Category Archives: Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Entomology: Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

White Peach Scale | Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni)

September 23, 2016 Jason Leathers

White Peach Scale | Psuedaulacaspis pentagona

California Pest Rating for

Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni): White Peach Scale

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Pest Rating: A

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

Pseudaulacaspis pentagona is frequently intercepted by CDFA. A pest rating proposal is required to justify its pest rating.

History & Status:

Background: Pseudaulacaspis pentagona is a highly polyphagous armored scale insect. It is considered an important economic pest of peach trees and woody ornamentals and has destroyed many peach orchards in the southeast USA¹. Known hosts include: Acanthaceae: Acanthus sp.², Asystasia², Crossandra sp.²; Actinidiaceae: Actinidia arguta², Actinidia polygama², Actinidia sp.²; Amaranthaceae: Gomphrena sp.², Salicornia fruticosa²; Anacardiaceae: Mangifera sp.², Mangifera indica², Rhus sp.², Schinus sp.², Spondias sp.²; Apocynaceae: Allamanda cathartica², Allamanda grandiflora², Allamanda sp.², Asclepius sp.², Calotropis procera², Calotropis², Catharanthus roseus², Cynanchym perrieri², Ervatamia orientalis², Marsdenia clausa², Nerium oleander², Nerium sp.², Plumeria alba², Plumeria rubra², Plumeria sp.², Plumeria acutifolia², Rhynchospermum verticulatum², Rhynchospermum sp.², Tylophora asthmatica², Vinca rosea²; Aquifoliaceae: Ilex sp.², Ilex opaca²; Araceae: Philodendron sp.², Symplocarpus²; Araliaceae: Arailia sp.², Aralia spinosa², Aralia elata², Hedera sp.², Kalopanax septemlobus²; Arecaceae: Chrysalidocarpus lutescens², Cocos nucifera², Phoenix²; Asteraceae: Arctium sp.², Bahia fastigata², Helianthus sp.², Helianthus annuus², Mikania²; Berberidaceae: Berberis², Mahonia sp.², Betulaceae: Osmanthus ilicifolius², Osmanthus asiaticus², Ostrya²; Bignoniaceae: Bignonia², Catalpa ovata², Catalpa syringifolia², Catalpa vulgaris², Catalpa yunnanensis², Catalpa sp.², Catalpa bignonioides², Catalpa bungei², Tecoma sp.², Boraginaceae: Ehretia ovalifolia², Ehretia acuminata², Heliotropium peruvianum², Messersmidia argentea², Tournefortia argentea², Brassicaceae: Brassica willdenovii², Brassica rapa², Iberis sp.²; Cannabaceae: Trema sp.²; Capparaceae: Cleome spinosa²; Caricaceae: Carica papaya², Carica sp.²; Caryophyllaceae: Dianthus sp.²; Casuarinaceae: Casuarina²; Celastraceae: Euonymus alata², Euonymus sp.², Euonymus europaea², Orixa japonica²; Clusiaceae: Calophyllum sp.², Hypericum sp.², Mammea americana²; Convolvulaceae: Argyreia speciosa², Argyreia nervosa², Ipomea batatas², Ipomea purpurea², Ipomea sp.², Ipomoea tiliacea², Cornaceae: Cornus sp.²; Crassulaceae: Bryophyllum calycinum², Bryophyllum pinnatum², Kalanchoe nadijae², Kalanchoe orgyalis², Kalanchoe pinnatum², Kalanchoe sp.², Sedum sp.²; Cucurbitaceae: Citrullus vulgaris², Cucurbita sp.²; Cycadaceae: Cycas revoluta², Cycas media², Cycas sp.², Zamia²; Ebenaceae: Diospyros sp.², Diospyros kaki², Diospyros virginiana²; Elaeagnaceae: Elaeagnus²; Euphorbiaceae: Aleurites², Codiaeum sp.², Croton sp.², Euphorbiaceae sp.², Hevea², Jatropha gossypifolia², Jatropha curcas², Jatropha integerrima², Jatropha sp.², Macaranga sp.², Mallotus japonicus², Manihot sp.², Manihot esculenta², Pedilanthus tithymaloides², Poinsettia², Ricinus communis², Ricinus sp.², Sapium sebiferum², Sebastiana ligustrina²; Fabaceae: Acacia sp.², Acacia arabica², Albizia stipulata², Bauhinia sp.², Cajanus cajan², Cassia alata², Cercis sp.², Cercis canadensis², Crotaleria juncea², Crotolaria sp.², Cytisus scoparius², Cytisus nigricans², Erythrina poeppigiana², Erythrina indica², Erythrina glauca², Erythrina sp.², Genista sp.², Gleditschia triacanthos², Gleditschia sp.², Gleditschia ferox², Glycine max², Kennedya², Lespedeza sp.², Ononis sp.², Phaseolus vulgaris², Pueraria sp.², Robinia pseudoacacia², Sarothamnus², Sophora japonica², Vigna sp.²; Fagaceae: Castanea sp.², Castanea crenata², Quercus acutissima²; Geraniaceae: Geranium sp.², Pelargonium zonale², Pelargonium inquinans², Pelargonium sp.²; Ginkgoaceae: Ginkgo²; Grossulariaceae: Ribes sp.²; Hydrangeaceae: Hydrangea sp.²; Juglandaceae: Juglans regia², Juglans mandshurica², Juglans sp.², Juglans nigra², Pterocarya stenoptera²; Lamiaceae: Callicarpa sp.², Nepeta sp.²; Lauraceae: Cinnamomum², Sassafras sp.²; Liliaceae: Draceana sp.²; Loganiaceae: Buddleia davidii², Gelsemium sp.²; Loranthaceae: Loranthus sp.²; Lythraceae: Lagerstroemia flos-reginae²; Magnoliaceae: Magnolia sp.²; Malvaceae: Althaea rosea², Althaea sp.², Dombeya sp.², Firmiana simplex², Firmiana plantanifolia², Gossypium sp.², Gossypium brasiliense², Guazuma ulmifolia², Hibiscus sp.², Hibiscus diversifolius², Hibiscus esculentum², Hibiscus manihot², Hibiscus mutabilis², Hibiscus rosa-sinensis², Hibiscus tiliaceus², Malachra sp.², Malvastrum tricuspidatum², Montezuma speciosissima², Sida², Sterculia plantifolia², Sterculia sp.², Theobroma sp.², Tilia miqueliana², Triumfetta bartramia², Urena sinuata², Urena lobata²; Meliaceae: Cedrela sp.², Cedrela toona², Melia sp.², Melia azedarach²; Moraceae: Broussonetia sp.², Broussonetia kazinoki², Broussonetia papyrifera², Castilla sp.², Ficus sp.², Morus nigra², Morus rubra², Morus sp.², Morus alba², Morus indica², Morus bombycis²; Musaceae: Strelitzia²; Myrtaceae: Eugenia sp.², Psidium²; Oleaceae: Chionanthus virginicus², Fraxinus chinensis², Fraxinus excelsior², Fraxinus sp.², Jasminum sp.², Jasminum sp.², Ligustrum obtusifolium², Ligustrum japonicum², Ligustrum ibota², Ligustrum sp.², Osmanthus sp.², Syringa vulgaris², Syringa sp.²; Onagraceae: Fuchsia sp.²; Orchidaceae:, Ellaeanthus sp.², Stanhopea sp.²; Pandanaceae: Pandanus sp.²; Passifloraceae: Passiflora sp.², Passiflora edulis², Passiflora quadrangularis²; Piperaceae: Piper sp.², Piper umbellatum², Potomorphe umbellata²; Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum sp.²; Platanaceae: Phytolacca rivinoides², Platanocephalus indicus², Platanus²; Polygalaceae: Polygala²; Ranunculaceae: Clematis sp.², Delphinium sp.², Paeonia²; Rhamnaceae: Hovenia dulcis², Rhamnus alaternus², Rhamnus sp.², Rhamnus elaternum², Ziziphus sp.²; Rosaceae: Amygdalus communis², Amygdalus sp.², Amygdalus armeniaca², Amygdalus persica², Armeniaca², Cerasus², Cliffortia polygonifolia², Cotoneaster sp.², Cydonia sp.², Cydonia oblonga², Cydonia vulgaris², Kerria japonica², Malus pumila², Malus formosana², Malus sylvestris², Persica vulgaris², Photinia serrulata², Prunus sp.², Prunus mume², Prunus communis², Prunus domestica², Prunus laurocerasus², Prunus persica², Prunus yedoensis², Prunus subhirtella², Prunus sargentii², Prunus salicina², Prunus pseudocerasus², Prunus amygdaloides², Prunus armeniaca², Prunus avium², Prunus pognostyla², Prunus cerasus², Pyrus serotina², Rosa², Rubus², Sorbus commixta², Spiroea japonica², Stranvaesia niitakayamensis²; Rubiaceae: Bouvardia², Cinchona sp.², Galium sp.², Morinda citrifolia², Palicourea sp.²; Rutaceae: Citrus maxima², Citrus reticulata², Citrus sp.², Citrus aurantium², Evodia rutaecarpa², Zanthoxylum², Zanthoxylum piperitum²; Salicaceae: Flacourtia², Populus sp.², Populus sieboldi², Populus alba², Salix warburgii², Salix nigra², Salix kinuyanagi², Salix glandulosa², Salix chaenomeloides², Salix babylonica², Salix sp.²; Santalaceae: Phoradendron flavescens²; Sapindaceae: Acer², Aesculus pavia², Aesculus hippocastanum², Koelreuteria paniculata², Nephelium²; Sapotaceae: Sideroxilon marmulano²; Saxifragaceae: Deutzia scabra², Ribes rubrum², Ribes grossularia², Ribes sinanense²; Scrophulariaceae: Angelonia salicariaefolia², Buddleja sp.², Myoporum pictum², Paulownia tomentosa², Paulownia sp.², Scrophularia², Veronica²; Simaroubaceae: Ailanthus glandulosa², Picrasma quassioides²; Solanaceae: Capsicum grossum², Capsicum annum², Capsicum sp.², Datura suaveolens², Lycopersicon esculentum², Nicotiana tabacum², Solanum verbascifolium², Solanum rugosum², Solanum uporo², Solanum auriculatum², Solanum sp.²; Theaceae: Camellia sp.², Thea sinensis²; Ulmaceae: Aphananthe aspera², Celtis australis², Celtis sinensis², Trema lamarckiana², Trema micrantha², Ulmus campestris², Ulmus sp.², Zelkova serrata²; Urticaceae: Boehmeria sp.², Urtica dioica²; Verbenaceae: Callicaria superba², Callicarpa americana², Callicarpa lanata², Lantana sp.², Stachytarpheta indica², Stachytarpheta jamaicensis², Stachytarpheta dichotoma², Stachytarpheta mutabilis², Stachytarpheta sp.², Stachytarpheta urticifolia², Stachytarpheta urticaefolia², Verbena sp.², Verbena bonariensis²; Vitaceae: Quinaria², Vitis vinifera², Vitis sp.². White peach scale may be transported long distances when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved.

