Category Archives: Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Entomology: Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Insects, Mites & Earthworms, Lepidoptera

Spodoptera eridania (Stoll): Southern Armyworm

August 4, 2016 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Spodoptera eridania (Stoll): Southern Armyworm

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Pest Rating: A

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

Researchers recently applied for a USDA permit to import 60,000 eggs and larvae of Spodoptera eridania into California for field research. Florida reports that this moth is already found in California and of no consequence here¹. A pest rating proposal is required to support the current pest rating.

History & Status:

Background: Spodoptera eridania is a polyphagous noctuid moth that feeds on the foliage, fruit, and flowers of a variety of plants^1,2. Adults and larvae are nocturnal. Young larvae typically feed in groups on the undersides of leaves. They often skeletonize leaves and can occasionally defoliate entire plants^1,2. As they mature they become solitary and readily bore into fruit¹. If food is scarce they will consume branches, stem tissue, and tubers near the surface of the soil¹. Agricultural crops that are damaged by the moth include avocado, beet, cabbage, carrot, citrus, collard, cowpea, eggplant, okra, peanut, pepper, potato, sunflower, sweet potato, tobacco, velvet bean, watermelon, and many ornamentals¹. The caterpillars also feed on many weeds but show a preference for pigweed (Amaranthus spp.) and pokeweed (Phytolacca americana)¹. Populations of the caterpillars sometimes build up in weedy areas then migrate to adjacent crops after favored weeds are consumed¹. The moth typically pupates in soil. Spodoptera eridania is commonly intercepted in Europe on plants and tomato fruit². The moth is also a popular organism for research because it is easy to rear² and has the potential to be spread long distances by researchers.

Worldwide Distribution: Spodoptera eridania is native to North, Central, and South America including the eastern United States as far north as Massachusets and as west as Texas^1,2. The only place it is known to have invaded is the Galapagos Islands².

Official Control: Spodoptera eridania is listed as a harmful organism by Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Holy See (Vatican City State), Honduras, Hungary, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Montenegro, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Panama, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Svalbard and Jan Mayen, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Turkey, and the United Kingdom³. The moth is listed as an A1 quarantine pest by the EPPO². In addition, all species of Spodoptera are listed as harmful organisms by Antigua and Barbuda, Bermuda, Japan, and Panama³.

California Distribution: Spodoptera eridania has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions: Spodoptera eridania has only been intercepted four times by CDFA on bell peppers, cilantro, tree fern, and Asparagus sperengeri from Florida. There have been 859 interceptions identified as Spodoptera sp. Some of these interceptions could also be Spodoptera eridania.

The risk Spodoptera eridania (southern armyworm) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Spodoptera eridania is widespread across regions with a wide variety of climates. Southern armyworm would be likely to establish a widespread distribution in California and receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Spodoptera eridania is a generalist feeder on a wide variety of plants and receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Spodoptera eridania can complete a generation every 30-40 days under favorable conditions and each female lays a large number of eggs. Adult moths may disperse locally by flying and caterpillars may crawl in large numbers to areas with better host plants. Southern armyworm may also be transported long distances on infested plants or fresh plant parts or by scientists. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Although it is usually only a minor pest, southern armyworm does sometimes have damaging infestations to crops, especially tomatoes². Southern armyworm caterpillars may disfigure nursery stock with feeding damage and pupate in the associated soil, reducing the value of nursery stock. Infestations do sometimes trigger treatments, which increase crop production costs. Spodoptera eridania is listed as a harmful organism and quarantine pest by many nations and has the potential to disrupt markets for California’s fresh fruit and nursery stock. Southern armyworm receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Spodoptera eridania is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. It is not expected to affect threatened or endangered species or disrupt critical habitats. It may trigger new treatment programs in agriculture and by residents. It may also significantly affect many plants that are popular in home/urban gardens and ornamentals. Southern armyworm receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Spodoptera eridania (Southern Armyworm): High (15)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Spodoptera eridania has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (15)

Uncertainty:

Unidentified life stages of Spodoptera are frequently intercepted by CDFA. Presumably they go undetected at other times and enter the state. There have not been any recent formal surveys for Spodoptera eridania in California and it could be established in some localities.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Spodoptera eridania has not been found in California and it is likely to have significant economic and environmental impacts if it were to establish in the state. An “A” rating is justified.

