growers are advised to remove and destroy obviously mined leaves1.  No new chemical treatment programs are expected.  Daylily leafminer is expected to significantly impact daylilies which are common ornamental plants.  Ophiomyia kwansonis receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.
B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.
C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.
D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.
E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.
– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.
– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

Consequences of Introduction to California for Ophiomyia kwansonis (Daylily Leafminer):  Medium (10)

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points
–Medium = 9-12 points
–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Daylily leafminer has not been found in the environment of California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.
–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).
–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.
–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: Medium (10)

Uncertainty:

Eggs and young larvae of daylily leafminer are very difficult to detect in visual inspections.  Given the wide distribution of the fly in the eastern United States and rapidity of its spread it is possible some of the flies may have already entered California.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Ophiomyia kwansonis has not been found in California and is expected to have significant impacts on the nursery industry and ornamental plantings if it becomes established in the state.  A “B” rating is justified.

References:

1 Steck, Gary J. and Gaye L. Williams. 2013. Daylily Leafminer, Ophiomyia kwansonis Sasakawa (Diptera: Agromyzidae), new to North America, including Florida.  Pest Alert. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry.  DACS-P-01807. http://freshfromflorida.s3.amazonaws.com/ophiomyia-kwansonis.pdf

2 Bethke, James A. 2014. Insect Hot Topics: Daylily leafminers. UCNFA News. http://ucanr.edu/sites/UCNFAnews/Insect_Hot_Topics/Daylily_leafminers/

3 USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD).  https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

4 Williams, Gaye L. and Gary J. Steck. 2014.  Ophiomyia kwansonis Sasakawa (Diptera: Agromyzidae), the Daylily Leafminer, an Asian Species Recently Identified in the Continental United States.  Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 116(4): 421-428.

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦  Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment: 

Consequences of Introduction:  1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦  Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦  Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦  Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦  Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating:  B

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Paraleyrodes bondari Peracchi: Bondar’s Nesting Whitefly

California Pest Rating for
Paraleyrodes bondari Peracchi: Bondar’s Nesting Whitefly
Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae
Pest Rating:  A
PEST RATING PROFILE
Initiating Event:

On February 9, 2016 USDA announced that it had changed the status of Paraleyrodes bondari from actionable to non-actionable based on a recommendation from the National Plant Board1.  Stephen Brown subsequently requested a rating proposal for Paraleyrodes bondari.

History & Status:

Background:  Paraleyrodes bondari is a whitefly that feeds on the upper and lower leaf surfaces of a variety of plants2.  Infested plants develop a coating of sooty mold and strands of white wax2.  Known hosts include Annonaceae: sugar apple (Annona squamosa2); Arecaceae: coconut (Cocos nucifera2), Chamaedorea sp.2; Lauraceae: avocado (Persea americana2), til (Ocotea foetens2), canary laurel (Apollonias barbujana2); Meliaceae: Trichilia sp.2; Malvaceae: Chinese hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis2); Moraceae: banyantree (Ficus benghalensis2), weeping fig (Ficus benjamina2), curtain fig (Ficus microcarpa2); Myrtaceae: Surinam cherry (Eugenia uniflora2), guava (Psidium guajava2); Rutaceae: orange (Citrus sinensis5), mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata5), lemon (Citrus limon5), Citrus spp.2  Paraleyrodes bondari may be transported long distances when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved.

Worldwide Distribution: Paraleyrodes bondari is Neotropical in origin2 with a known range from Brazil to Honduras.  From there it has spread to Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Taiwan, Comoros, Mauritius, Reunion, and Maderia2.  It was first found in southern Florida by Stephen Brown in 20112 and by 2012 had spread to six counties3.

Official Control: All citrus whiteflies are considered quarantine pests by the State of Arizona.  Paraleyrodes bondari is not known to be under official control in any other states or nations.  However, Bermuda and Jordan both list all whiteflies as harmful organisms4.

California Distribution:  Paraleyrodes bondari has never been found in California.

California Interceptions:  Paraleyrodes bondari has never been intercepted by CDFA.  However, unidentified species of Paraleyrodes were intercepted 39 times from 2001 to 2015 on plants and fresh plant parts from Hawaii and Florida.

The risk Paraleyrodes bondari (Bondar’s Nesting Whitefly) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction: 

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Host plants of Paraleyrodes bondari are widespread in urban and rural residential areas of California and are important agricultural crops. The whitefly is likely to encounter suitable hosts through much of the state.  The present distribution of Paraleyrodes bondari corresponds with tropical climates.  It is likely that the whitefly will be limited to warmer parts of coastal and southern California.  Paraleyrodes bondari receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.  Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Paraleyrodes bondari feeds on at least eighteen species of plants in eight families including important crops and ornamentals.  It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Whiteflies are capable of rapid reproduction and may be transported long distances by wind or when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved.  Paraleyrodes bondari receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Paraleyrodes bondari has not been documented reducing any crop yields.  It may lower the value of nursery stock by disfiguring plants with its presence and sooty mold.  Arizona considers all citrus whiteflies to be quarantine pests and Paraleyrodes bondari has not been found in that state.  Its presence in California could disrupt markets.  Bondar’s nesting whitefly is not expected to change cultural practices, vector other organisms, injure animals, or disrupt water supplies.  Paraleyrodes bondari receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.
B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).
C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).
D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.
E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.
F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.
G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.
– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.
– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: If Paraleyrodes bondari were to establish in California it is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes.  It is not expected to directly affect threatened or endangered species or disrupt critical habitats.  It may trigger new treatment programs in groves, the nursery industry, and by residents who find infested plants unsightly.  Hosts of the whitefly are popular as both ornamentals and in home/urban gardens and may be significantly affected.  Paraleyrodes bondari receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.
B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.
C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.
D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.
E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.
– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.
– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

Consequences of Introduction to California for Paraleyrodes bondari (Bondar’s Nesting Whitefly):  High (13)

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points
–Medium = 9-12 points
–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Paraleyrodes bondari has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.
–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).
–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.
–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (13)

Uncertainty:

The whitefly has not been documented to reduce crop yields.  However, populations in infested areas are suppressed by Encarsia variegata (Aphelinidae)2.  It is possible that this whitefly could be more damaging in California if it were to establish without this parasitoid.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Paraleyrodes bondari has never been found in California and is expected to have significant economic and environmental impacts if it were to establish in the state.  An “A” rating is justified.

References:

1 Collins, Joe 2015.  Letter from National Plant Board to Ricardo Valdez.  https://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/frsmp/downloads/non-reg-pests/pnr-12-21-15.pdf

2 Stocks, Ian C. 2012. Bondar’s Nesting Whitefly, Paraleyrodes bondari, a whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) New to Florida Attacking Ficus and Other Hosts.  Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Pest Alert DACS-P-01801.  http://www.fortlauderdale.gov/Home/ShowDocument?id=4794

3 Distribution of Bondar’s Nesting Whitefly, Paraleyrodes bondari. May 25, 2012.  http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/hodges/white_website/maps/Whitefly_Bondars_Nesting_Map_8X11.pdf

4 USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD).  https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

5 Martin, J.H. 1996. Neotropical whiteflies of the subfamily Aleurodicinae established in the western Palearctic (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Journal of Natural History 30: 1849-1859. http://www.eurekamag.com/002/002903436.pdf

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦  Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment: 

Consequences of Introduction:  1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦  Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦  Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦  Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦  Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating:  A

Posted by ls