Worldwide Distribution: Pseudaulacaspis pentagona is believed to be native to Japan or China but has spread throughout much of the world¹. It is established in the east from Texas to Florida and as far north as Maine¹. It was first found in Hawaii in 1997¹.

Official Control: Pseudaulacaspis pentagona is listed as a harmful organism by Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bolivia, Chile, French Polynesia, Georgia, Honduras, Japan, Kazakhstan, Mexico, the Republic of Moldova, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam³_.

California Distribution: Pseudaulacaspis pentagona has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions: Pseudaulacaspis pentagona has been intercepted by CDFA’s high risk programs, dog teams, and border stations 408 times. Many of these interceptions have been on papaya and kiwi fruits from Hawaii and kiwi fruits from Italy.

The risk Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (white peach scale) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Due to its highly polyphagous nature and current establishment in a range of climates from Hawaii to Canada white peach scale can be expected to establish a widespread distribution in California. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Pseudaulacaspis pentagona is known to feed on hundreds of species of plants belonging to at least 76 families. Known hosts include many economically important crops. White peach scale receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Female Pseudaulacaspis pentagona lay an average of 80-100 eggs and have 2-4 generations per year¹. Scale insects can be transported long distances when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved. They may also disperse locally by crawling, wind, or by hitchhiking on clothing, equipment, or animals. White peach scale receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: If Pseudaulacaspis pentagona were to enter California it would be expected to lower the yields of many crops, especially stone fruit. It is likely to increase crop production costs. Many of California’s trading partners list white peach scale as a harmful organism, indicating that trade disruptions would be likely. White peach scale receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Pseudaulacaspis pentagona is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. It is likely to feed on multiple threatened or endangered plant species including Nevin’s barberry (Berberis nevinii), island barberry (Berberis pinnata insularis), and small-leaved rose (Rosa minutifolia). It is not expected to disrupt critical habitats. White peach scale would likely trigger additional official or private treatment programs in orchards, the nursery industry, and by residents who find infested plants unacceptable. It is also likely to significantly impact cultural practices, home/urban gardening, and a wide range of ornamental plantings. Pseudaulacaspis pentagona receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (White Peach Scale): High (15)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Pseudaulacaspis pentagona has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (15)

Uncertainty:

There have not been any recent surveys of California for white peach scale. It is possible it could be present at some localities.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Pseudaulacaspis pentagona has never been found in California and is likely to have major economic and environmental impacts if it were to enter the state. An “A” rating is justified.

References:

¹Branscome, Deanna. 2012. Common name: white peach scale. University of Florida Featured Creatures. http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/orn/scales/white_peach_scale.htm

² Miller, Dug, Yair Ben-Dov, Gary Gibson, and Nate Hardy. ScaleNet.

http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Pseudaulacaspis%20pentagona/

³ USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Bronze Bug | Thaumastocoris peregrinus Carpintero and Dellapé

September 21, 2016 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Thaumastocoris peregrinus Carpintero and Dellapé: Bronze Bug

Hemiptera: Thaumastocoridae

Pest Rating: B

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

In the summer of 2016 residents of Los Angeles County began to observe infestations of an unusual bug and shared images online¹. The images were tentatively labeled as Thaumastocoris peregrinus, an insect not known to be found in North America. Staff from Los Angeles County collected official specimens in follow-up surveys. The diagnosis was confirmed on July 29 (PDR 190P06060169). A pest rating proposal is required to determine a permanent pest rating.

History & Status:

Background: Thaumastocoris peregrinus is a sap-sucking insect that feeds on several dozen species of Eucalyptus and Corymbia¹. Infestations of the insect can lead to leaf loss, thinning tree canopies, and branch dieback¹. The bugs can be transported long distances when plants or fresh plant parts are moved.

Worldwide Distribution: Thaumastocoris peregrinus is thought to be native to Australia. From there it has spread to New Zealand², southern Africa², southern South America², Italy², Portugal², and Mexico⁴.

Official Control: Thaumastocoris peregrinus is listed as a harmful organism by Peru³.

California Distribution: Thaumastocoris peregrinus has only been found in Los Angeles County.

California Interceptions: Thaumastocoris peregrinus has never been found in any regulatory situations in California.

The risk Thaumastocoris peregrinus (bronze bug) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Eucalyptus trees are grown throughout much of California and Thaumastocoris peregrinus is likely to establish wherever they grow. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Thaumastocoris peregrinus feeds on several dozen species of plants in two genera in one plant family. It receives a Low (1) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Thaumastocoris peregrinus has a high reproductive rate. Each female lays an average of 60 eggs and can mature from egg to adult in 20 days². The insects can spread locally by crawling, by wind, or by hitchhiking on animals, clothing, or equipment. They can also be transported long distances when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved. Bronze bug receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Thaumastocoris peregrinus is not expected to lower any crop yields in California. It may increase the production costs of Eucalyptus and Corymbia nursery stock. Its presence may also disrupt commerce in nursery stock. Bronze bug is not expected to change cultural practices, vector other organisms, injure animals, or interfere with water supplies. It receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Thaumastocoris peregrinus is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. It is not expected to affect threatened or endangered species or disrupt critical habitats. Bronze bug might trigger additional chemical treatment of Eucalyptus and Corymbria in the nursery industry and by residents who find infested plants unsightly. Eucalyptus trees are common ornamental plants and are likely to be significantly affected by this pest. Thaumastocoris peregrinus receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Thaumastocoris peregrinus (Bronze Bug): Medium (12)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Thaumastocoris peregrinus is only known to be established in Los Angeles County. It receives a Low (-1) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: Medium (11)

Uncertainty:

There have not been any official surveys for Thaumastocoris peregrinus in California. It could be more widespread.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Thaumastocoris peregrinus appears to be established in Los Angeles County and is not under official control. Its establishment in the state is likely to have significant economic impacts to nurseries that produce and distribute Corymbia and Eucalyptus plants. It is also likely to have environmental impacts as it triggers new chemical treatments and significantly affects ornamental plantings. A “B” rating is justified.