References:

¹ Capinera, John L. 2014. University of Florida Featured Creatures. Common name: southern armyworm. http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/veg/leaf/southern_armyworm.htm

² EPPO Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests: Spodoptera eridania. http://www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/insects/Spodoptera_eridania/PRODER_ds.pdf

³ USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦ Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment:

Consequences of Introduction: 1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦ Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦ Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦ Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦ Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Insects, Mites & Earthworms, Thysanoptera

Retithrips syriacus (Mayet): Black vine thrips

July 26, 2016 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Retithrips syriacus (Mayet): Black vine thrips

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

Pest Rating: A

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

February 26, 2014, USDA distributed a Deregulation Evaluation of Established Pests (DEEP) report proposing to change the status of Retithrips syriacus, black vine thrips, from actionable to non-actionable for the continental United States. The thrips would remain actionable for Hawaii, Guam, and the Virgin Islands. The insect is currently unrated by CDFA, so a pest rating proposal is needed to determine future direction.

History & Status:

Background: Retithrips syriacus breeds on the leaves of a variety of plants in 29 plant families including grapes, roses, cotton, and castor oil². It may spread through trade on leaves where it has been intercepted (rarely) on various species¹.

Worldwide Distribution: Retithrips syriacus is widespread in Africa and western Asia¹. It has also been found in Brazil, Venezuela, and Puerto Rico¹. It was first detected in southern Florida in 1993¹.

Official Control: Costa Rica, Ecuador, Japan, Jordan, the Republic of Korea, Panama, and Peru list Retithrips syriacus on their harmful organism lists¹.

California Distribution: Retithrips syriacus has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions: Retithrips syriacus has never been intercepted in California.

The risk Retithrips syriacus (black vine thrips) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: The present distribution of Retithrips syriacus corresponds to USDA plant hardiness zones 9-13, indicating that it may establish in much of California. The thrips receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Retithrips syriacus feeds and breeds on a variety of plants in at least 29 plant families. The thrips receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Thrips are capable of rapid reproduction. Retithrips syriacus may move long distances in trade on nursery stock or leaves, and may be spread by wind. One of the hosts of Retithrips syriacus is castor oil plant. Castor oil plant is common and very abundant in riparian areas of Southern California. If the thrips were to enter this part of the state it is likely to spread rapidly throughout the region on this host. The thrips receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Retithrips syriacus feeds and breeds on a wide variety of plants including economically important crops such grapes, cotton, and roses. Although the thrips has not yet caused economic damage in tropical southern Florida¹, the native distribution of the thrips tends more toward a Mediterranean climate more typical of California and the thrips may be predicted to be more damaging here. Retithrips syriacus has the potential to lower yield in these crops by feeding on leaves. The thrips may also increase crop production costs by triggering additional management activities. Retithrips syriacus is listed as a quarantine pest by multiple countries and USDA has proposed to keep the thrips actionable in Hawaii, Guam, and the Virgin Islands. Therefore it is probable that if Retithrips syriacus were to establish in California, it would trigger a loss of markets. This would be expected especially for exports of California table grapes. Retithrips syriacus receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Rosa is considered a host of Retithrips syriacus. Small-leaved rose (Rosa minutifolia) is listed as an endangered species by California and could be directly affected by the thrips. The presence of Retithrips syriacus may also trigger additional chemical treatments in agricultural production. The thrips receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Retithrips syriacus (Black vine thrips): High (15)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Retithrips syriacus has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (15)

Uncertainty:

It is possible that Retithrips syriacus may be managed by existing IPM practices in agriculture.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Retithrips syriacus is expected to find favorable conditions in California where it may have significant economic and environmental impacts. An A-rating is justified.

References:

¹Baez, Ignacio. 2014. Deregulation Evaluation of Established Pests (DEEP); DEEP Report on Retithrips syriacus (Mayet): Black vine thrips.

²Thrips of California http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/thrips_of_california/identify-thrips/key/california-thysanoptera-2012/Media/Html/browse_species/Retithrips_syriacus

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦ Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment:

Consequences of Introduction: 1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦ Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦ Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦ Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦ Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel and Miller: Jack Beardsley mealybug

July 26, 2016 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel and Miller: Jack Beardsley mealybug

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

Pest Rating: A

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

Since 1999 Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi has been regularly intercepted by CDFA’s border stations and dog teams. This mealybug presently has a temporary rating of “Q”. A pest rating proposal is needed to establish a permanent pest rating.