References:

¹ http://bugguide.net/node/view/1236779/bgimage

² CABI Invasive Species Compendium http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/109741

³ USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

⁴Jiménez-Quiroz, Eduardo, Juan Manuel Vanegas-Rico, Oscar Morales-Martínez, Refugio Lomeli-Flores, and Esteban Rodríguez-Leyva. 2016. First Record of the Bronze Bug, Thaumastocoris peregrinus Carpintero & Dellapé 2006 (Hemiptera: Thaumastocoridae), in Mexico. Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology 32(1):35-39. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3954/1523-5475-32.1.35

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Pest Rating: B

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Spanish Moss Orthezia | Graminorthezia tillandsiae (Morrison)

September 21, 2016 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Graminorthezia tillandsiae (Morrison): Spanish Moss Orthezia

Hemiptera: Ortheziidae

Pest Rating: C

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

On August 1, 2016 Dr. Natalia von Ellenrieder identified a sample submitted by a resident of Santa Ana (Orange County) as Graminorthezia tillandsiae, Spanish moss orthezia. A pest rating proposal is required to determine a permanent pest rating for this insect.

History & Status:

Background: Graminorthezia tillandsiae is an ensign scale insect that feeds on Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides) and small ballmoss (Tillandsia recurvata)¹. It can be transported long distances when infested plants are moved.

Worldwide Distribution: Graminorthezia tillandsiae is native to Florida¹. It has been found in Georgia, Louisiana, Virginia, Guatemala, and Germany¹.

Official Control: Graminorthezia tillandsiae is not known to be under official control in any states or nations.

California Distribution: Graminorthezia tillandsiae has never been found in the environment of California except for one sample submitted by a resident of Santa Ana (Orange County).

California Interceptions: Graminorthezia tillandsiae was intercepted at nurseries in Orange County in 1993 and Ventura County in 1998.

The risk Graminorthezia tillandsiae (Spanish moss orthezia) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Spanish moss and small ballmoss only grow as epiphytes under very humid conditions. Graminorthezia tillandsiae only feeds on these hosts and is expected to establish in very limited circumstances in California. It receives a Low (1) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Graminorthezia tillandsiae only feeds on two species of plants in one family. It receives a Low (1) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: The biology of Graminorthezia tillandsiae is not well documented. It is assumed to have a high reproductive rate. It can rapidly spread long distances when infested plants are moved and receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: If Graminorthezia tillandsiae were to establish in California it is not expected to lower any crop yields. It could lower the value of Spanish moss and small ballmoss plants in the nursery industry by disfiguring them with its presence. It is not expected to disrupt markets, change cultural practices, vector other organisms, injure animals, or disrupt water supplies. Spanish moss orthezia receives a Low (1) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: If Graminorthezia tillandsiae were to establish in California it is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. It is not expected to affect threatened or endangered species or critical habitats. It could trigger new treatment programs in the nursery industry and by residents who find infested plants unsightly. It is not likely to significantly impact cultural practices, home/urban gardens, or ornamental plantings. Graminorthezia tillandsiae receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Graminorthezia tillandsiae (Spanish Moss Orthezia): Low (8)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: There have not been any official collections of Graminorthezia tillandsiae in California. It receives a not established (0) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: Low (8)

Uncertainty:

There have not been any surveys of residential gardens for Graminorthezia tillandsiae. It might be more widespread.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Graminorthezia tillandsiae is only expected to establish in the warmest and most humid areas of California where Spanish moss and small ballmoss plants are cultivated. Its economic and environmental impacts are expected to be limited to nurseries and residents with these ornamental plants. A “C” rating is appropriate.

References:

¹ García Morales M, Denno BD, Miller DR, Miller GL, Ben-Dov Y, Hardy NB. 2016. ScaleNet: A literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. doi: 10.1093/database/bav118. http://scalenet.info. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Graminorthezia%20tillandsiae/

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Pest Rating: C

Posted by ls

Diptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Allium Leafminer | Phytomyza gymnostoma Loew

September 21, 2016 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Phytomyza gymnostoma Loew: Allium Leafminer

Diptera: Agromyzidae

Pest Rating: A

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

On July 12, 2016 USDA inquired if states were interested in surveying for Phytomyza gymnostoma (Allium leafminer). A pest rating proposal is required to determine a permanent rating for this pest.

History & Status:

Background: Phytomyza gymnostoma is a leafmining fly that feeds on plants in the genus Allium including leeks (Allium porrum), onion (Allium cepa), garlic (Allium sativum), chive (Allium schoenoprasum), shallot (Allium cepa), and green onion (Allium fistulosum)¹. The flies overwinter as pupae in plant leaves or bulbs or soil¹. In Pennsylvania adult flies emerge from March through May and females lay eggs at the base of plant stems¹. Larvae mine leaves, moving into the base of leaves or bulbs to pupate¹. This feeding causes leaves to become distorted¹. A second generation of adults emerges in September and October¹. Adult females also puncture tissue to feed on the plants, opening them up to invasion by secondary decay organisms¹. Allium leafminer may be transported long distances when infested plants, bulbs, or soil is moved.

Worldwide Distribution: Phytomyza gymnostoma is native to Poland and Germany¹. It recently started to expand its range and has spread throughout Europe, to Turkey, Russia, and Turkmenistan¹. The flies were first detected in the Western Hemisphere in Pennsylvania in December 2015.

Official Control: Phytomyza gymnostoma is listed as a harmful organism by Chile, Costa Rica, and Peru³.

California Distribution: Phytomyza gymnostoma has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions: Phytomyza gymnostoma has never been intercepted by California.

The risk Phytomyza gymnostoma (Allium leafminer) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Phytomyza gymnostoma is expected to be able to establish a widespread distribution in California wherever Allium plants grow. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Phytomyza gymnostoma is only known to feed on plants in the genus Allium. It receives a Low (1) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Agromyzid flies have high reproductive potential and Phytomyza gymnostoma can rapidly spread long distances when infested bulbs are moved. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: California is the largest producing state in the U.S. of garlic, onions, and green onions. The state produces 90%+ of the commercial garlic, is the largest producer of processing onions, and is one of the top fresh market onion producers². Both garlic and onion crops are valued at $150-$300 million each annually². California also leads the nation in the production of green onions with a 2009 crop value of $28 million in Monterey and Riverside county alone⁴. If Phytomyza gymnostoma were to establish in California it is expected to lower crop yields and increase production costs of these crops, especially on organic farms. Infestation rates of 20 to 100 pupae per plant and 100% of plants in a field have been reported¹. Its presence in the state would likely affect markets for fresh garlic and onions. Growers in other places infested with Allium leafminer have changed cultural practices including delaying planting until after the leafminer flight, covering fall plantings, and separating crops by large distances¹. The leafminer is not expected to vector other organisms, injure animals, or interfere with water supplies. Phytomyza gymnostoma receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: If Phytomyza gymnostoma were to establish in California it is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. It is likely to affect threatened and endangered species such as Munz’s onion (Allium munzii) and Yosemite onion (Allium yosemitense). Allium leafminer would not be expected to disrupt critical habitats. It is likely to trigger additional treatment programs in agriculture and in residential gardens. Species of Allium are grown in home/urban gardens and would be significantly affected by this pest. Phytomyza gymnostoma receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Phytomyza gymnostoma (Allium leafminer): High (13)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Phytomyza gymnostoma has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (13)

Uncertainty:

Phytomyza gymnostoma is a new arrival to the Western Hemisphere and is a known pest. There is low uncertainty.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Phytomyza gymnostoma has never been found in California and is expected have significant economic and environmental impacts if it establishes in the state. An “A” rating is justified.

References:

¹ Fleisher, Shelby and Tim Elkner. 2016. Pest Alert – Allium Leafminer. Penn State Department of Entomology. http://ento.psu.edu/extension/vegetables/pest-alert-allium-leafminer

² California Garlic & Onion Research Advisory Board. http://www.cagarlicandonion.com/

³ USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

⁴ Smith, Richard, Michael Cahn, Marita Cantwell, Steven Koike, Eric Natwick, and Etaferahu Takele. 2011. Green Onion Production in California. UC Vegetable Research & Information Center Vegetable Production Series. http://anrcatalog.ucanr.edu/pdf/7243.pdf

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Insects, Mites & Earthworms, Lepidoptera

Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper): Golden twin-spot moth

August 4, 2016 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper): Golden twin-spot moth

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Pest Rating: A

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

May 6, 2015 the United States Department of Agriculture’s New Pest Advisory Group (NPAG) distributed a one-page notice highlighting the risk posed by Chrysodeixis chalcites. A pest rating proposal is required to support its permanent pest rating.

History & Status:

Background: Chrysodeixis chalcites is a highly polyphagous moth whose caterpillars primarily feed on foliage but may feed externally on fruit and internally in legumes¹. In many countries it is considered one of the most important Lepidopteran pests². It is an important pest of alfalfa, clover, corn, soybean, artichokes, tomato, sweet pepper, potato, other greenhouse and field fruits and vegetables, and ornamental plants². Eggs are typically deposited one or two at a time on the leaves of host plants¹. First instar larvae feed on the lower leaf surface¹. Later instars web leaves together and skeletonize them before consuming entire leaves¹. The last instar usually pupates on the underside of a leaf with folded edges but may pupate on fruit¹ or in soil². Partial host lists have been compiled by NPAG, CAPS, and CABI. Chrysodeixis chalcites is capable of long migratory flights and may be transported when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved.

Worldwide Distribution: Chrysodeixis chalcites is widespread in Africa, the Middle East, India, and the Mediterranean². Aided by wind it migrates to northern Europe². It has been present in Ontario, Canada since 2008. The moth has also been found in greenhouses in Ohio, Colorado, Louisiana, North Carolina, and Oregon². CDFA’s interception records indicate the moth may also be present in Hawaii and New York.

Official Control: Chrysodeixis chalcites is listed as a harmful organism by Colombia, Costa Rica, Japan, and the Republic of Korea⁴.

California Distribution: Chrysodeixis chalcites has not been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions: Chrysodeixis chalcites has been intercepted by CDFA 84 times. Interceptions have occurred on fresh herbs (oregano, basil, thyme, marjoram, saluyot, and ti leaves), cut flowers, and plants shipped from New York and Hawaii. At least some of these consignments originated in Israel. The moth was also found in one nursery inspection in Fresno County in 1990 (PDR 909394).

The risk Chrysodeixis chalcites (golden twin-spot moth) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Chrysodeixis chalcites has established and is widespread in latitudes between 45˚N and 35˚S. This encompasses all of California and the moth is expected to be capable of establishing a widespread distribution in the state. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Chrysodeixis chalcites is highly polyphagous and receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Each female Chrysodeixis chalcites can lay up to 1,060 eggs¹. The moths breed continuously throughout the year with 8 to 9 generations per year in Egypt¹. They are strong migratory fliers¹and may also spread long distances when infested plants, fruit, or soil are moved. Chrysodeixis chalcites receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Chrysodeixis chalcites is likely to reduce crop yields in California. The caterpillars feed on the leaves and fruit of tomato and may reduce yield 10-15%². It is expected to lower the value of fruit and nursery stock by feeding damage and contaminating it with its presence. Several of California’s trading partners list the moth as a harmful organism so there could be disruptions to fresh fruit, cut flower, and nursery stock exports. Chrysodeixis chalcites receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Chrysodeixis chalcites is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. It may feed on threatened and endangered species such as showy Indian clover (Trifolium amoenum), Pacific Grove clover (Trifolium polyodon), and Monterey clover (Trifolium trichocalyx). The moth is not expected to disrupt critical habitats. It may trigger new chemical treatment programs in agriculture and by residents who find defoliation unacceptable. Chrysodeixis chalcites receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

Consequences of Introduction to California for Chrysodeixis chalcites (Golden Twin-Spot Moth): High (15)

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Chrysodeixis chalcites has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (15)

Uncertainty:

Differentiation of Chrysodeixis chalcites and Chrysodeixis eriosoma requires molecular analysis. It is possible that Chrysodeixis chalcites could be established in some states where Chrysodeixis eriosoma is established. There have been no recent surveys for this pest in California so it might be present in some localities.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Chrysodeixis chalcites has not been found in California and is expected to have significant economic and environmental impacts if it establishes in the state. An “A” rating is justified.

References:

¹ Millar, Leah. 2013. NPAG Report Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper): Goldwn twin-spot moth, tomato looper. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/cphst/npag/downloads/Chrysodeixis_chalcitesNPAG_Report.pdf

² CAPS Factsheet Chrysodeixis chalcites. https://caps.ceris.purdue.edu/webfm_send/2046

³ CABI Invasive Species Compendium. Datasheet: Chrysodeixis chalcites (golden twin-spot moth). http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/13243

⁴ USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦ Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment:

Consequences of Introduction: 1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦ Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦ Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦ Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦ Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Insects, Mites & Earthworms, Lepidoptera

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick): Tomato Leafminer

August 4, 2016 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick): Tomato Leafminer

Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae

Pest Rating: A

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

A pest rating proposal is required to determine a permanent pest rating for Tuta absoluta (tomato leafminer).

History & Status:

Background: Tuta absoluta is a moth that feeds on the leaves and fruit of solanaceous plants. Known hosts include: Solanaceae: Capsicum annuum (pepper), Datura ferox (long spined thorn apple), Datura stramonium (Jimson weed), Lycium chilense (coralillo), Lycopersicum puberulum, Nicotiana glauca (tree tobacco), Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco), Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean), Physalis angulata (gooseberry), Physalis peruviana (cape gooseberry), Solanum americanum (American black nightshade), Solanum bonariense, Solanum elaeagnifolium (silverleaf nightshade), Solanum gracilius, Solanum hirtum, Solanum lycopersicum (tomato), Solanum muricatum (sweet cucumber), Solanum nigrum (black nightshade), Solanum melongena (eggplant), Solanum pseudo-capsicum (Jerusalem cherry), Solanum sisymbriifolium (sticky nightshade), Solanum tuberosum (potato)¹. Eggs are laid on all above ground parts of host plants¹. Young larvae mine leaves, stems, shoots, flowers, and developing fruit¹. Later instars may feed on mature fruit¹. Pupae can be found attached to all plant parts (leaves, stems, flowers, fruit) as well as in soil¹. Tuta absoluta can be transported long distances when infested plants, fruit, or reusable packing boxes are moved¹. Significant quantities of fresh host material from infested areas enters California by air through Los Angeles each year. In 2008 570 tons of fresh tomatoes were flown into Los Angeles from the Netherlands as were 14 tons from Spain and 6 tons from Chile¹.

Worldwide Distribution: Tuta absoluta is native to South America¹. Since 2008 it has invaded much of Europe, northern Africa, and the Middle East¹.

Official Control: Tuta absoluta is also listed as a harmful organism by Canada, Guatemala, Honduras, Japan, Georgia and the Russian Federation³. It is also under official control in Mexico⁴.

California Distribution: Tuta absoluta has never been found in California.

California Interceptions: Tuta absoluta has never been intercepted by CDFA.