History & Status:

Background: Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi is a highly polyphagous mealybug that feeds on a wide variety of plants. Known hosts include: Anacardiaceae: mango (Mangifera indica¹), hog plum (Spondias sp.¹); Annonaceae: custard apple (Annona sp.¹), sugar-apple (Annona squamosa^1,2), soursop (Annona muricata¹), cherimoya (Annona cherimola¹); Apiaceae: celery (Apium graveolens¹); Apocynaceae: Fernaldia sp.¹, wax plant (Hoya carnosa¹), oleander (Nerium oleander¹), Plumeria sp.¹; Araceae: Malayan sword (Aglaonema simplex¹), Chinese evergreen (Aglaonema sp.¹), poison dart plant (Aglaonema commutatum¹), Anthurium sp.¹, Dieffenbachia sp.; Araliaceae: spikenard (Aralia sp.); Arecaceae: coconut (Cocos sp.¹); Asparagaceae: Agave sp.¹, ti (Cordyline terminalis²), Dracaena sp.¹, Yucca sp.¹; Asteraceae: Spanish needles (Bidens bipinnata¹), jack in the bush (Chromolaena odorata (=Eupatorium odoratum¹)), Chrysanthemum sp.²; Basellaceae: Indian spinach (Basella alba²); Begoniaceae: Begonia sp.¹; Boraginaceae: black sage (Cordia curassavica¹); Bromeliaceae: pineapple (Ananas comosus¹); Cactaceae: Acanthocereus sp.¹; Peruvian apple cactus (Cereus peruvianus¹), Cereus sp.¹, Coryphanta cubensis¹, melon cactus (Melocactus sp.¹), Rhipsalis mesembrianthemoides¹; Caricaceae: papaya (Carica papaya^1,2); Convolvulaceae: morning glory (Ipomoea sp.¹), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas¹); Cucurbitaceae: ivy gourd (Coccinia grandis¹), cantaloupe (Cucumis melo¹), Cucurbita sp.¹, pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo¹), chayote (Sechium edule¹), Trichosanthes cumumesina; Dilleniaceae: Acrotrema cestatum¹; Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha wilkesiana¹, Aporusa aurita¹, Chamaesyce sp.¹, Codiaeum sp.¹, Croton sp.¹, sandbox tree (Hura crepitans¹), Jatropha sp.¹, Jatropha curcas¹, cassava (Manihot esculenta^1,2); Fabaceae: thorntree (Acacia sp.¹), shyleaf (Aeschynomene americana¹), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan¹), Cajanus indicus¹, logwood (Haematoxylum campechianum¹), Mucuna sp.¹, lima bean (Phaseolus limensis¹), Pueraria javanica¹, tamarind (Tamarindus indica¹), Tamarindus sp.; Geraniaceae: geranium (Pelargonium sp.¹); Gesneriaceae: purple martin (Streptocarpus sp.²); Heliconiaceae: Heliconia sp.¹; Iridaceae: Iris sp.¹; Lamiaceae: Coleus sp.¹, mint (Mentha sp.¹), basil (Ocimum sp.¹), sage (Salvia sp.¹); Lauraceae: avocado (Persea sp.¹); Lythraceae: pomegranate (Punica granatum¹); Malvaceae: cotton (Gossypium sp.¹), Gossypium barbadense¹, okra (Hibiscus exculentus¹), kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus¹), Hibiscus sp.¹,; cacao (Theobroma cacao¹); Moraceae: Ficus decora¹, Ficus sp.¹, Ficus tricolor¹, mulberry (Morus sp.¹); Moringaceae: Moringa oleifera¹; Musaceae: latundan banana (Musa sapientum¹), banana (Musa sp.¹), Musa paradasiaca¹; Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus sp.¹, Eugenia sp.¹, common guava (Psidium guajava¹), guava (Psidium sp.¹); Nephrolepidaceae: Nephrolepis sp.¹; Nyctaginaceae: Bougainvillea sp.¹; Oleaceae: star jasmine (Jasminum multiflorum²); Orchidaceae: Cattleya sp.¹, Cycnoches sp.¹, twisted dendrobium (Dendrobium tortile¹), Dendrobium sp.¹, Mormolyca balsamina¹, venus slipper (Paphiopedilum sp.¹); Piperaceae: black pepper (Piper nigrum¹); Poaceae: lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus¹), corn (Zea mays¹); Polygonaceae: Rumex sp.¹; Proteaceae: Macadamia sp.¹; Rubiaceae: coffee (Coffea arabica¹), Gardenia jasminoides¹; Rutaceae: Citrus sp.¹, key lime (Citrus aurantiifolia¹), grapefruit (Citrus paradisi¹); Sapindaceae: ackee (Blighia sapida¹), lychee (Litchi chinensis¹), Nephelium sp.¹, rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum¹); Sapotaceae: star apple (Chrysophyllum cainito¹); Solanaceae: Capsicum sp.¹, chili pepper (Capsicum fructescens¹), bell pepper (Capsicum annuum¹), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum¹), cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana¹), husk tomato (Physalis pubescens¹), Solanum sp.¹, eggplant (Solanum melongena¹), potato (Solanum tuberosum¹); Sterculiaceae: teabush (Melochia tomentosa¹); Verbenaceae: Lantana sp.¹, wild sage (Lantana camara¹); Vitaceae: grapevine (Vitis sp.¹); Zingiberaceae: red ginger (Alpinia purpurata¹), ginger-lilies (Alpinia sp.¹), Phaeomeria sp.¹, ginger (Zingiber officinale¹). It is most common on banana, tomato, potato, pepper, and Hibiscus¹. The mealybug may spread long distances through commerce in infested plants and plant material.