The risk Tuta absoluta (tomato leafminer) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Tuta absoluta is likely to establish throughout southern California, the central coast, and the San Joaquin valley. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Tuta absoluta is known to feed on 22 species of plants in one plant family. It receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Tuta absoluta has high reproductive potential. It can complete 7-12 generations per year with each female laying up to 260 eggs¹. The moth can rapidly spread long distances when infested plants, fruit, or packing containers are moved. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Tuta absoluta reduces tomato yields by up to 100% and is considered one of the worst pests of processing tomatoes in Brazil¹. This moth has the potential to lower crop yields and increase production costs in California. If Tuta absoluta were to establish in California it is also likely to disrupt markets for California fresh fruit and plants. Tuta absoluta receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: If Tuta absoluta were to establish in California it is likely to trigger new treatment programs by growers and residents who find infested plants unacceptable. Tomatoes are one of the most popular plants in home/urban gardens and are likely to be significantly affected by this pest. Tuta absoluta receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

Consequences of Introduction to California for Tuta absoluta (Tomato Leafminer): High (14)

Add up the total score and include it here

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Tuta absoluta has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (14)

Uncertainty:

A closely related Gelechiid species, Keiferia lycopersicella (the tomato pinworm) occupies the ecological niche of the tomato leafminer in the United States^1,2. It is possible that existing treatments for tomato pinworm will preclude economic and ecological impacts of Tuta absoluta. Alternatively, it is possible that if Tuta absoluta were to establish in California it could displace our native moth, causing unknown ecological effects.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Tuta absoluta meets the threshold to likely cause unacceptable consequences of introduction and it has an overall likelihood of introduction risk rating above negligible. The moth is likely to have significant economic and environmental impacts if it were to establish in California. An “A” rating is justified.

References:

¹ Bloem, Stephanie and Esther Spaltenstein. 2011. New Pest Response Guidelines: Tomato Leafminer (Tuta absoluta). United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/manuals/emergency/downloads/Tuta-absoluta.pdf

² Poe, S.L. 1999. Common name: tomato pinworm. Scientific name: Keiferia lycopersicella (Walshingham) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). University of Florida Featured Creatures. http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/veg/tomato/tomato_pinworm.htm

³ USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

⁴ Dr. Julio Cesar Velázquez González. 2013. Operating instructions to implement the emergency device against Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelichiidae) in Mexico. Department of Plant Health Senasica. https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http://senasica.gob.mx/includes/asp/download.asp%3FIdDocumento%3D25489%26IdUrl%3D60944%26down%3Dtrue&prev=search

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦ Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment:

Consequences of Introduction: 1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦ Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦ Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦ Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦ Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Insects, Mites & Earthworms, Lepidoptera

Spodoptera eridania (Stoll): Southern Armyworm

August 4, 2016 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Spodoptera eridania (Stoll): Southern Armyworm

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Pest Rating: A

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

Researchers recently applied for a USDA permit to import 60,000 eggs and larvae of Spodoptera eridania into California for field research. Florida reports that this moth is already found in California and of no consequence here¹. A pest rating proposal is required to support the current pest rating.

History & Status:

Background: Spodoptera eridania is a polyphagous noctuid moth that feeds on the foliage, fruit, and flowers of a variety of plants^1,2. Adults and larvae are nocturnal. Young larvae typically feed in groups on the undersides of leaves. They often skeletonize leaves and can occasionally defoliate entire plants^1,2. As they mature they become solitary and readily bore into fruit¹. If food is scarce they will consume branches, stem tissue, and tubers near the surface of the soil¹. Agricultural crops that are damaged by the moth include avocado, beet, cabbage, carrot, citrus, collard, cowpea, eggplant, okra, peanut, pepper, potato, sunflower, sweet potato, tobacco, velvet bean, watermelon, and many ornamentals¹. The caterpillars also feed on many weeds but show a preference for pigweed (Amaranthus spp.) and pokeweed (Phytolacca americana)¹. Populations of the caterpillars sometimes build up in weedy areas then migrate to adjacent crops after favored weeds are consumed¹. The moth typically pupates in soil. Spodoptera eridania is commonly intercepted in Europe on plants and tomato fruit². The moth is also a popular organism for research because it is easy to rear² and has the potential to be spread long distances by researchers.

Worldwide Distribution: Spodoptera eridania is native to North, Central, and South America including the eastern United States as far north as Massachusets and as west as Texas^1,2. The only place it is known to have invaded is the Galapagos Islands².

Official Control: Spodoptera eridania is listed as a harmful organism by Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Holy See (Vatican City State), Honduras, Hungary, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Montenegro, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Panama, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Svalbard and Jan Mayen, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Turkey, and the United Kingdom³. The moth is listed as an A1 quarantine pest by the EPPO². In addition, all species of Spodoptera are listed as harmful organisms by Antigua and Barbuda, Bermuda, Japan, and Panama³.

California Distribution: Spodoptera eridania has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions: Spodoptera eridania has only been intercepted four times by CDFA on bell peppers, cilantro, tree fern, and Asparagus sperengeri from Florida. There have been 859 interceptions identified as Spodoptera sp. Some of these interceptions could also be Spodoptera eridania.

The risk Spodoptera eridania (southern armyworm) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Spodoptera eridania is widespread across regions with a wide variety of climates. Southern armyworm would be likely to establish a widespread distribution in California and receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Spodoptera eridania is a generalist feeder on a wide variety of plants and receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Spodoptera eridania can complete a generation every 30-40 days under favorable conditions and each female lays a large number of eggs. Adult moths may disperse locally by flying and caterpillars may crawl in large numbers to areas with better host plants. Southern armyworm may also be transported long distances on infested plants or fresh plant parts or by scientists. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Although it is usually only a minor pest, southern armyworm does sometimes have damaging infestations to crops, especially tomatoes². Southern armyworm caterpillars may disfigure nursery stock with feeding damage and pupate in the associated soil, reducing the value of nursery stock. Infestations do sometimes trigger treatments, which increase crop production costs. Spodoptera eridania is listed as a harmful organism and quarantine pest by many nations and has the potential to disrupt markets for California’s fresh fruit and nursery stock. Southern armyworm receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Spodoptera eridania is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. It is not expected to affect threatened or endangered species or disrupt critical habitats. It may trigger new treatment programs in agriculture and by residents. It may also significantly affect many plants that are popular in home/urban gardens and ornamentals. Southern armyworm receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Spodoptera eridania (Southern Armyworm): High (15)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Spodoptera eridania has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (15)

Uncertainty:

Unidentified life stages of Spodoptera are frequently intercepted by CDFA. Presumably they go undetected at other times and enter the state. There have not been any recent formal surveys for Spodoptera eridania in California and it could be established in some localities.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Spodoptera eridania has not been found in California and it is likely to have significant economic and environmental impacts if it were to establish in the state. An “A” rating is justified.

References:

¹ Capinera, John L. 2014. University of Florida Featured Creatures. Common name: southern armyworm. http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/veg/leaf/southern_armyworm.htm

² EPPO Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests: Spodoptera eridania. http://www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/insects/Spodoptera_eridania/PRODER_ds.pdf

³ USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦ Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment:

Consequences of Introduction: 1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦ Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦ Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦ Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦ Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Insects, Mites & Earthworms, Thysanoptera

Retithrips syriacus (Mayet): Black vine thrips

July 26, 2016 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Retithrips syriacus (Mayet): Black vine thrips

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

Pest Rating: A

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

February 26, 2014, USDA distributed a Deregulation Evaluation of Established Pests (DEEP) report proposing to change the status of Retithrips syriacus, black vine thrips, from actionable to non-actionable for the continental United States. The thrips would remain actionable for Hawaii, Guam, and the Virgin Islands. The insect is currently unrated by CDFA, so a pest rating proposal is needed to determine future direction.

History & Status:

Background: Retithrips syriacus breeds on the leaves of a variety of plants in 29 plant families including grapes, roses, cotton, and castor oil². It may spread through trade on leaves where it has been intercepted (rarely) on various species¹.

Worldwide Distribution: Retithrips syriacus is widespread in Africa and western Asia¹. It has also been found in Brazil, Venezuela, and Puerto Rico¹. It was first detected in southern Florida in 1993¹.

Official Control: Costa Rica, Ecuador, Japan, Jordan, the Republic of Korea, Panama, and Peru list Retithrips syriacus on their harmful organism lists¹.

California Distribution: Retithrips syriacus has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions: Retithrips syriacus has never been intercepted in California.