Worldwide Distribution: Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi is presumably native to and widespread in the Neotropical region from Mexico south to Brazil¹. It has spread to many Pacific islands including Hawaii, and to southeast Asia¹. In the continental United States it has been found in Florida and Texas¹. It has even been found in Canada¹.

Official Control: Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi is considered a quarantine pest by Chile, India, Japan, and Peru³.

California Distribution: Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions: Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi has been intercepted by CDFA 321 times since 1997, most commonly on basil leaves, nursery stock, and cut flowers. The mealybug has not been found in any nurseries.

The risk Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi (Jack Beardsley mealybug) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi feeds on a large variety of plants, many of which are grown in California. It is likely to establish wherever host plants are grown and receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi is highly polyphagous on a wide variety of plants in at least 49 plant families. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi has high reproductive potential. Each female lays 300-600 eggs⁴ and they can complete many generations per year. Mealybug crawlers may be dispersed locally by crawling, wind, or by hitchhiking on clothing, animals, or equipment. They may also be moved long distances on infested plants or plant material. Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi is injurious to plants in the absence of efficient natural enemies and has the potential to lower yields of many high-value California crops such as grapes, citrus, and tomatoes. This mealybug may also lower the value of a wide variety of nursery stock by disfiguring plants with its presence and by the production of sooty mold. It may also increase crop production costs as some growers may apply new treatments. The mealybug is also considered a quarantine pest by several of California’s trading partners and could potentially disrupt markets for fresh fruit and nursery stock. Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. Hoover’s spurge (Chamaesyce hooveri) and Wiggin’s croton (Croton wigginsii) are listed as endangered plants in California and are likely to be consumed by this mealybug. The mealybug is not expected to disrupt critical habitats. It could trigger new chemical treatments in agricultural industries and by residents who find infested plants unsightly. Many of the mealybug’s hosts are popular ornamental plants and are likely to be significantly impacted, especially when grown as indoor houseplants with limited access to predatory insects. Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi (Jack Beardsley mealybug): High (15)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi has never been detected in California. CDFA has conducted several recent delimitations for exotic mealybugs that would have been likely to detect this mealybug due to its large host range and the high-risk locations of the survey. It was not found in any of these surveys. Furthermore, it has not been found in any nurseries. Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi should be considered absent from California and receives a Not established(0) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High(15)

Uncertainty:

It is possible that existing treatments for mealybugs will limit the impact of Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi in managed environments.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi has never been found in the environment of California and its entry to the state has the potential to have significant economic and environmental impacts. An “A” rating is justified.

References:

¹Miller, Dug, Yair Ben-Dov, Gary Gibson, and Nate Hardy. ScaleNet. http://scalenet.info/validname/Pseudococcus/jackbeardsleyi/

http://www.idtools.org/id/scales/factsheet.php?name=7007

²Shylesha, A.N. 2013. Host range of invasive Jack Beardsley mealybug, Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel and Miller in Karnataka. Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems 19(1):106-107 http://aapmhe.in/index.php/pmhe/article/viewFile/176/168

³USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

⁴Mau, Ronald F.L. and Jayma L. Martin Kessig. Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel and Miller. Crop Knowledge Master. Department of Entomology. Honolulu, Hawaii. http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/type/p_jackbe.htm

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦ Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment:

Consequences of Introduction: 1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦ Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦ Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦ Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦ Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Mycetaspis personata (Comstock): Masked Scale

July 25, 2016 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Mycetaspis personata (Comstock): Masked Scale

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Pest Rating: A

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

Mycetaspis personata is commonly intercepted at CDFA’s border stations and presently has a temporary Q-rating. A pest rating proposal is required to assign a permanent pest rating.