The risk Retithrips syriacus (black vine thrips) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: The present distribution of Retithrips syriacus corresponds to USDA plant hardiness zones 9-13, indicating that it may establish in much of California. The thrips receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Retithrips syriacus feeds and breeds on a variety of plants in at least 29 plant families. The thrips receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Thrips are capable of rapid reproduction. Retithrips syriacus may move long distances in trade on nursery stock or leaves, and may be spread by wind. One of the hosts of Retithrips syriacus is castor oil plant. Castor oil plant is common and very abundant in riparian areas of Southern California. If the thrips were to enter this part of the state it is likely to spread rapidly throughout the region on this host. The thrips receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Retithrips syriacus feeds and breeds on a wide variety of plants including economically important crops such grapes, cotton, and roses. Although the thrips has not yet caused economic damage in tropical southern Florida¹, the native distribution of the thrips tends more toward a Mediterranean climate more typical of California and the thrips may be predicted to be more damaging here. Retithrips syriacus has the potential to lower yield in these crops by feeding on leaves. The thrips may also increase crop production costs by triggering additional management activities. Retithrips syriacus is listed as a quarantine pest by multiple countries and USDA has proposed to keep the thrips actionable in Hawaii, Guam, and the Virgin Islands. Therefore it is probable that if Retithrips syriacus were to establish in California, it would trigger a loss of markets. This would be expected especially for exports of California table grapes. Retithrips syriacus receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Rosa is considered a host of Retithrips syriacus. Small-leaved rose (Rosa minutifolia) is listed as an endangered species by California and could be directly affected by the thrips. The presence of Retithrips syriacus may also trigger additional chemical treatments in agricultural production. The thrips receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Retithrips syriacus (Black vine thrips): High (15)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Retithrips syriacus has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (15)

Uncertainty:

It is possible that Retithrips syriacus may be managed by existing IPM practices in agriculture.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Retithrips syriacus is expected to find favorable conditions in California where it may have significant economic and environmental impacts. An A-rating is justified.

References:

¹Baez, Ignacio. 2014. Deregulation Evaluation of Established Pests (DEEP); DEEP Report on Retithrips syriacus (Mayet): Black vine thrips.

²Thrips of California http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/thrips_of_california/identify-thrips/key/california-thysanoptera-2012/Media/Html/browse_species/Retithrips_syriacus

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦ Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment:

Consequences of Introduction: 1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦ Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦ Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦ Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦ Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel and Miller: Jack Beardsley mealybug

July 26, 2016 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel and Miller: Jack Beardsley mealybug

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

Pest Rating: A

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

Since 1999 Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi has been regularly intercepted by CDFA’s border stations and dog teams. This mealybug presently has a temporary rating of “Q”. A pest rating proposal is needed to establish a permanent pest rating.

History & Status:

Background: Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi is a highly polyphagous mealybug that feeds on a wide variety of plants. Known hosts include: Anacardiaceae: mango (Mangifera indica¹), hog plum (Spondias sp.¹); Annonaceae: custard apple (Annona sp.¹), sugar-apple (Annona squamosa^1,2), soursop (Annona muricata¹), cherimoya (Annona cherimola¹); Apiaceae: celery (Apium graveolens¹); Apocynaceae: Fernaldia sp.¹, wax plant (Hoya carnosa¹), oleander (Nerium oleander¹), Plumeria sp.¹; Araceae: Malayan sword (Aglaonema simplex¹), Chinese evergreen (Aglaonema sp.¹), poison dart plant (Aglaonema commutatum¹), Anthurium sp.¹, Dieffenbachia sp.; Araliaceae: spikenard (Aralia sp.); Arecaceae: coconut (Cocos sp.¹); Asparagaceae: Agave sp.¹, ti (Cordyline terminalis²), Dracaena sp.¹, Yucca sp.¹; Asteraceae: Spanish needles (Bidens bipinnata¹), jack in the bush (Chromolaena odorata (=Eupatorium odoratum¹)), Chrysanthemum sp.²; Basellaceae: Indian spinach (Basella alba²); Begoniaceae: Begonia sp.¹; Boraginaceae: black sage (Cordia curassavica¹); Bromeliaceae: pineapple (Ananas comosus¹); Cactaceae: Acanthocereus sp.¹; Peruvian apple cactus (Cereus peruvianus¹), Cereus sp.¹, Coryphanta cubensis¹, melon cactus (Melocactus sp.¹), Rhipsalis mesembrianthemoides¹; Caricaceae: papaya (Carica papaya^1,2); Convolvulaceae: morning glory (Ipomoea sp.¹), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas¹); Cucurbitaceae: ivy gourd (Coccinia grandis¹), cantaloupe (Cucumis melo¹), Cucurbita sp.¹, pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo¹), chayote (Sechium edule¹), Trichosanthes cumumesina; Dilleniaceae: Acrotrema cestatum¹; Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha wilkesiana¹, Aporusa aurita¹, Chamaesyce sp.¹, Codiaeum sp.¹, Croton sp.¹, sandbox tree (Hura crepitans¹), Jatropha sp.¹, Jatropha curcas¹, cassava (Manihot esculenta^1,2); Fabaceae: thorntree (Acacia sp.¹), shyleaf (Aeschynomene americana¹), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan¹), Cajanus indicus¹, logwood (Haematoxylum campechianum¹), Mucuna sp.¹, lima bean (Phaseolus limensis¹), Pueraria javanica¹, tamarind (Tamarindus indica¹), Tamarindus sp.; Geraniaceae: geranium (Pelargonium sp.¹); Gesneriaceae: purple martin (Streptocarpus sp.²); Heliconiaceae: Heliconia sp.¹; Iridaceae: Iris sp.¹; Lamiaceae: Coleus sp.¹, mint (Mentha sp.¹), basil (Ocimum sp.¹), sage (Salvia sp.¹); Lauraceae: avocado (Persea sp.¹); Lythraceae: pomegranate (Punica granatum¹); Malvaceae: cotton (Gossypium sp.¹), Gossypium barbadense¹, okra (Hibiscus exculentus¹), kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus¹), Hibiscus sp.¹,; cacao (Theobroma cacao¹); Moraceae: Ficus decora¹, Ficus sp.¹, Ficus tricolor¹, mulberry (Morus sp.¹); Moringaceae: Moringa oleifera¹; Musaceae: latundan banana (Musa sapientum¹), banana (Musa sp.¹), Musa paradasiaca¹; Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus sp.¹, Eugenia sp.¹, common guava (Psidium guajava¹), guava (Psidium sp.¹); Nephrolepidaceae: Nephrolepis sp.¹; Nyctaginaceae: Bougainvillea sp.¹; Oleaceae: star jasmine (Jasminum multiflorum²); Orchidaceae: Cattleya sp.¹, Cycnoches sp.¹, twisted dendrobium (Dendrobium tortile¹), Dendrobium sp.¹, Mormolyca balsamina¹, venus slipper (Paphiopedilum sp.¹); Piperaceae: black pepper (Piper nigrum¹); Poaceae: lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus¹), corn (Zea mays¹); Polygonaceae: Rumex sp.¹; Proteaceae: Macadamia sp.¹; Rubiaceae: coffee (Coffea arabica¹), Gardenia jasminoides¹; Rutaceae: Citrus sp.¹, key lime (Citrus aurantiifolia¹), grapefruit (Citrus paradisi¹); Sapindaceae: ackee (Blighia sapida¹), lychee (Litchi chinensis¹), Nephelium sp.¹, rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum¹); Sapotaceae: star apple (Chrysophyllum cainito¹); Solanaceae: Capsicum sp.¹, chili pepper (Capsicum fructescens¹), bell pepper (Capsicum annuum¹), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum¹), cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana¹), husk tomato (Physalis pubescens¹), Solanum sp.¹, eggplant (Solanum melongena¹), potato (Solanum tuberosum¹); Sterculiaceae: teabush (Melochia tomentosa¹); Verbenaceae: Lantana sp.¹, wild sage (Lantana camara¹); Vitaceae: grapevine (Vitis sp.¹); Zingiberaceae: red ginger (Alpinia purpurata¹), ginger-lilies (Alpinia sp.¹), Phaeomeria sp.¹, ginger (Zingiber officinale¹). It is most common on banana, tomato, potato, pepper, and Hibiscus¹. The mealybug may spread long distances through commerce in infested plants and plant material.

Worldwide Distribution: Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi is presumably native to and widespread in the Neotropical region from Mexico south to Brazil¹. It has spread to many Pacific islands including Hawaii, and to southeast Asia¹. In the continental United States it has been found in Florida and Texas¹. It has even been found in Canada¹.

Official Control: Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi is considered a quarantine pest by Chile, India, Japan, and Peru³.

California Distribution: Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions: Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi has been intercepted by CDFA 321 times since 1997, most commonly on basil leaves, nursery stock, and cut flowers. The mealybug has not been found in any nurseries.

The risk Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi (Jack Beardsley mealybug) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi feeds on a large variety of plants, many of which are grown in California. It is likely to establish wherever host plants are grown and receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi is highly polyphagous on a wide variety of plants in at least 49 plant families. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi has high reproductive potential. Each female lays 300-600 eggs⁴ and they can complete many generations per year. Mealybug crawlers may be dispersed locally by crawling, wind, or by hitchhiking on clothing, animals, or equipment. They may also be moved long distances on infested plants or plant material. Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi is injurious to plants in the absence of efficient natural enemies and has the potential to lower yields of many high-value California crops such as grapes, citrus, and tomatoes. This mealybug may also lower the value of a wide variety of nursery stock by disfiguring plants with its presence and by the production of sooty mold. It may also increase crop production costs as some growers may apply new treatments. The mealybug is also considered a quarantine pest by several of California’s trading partners and could potentially disrupt markets for fresh fruit and nursery stock. Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. Hoover’s spurge (Chamaesyce hooveri) and Wiggin’s croton (Croton wigginsii) are listed as endangered plants in California and are likely to be consumed by this mealybug. The mealybug is not expected to disrupt critical habitats. It could trigger new chemical treatments in agricultural industries and by residents who find infested plants unsightly. Many of the mealybug’s hosts are popular ornamental plants and are likely to be significantly impacted, especially when grown as indoor houseplants with limited access to predatory insects. Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi (Jack Beardsley mealybug): High (15)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi has never been detected in California. CDFA has conducted several recent delimitations for exotic mealybugs that would have been likely to detect this mealybug due to its large host range and the high-risk locations of the survey. It was not found in any of these surveys. Furthermore, it has not been found in any nurseries. Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi should be considered absent from California and receives a Not established(0) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High(15)

Uncertainty:

It is possible that existing treatments for mealybugs will limit the impact of Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi in managed environments.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi has never been found in the environment of California and its entry to the state has the potential to have significant economic and environmental impacts. An “A” rating is justified.

References:

¹Miller, Dug, Yair Ben-Dov, Gary Gibson, and Nate Hardy. ScaleNet. http://scalenet.info/validname/Pseudococcus/jackbeardsleyi/

http://www.idtools.org/id/scales/factsheet.php?name=7007

²Shylesha, A.N. 2013. Host range of invasive Jack Beardsley mealybug, Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel and Miller in Karnataka. Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems 19(1):106-107 http://aapmhe.in/index.php/pmhe/article/viewFile/176/168

³USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

⁴Mau, Ronald F.L. and Jayma L. Martin Kessig. Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel and Miller. Crop Knowledge Master. Department of Entomology. Honolulu, Hawaii. http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/type/p_jackbe.htm

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦ Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment:

Consequences of Introduction: 1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦ Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦ Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦ Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦ Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Mycetaspis personata (Comstock): Masked Scale

July 25, 2016 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Mycetaspis personata (Comstock): Masked Scale

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Pest Rating: A

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

Mycetaspis personata is commonly intercepted at CDFA’s border stations and presently has a temporary Q-rating. A pest rating proposal is required to assign a permanent pest rating.

History & Status:

Background: Mycetaspis personata is a polyphagous armored scale insect that typically feeds on leaves^1,2. It has been considered a pest of citrus in Madeira and mango in Egypt^1,2. Known hosts include: Anacardiaceae: Anacardium spp.¹, mango (Mangifera indica^1,2), Mangifera spp.^1,2, Tapirira guianensis²; Annonaceae: Annona spp.^1,2; Arecaceae: Areca spp.^1,2, Chrysalidocarpus lutescens^1,2, coconut (Cocos nucifera^1,2); Cocos spp.^1,2, latan palm (Latania sp.^1,2); Phoenix spp.^1,2, palmetto (Sabal spp.^1,2), walking palm (Socratea exorrhiza)²; Bignoniaceae: Catalpa longisiliqua^1,2; Bromeliaceae: Tillandsia spp.^1,2; Fabaceae: Bauhinia spp.^1,2; Guttiferae: Mammea americana²; Lauraceae: Persea spp.^1,2; Malpighiaceae: Banisteria laurifolia^1,2; Monimiaceae: Tambourissa spp.^1,2; Moraceae: Cuban-laurel (Ficus retusa^1,2), weeping fig (Ficus benjamina^1,2), Ficus spp.^1,2; Musaceae: Musa spp.^1,2; Myristicaceae: Virola sebifera²; Myrtaceae: Eugenia spp.^1,2, pineapple guava (Feijoa selloviana^1,2); Oleaceae: jasmine (Jasminum spp.^1,2); Rutaceae: Citrus spp.^1,2; Sapotaceae: sapote (Achras sapota^1,2); Theaceae: Japanese camellia (Camellia japonica^1,2). Mycetaspis personata may be transported long distances with infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved.

Worldwide Distribution: Mycetaspis personata has a widespread distribution in South America and the Caribbean^1,2. It has spread to several African and Asian nations and is established Mexico, Hawaii, and Florida^1,2.

Official Control: Mycetaspis personata is listed as a harmful organism by Japan, the Republic of Korea, and Taiwan³.

California Distribution: Mycetaspis personata has never been detected in the environment of California.

California Interceptions: Mycetaspis personata is frequently intercepted by CDFA’s border stations and dog teams on fruit. It is most often intercepted on mango, but has also been intercepted on other fruit including lime, coconut, and avocado.

The risk Mycetaspis personata (masked scale) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Host plants of Mycetaspis personata are grown throughout California and the scale insect can be expected to establish wherever they are grown. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Mycetaspis personata is polyphagous on a wide variety of plants in at least 18 families. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Scale insects are capable of rapid reproduction and can be transported long distances when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved. They may also disperse locally by crawling, wind, or by hitchhiking on clothing, equipment, or animals. Mycetaspis personata receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Mycetaspis personata is considered a quarantine pest by several of California’s trading partners. This insect could disrupt markets for Californian agricultural commodities if it were to establish in the state. It may also increase crop production costs by triggering additional management practices to ensure that crops are free from the pest. Mycetaspis personata receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Mycetaspis personata is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. It is not expected to directly affect threatened or endangered species or disrupt critical habitats. It may trigger additional treatment programs in agriculture and by residents who find infested plants unsightly. Masked scale may also significantly impact ornamental plantings. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Mycetaspis personata (Masked Scale): High (14)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Mycetaspis personata has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (14)

Uncertainty:

There have been no recent formal surveys for scale insects in California. It is possible that mask scale could be established in some localities.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Mycetaspis personata has never been found in California and may have significant economic and environmental impacts if it were to establish here. An “A” rating is justified.

References:

¹ Miller, Dug, Yair Ben-Dov, Gary Gibson, and Nate Hardy. ScaleNet. http://scalenet.info/validname/Mycetaspis/personata/
http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Mycetaspis%20personata/

² SEL Catalog. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/catalogs/diaspidi/Mycetaspispersonata.htm

³ USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦ Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment:

Consequences of Introduction: 1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦ Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦ Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦ Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦ Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Insects, Mites & Earthworms, Thysanoptera

Hercinothrips bicinctus (Bagnall): Banana-silvering Thrips

July 25, 2016 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Hercinothrips bicinctus (Bagnall): Banana-silvering Thrips

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

Pest Rating: B

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

In April 2016 the Banana-silvering thrips Hercinothrips bicinctus was found by a dog-team on a shipment of Passiflora leaves from San Diego County. A trace-back survey found that the thrips were infesting passion flower vines in an outdoor garden at a residence. A pest rating proposal is required to assign a permanent pest rating.

History & Status:

Background: Hercinothrips bicinctus is considered to be a polyphagous thrips that breeds on the leaves of a variety of plants, often in greenhouses¹. Nymphs and adults live on leaves, stems, and fruit. Eggs are inserted into plant tissue². Primary hosts include banana, passion fruit, choko, and some weeds³. Feeding causes leaf damage² and silvery or brown patches on fruit². Infested fruit may crack, allowing decay organisms to enter². Hercinothrips bicinctus may be transported long distances when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved.

Worldwide Distribution: Hercinothrips bicinctus is thought to be native to Africa¹. From there it has invaded Australia, New Zealand, Bermuda, Mexico, and Hawaii. There is also an unconfirmed record from Brazil⁴.

Official Control: Hercinothrips bicinctus is listed as a harmful organism by Colombia, Costa Rica, Indonesia, Israel, Jamaica, Japan, the Republic of Korea, and Timor-Leste⁵.

California Distribution: Hercinothrips bicinctus has only been found at a single residential property in San Diego County.

California Interceptions: Hercinothrips bicinctus has only been intercepted twice in California, in June 2009 on various leis from HI, and in April 2016 on a mailed shipment of Passiflora and Persea sp. leaves from the infested property.

The risk Hercinothrips bicinctus (Banana-silvering thrips) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Based on its present tropical and subtropical distribution, Hercinothrips bicinctus is expected to establish throughout the warmer parts of coastal and southern California. It receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Hercinothrips bicinctus is polyphagous. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Thrips have high reproductive rates and can rapidly spread long distances when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved. Hercinothrips bicinctus receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Most of the damage caused by Hercinothrips bicinctus is limited to disfigured leaves and blemished fruit. This type of damage could potentially lower the yield of production nurseries and fruit crops or increase production costs. However, other thrips with similar biologies such as Hercinothrips femoralis (banded greenhouse thrips) are already widespread in California. Existing management techniques for these thrips that are already present are likely to limit economic impacts from this new thrips. However, Hercinothrips bicinctus is listed as a harmful organism by many nations and has not yet been found anywhere else in the continental United States. It is possible that its presence in California could disrupt markets. Hercinothrips bicinctus receives a Low (1) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: If it becomes established in California, Hercinothrips bicinctus is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. However, this thrips colonized native plants as it invaded Australia and it might do the same thing in California. Due to the polyphagous nature of the thrips this could include threatened or endangered species. Fortunately, Hercinothrips bicinctus is not expected to disrupt critical habitats. It could trigger new treatment programs by residents who find infested plants unsightly. Banana plants are common ornamentals in California and will likely be significantly impacted by this pest. Herciniothrips bicinctus receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Hercinothrips bicinctus (Banana-silvering Thrips): Medium (12)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Hercinothrips bicinctus is only known from a single residential property in San Diego County. It receives a Low (-1) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: Medium (11)

Uncertainty:

It is possible that Hercinothrips bicinctus is more widespread in southern California.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Existing management practices for other thrips are likely to limit economic damage from the establishment of Hercinothrips bicinctus in California. However, its establishment could disrupt markets and have significant environmental impacts. A “B”-rating is justified.

References:

¹ Hoddle MS, Mound LA, Paris DL. 2012. Thrips of California. CBIT Publishing, Queensland. http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/thrips_of_california/identify-thrips/key/california-thysanoptera-2012/Media/Html/browse_species/Hercinothrips_bicinctus.htm

²Hill, Dennis S. 2008. Pests of Crops in Warmer Climates and Their Control. Skegness Lincs: Springer. https://books.google.com/books?id=U5dezH9_eEMC&pg=PA261&lpg=PA261&dq=Hercinothrips+bicinctus+pest&source=bl&ots=wP_kfwwlIV&sig=-XAxXb2RsC1KJE8vYQnHWgypTR8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiEoqXI1K_NAhUU-2MKHfoVDkoQ6AEISTAL#v=onepage&q=Hercinothrips%20bicinctus%20pest&f=false

³ Treverrow, N.L. 1987. Banana rust thrips and banana silvering thrips. NSW Agriculture AGFACTS. http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/120039/banana-rust-silvering-thrips.pdf

⁴ Mound, L.A. & R. Marullo. 1996. The Thrips of Central and South America: An Introduction: (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 6: 1- 487.

⁵ USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦ Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment:

Consequences of Introduction: 1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦ Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦ Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦ Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦ Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating: B

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Balclutha rubrostriata (Melichar): Red streaked leafhopper

July 25, 2016 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Balclutha rubrostriata (Melichar): Red streaked leafhopper

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

Pest Rating: A

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

In July 2014 USDA’s New Pest Advisory Group (NPAG) distributed a report recommending that the status of Balclutha rubrostriata (red streaked leafhopper) be changed to non-actionable for the entire United States. The species was first found in Texas in 2008 during a wood borer survey and is now widespread and abundant in that state and spreading into Louisiana. A pest rating proposal is needed to determine future direction.

History & Status:

Background: Balclutha rubrostriata feeds on a wide variety of grasses and is sometimes considered a pest in grass crops because it negatively impacts seed production. Hosts include a variety of grass (Poaceae) species including rice (Oryza sativa), sugarcane (Saccharum officianarum), bluegrass (Bothriochloa spp.), King Ranch bluestem (B. ischaemum), Australian bluestem (B. bladhii), and little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium). It has also been found on sesame (Sesamum indicum (Pedaliaceae)). This leafhopper may be a vector of sugarcane white leaf phytoplasma. The leafhopper has been found carrying the phytoplasma but it is currently unknown if the insect can transmit the phytoplasma to plants. Balclutha adults, nymphs, or eggs are sometimes moved long distances by commerce in infested plants or as hitchhikers.

Worldwide Distribution: Balclutha rubrostriata is known to be present in parts of North Africa, Asia, Oceania, the Caribbean, and the Middle East. In the United States it is present in Hawaii, Texas, Louisiana, Puerto Rico, and possibly Florida.

Official Control: Balclutha rubrostriata is not under official control in any other countries or states.

California Distribution: Balclutha rubrostriata has never been found in California.

California Interceptions: In 2003 a single female Balclutha sp. was intercepted on Malonggai leaves from Hawaii (PDR P205345) but could not be assigned a specific epithet. It is likely that eggs and nymphs are intercepted more frequently but also cannot be identified.

The risk Balclutha rubrostriata would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Grasses are widespread in California and Balclutha rubrostriata is expected to be capable of establishing where they grow. The leafhopper receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: The host range of Balclutha rubrostriata is thought to be limited to a wide variety of grasses, including rice. The leafhopper receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Leafhoppers are jumping insects with limited dispersal capabilities and most species have only one generation per year. However, Balclutha rubrostriata has rapidly become abundant and widespread in Texas, demonstrating high reproductive potential. Furthermore, the insects may be transported long distances through commerce in infested plants. Balclutha rubrostriata receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Balclutha rubrostriata is known to lower yields in grass production and may be expected to increase production costs. Growers in Australia treat with dimethoate to control the leafhopper. However, despite its abundance the leafhopper has not yet emerged as a pest in Texas. Balclutha rubrostriata receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Balclutha rubrostriata is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. The leafhopper may feed on several species of native grasses that are listed as threatened or endangered species. The leafhopper is not expected to disrupt critical habitats. The leafhopper is likely to trigger additional private treatment programs in grass production where seed yield is important. Balclutha rubrostriata is not expected to significantly impact cultural practices, home/urban gardening, or ornamental plantings. Red streaked leafhopper receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Balclutha rubrostriata (red streaked leafhopper): High (13)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Balclutha rubrostriata has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (13)

Uncertainty:

CABI lists yam (Discorea spp.), cotton (Gossypium spp.), and corn (Zea mays) as additional hosts of Balclutha rubrostriata but this does not appear to be supported by literature. If these other crops are suitable hosts then the entry of this leafhopper to California could have additional economic and environmental impacts.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Red streaked leafhopper (Balclutha rubrostriata) has never been found in California. If it were to enter the state, the leafhopper may have significant economic impacts on grass production, including rice. The leafhopper may also have significant environmental impacts including triggering new chemical treatments in grass industries and by feeding on threatened and endangered grasses. An “A” rating is justified.

References:

Newton, Leslie P. 2014. NPAG Report on Balclutha rubrostriata (Melichar): Red streaked leafhopper. New Pest Advisory Group (NPAG). Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory. Center for Plant Health Science & Technology.

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

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