History & Status:

Background: Mycetaspis personata is a polyphagous armored scale insect that typically feeds on leaves^1,2. It has been considered a pest of citrus in Madeira and mango in Egypt^1,2. Known hosts include: Anacardiaceae: Anacardium spp.¹, mango (Mangifera indica^1,2), Mangifera spp.^1,2, Tapirira guianensis²; Annonaceae: Annona spp.^1,2; Arecaceae: Areca spp.^1,2, Chrysalidocarpus lutescens^1,2, coconut (Cocos nucifera^1,2); Cocos spp.^1,2, latan palm (Latania sp.^1,2); Phoenix spp.^1,2, palmetto (Sabal spp.^1,2), walking palm (Socratea exorrhiza)²; Bignoniaceae: Catalpa longisiliqua^1,2; Bromeliaceae: Tillandsia spp.^1,2; Fabaceae: Bauhinia spp.^1,2; Guttiferae: Mammea americana²; Lauraceae: Persea spp.^1,2; Malpighiaceae: Banisteria laurifolia^1,2; Monimiaceae: Tambourissa spp.^1,2; Moraceae: Cuban-laurel (Ficus retusa^1,2), weeping fig (Ficus benjamina^1,2), Ficus spp.^1,2; Musaceae: Musa spp.^1,2; Myristicaceae: Virola sebifera²; Myrtaceae: Eugenia spp.^1,2, pineapple guava (Feijoa selloviana^1,2); Oleaceae: jasmine (Jasminum spp.^1,2); Rutaceae: Citrus spp.^1,2; Sapotaceae: sapote (Achras sapota^1,2); Theaceae: Japanese camellia (Camellia japonica^1,2). Mycetaspis personata may be transported long distances with infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved.

Worldwide Distribution: Mycetaspis personata has a widespread distribution in South America and the Caribbean^1,2. It has spread to several African and Asian nations and is established Mexico, Hawaii, and Florida^1,2.

Official Control: Mycetaspis personata is listed as a harmful organism by Japan, the Republic of Korea, and Taiwan³.

California Distribution: Mycetaspis personata has never been detected in the environment of California.

California Interceptions: Mycetaspis personata is frequently intercepted by CDFA’s border stations and dog teams on fruit. It is most often intercepted on mango, but has also been intercepted on other fruit including lime, coconut, and avocado.

The risk Mycetaspis personata (masked scale) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Host plants of Mycetaspis personata are grown throughout California and the scale insect can be expected to establish wherever they are grown. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Mycetaspis personata is polyphagous on a wide variety of plants in at least 18 families. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Scale insects are capable of rapid reproduction and can be transported long distances when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved. They may also disperse locally by crawling, wind, or by hitchhiking on clothing, equipment, or animals. Mycetaspis personata receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Mycetaspis personata is considered a quarantine pest by several of California’s trading partners. This insect could disrupt markets for Californian agricultural commodities if it were to establish in the state. It may also increase crop production costs by triggering additional management practices to ensure that crops are free from the pest. Mycetaspis personata receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Mycetaspis personata is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. It is not expected to directly affect threatened or endangered species or disrupt critical habitats. It may trigger additional treatment programs in agriculture and by residents who find infested plants unsightly. Masked scale may also significantly impact ornamental plantings. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Mycetaspis personata (Masked Scale): High (14)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Mycetaspis personata has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (14)

Uncertainty:

There have been no recent formal surveys for scale insects in California. It is possible that mask scale could be established in some localities.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Mycetaspis personata has never been found in California and may have significant economic and environmental impacts if it were to establish here. An “A” rating is justified.

References:

¹ Miller, Dug, Yair Ben-Dov, Gary Gibson, and Nate Hardy. ScaleNet. http://scalenet.info/validname/Mycetaspis/personata/
http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Mycetaspis%20personata/

² SEL Catalog. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/catalogs/diaspidi/Mycetaspispersonata.htm

³ USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦ Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment:

Consequences of Introduction: 1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦ Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦ Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦ Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦ Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Insects, Mites & Earthworms, Thysanoptera

Hercinothrips bicinctus (Bagnall): Banana-silvering Thrips

July 25, 2016 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Hercinothrips bicinctus (Bagnall): Banana-silvering Thrips

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

Pest Rating: B

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

In April 2016 the Banana-silvering thrips Hercinothrips bicinctus was found by a dog-team on a shipment of Passiflora leaves from San Diego County. A trace-back survey found that the thrips were infesting passion flower vines in an outdoor garden at a residence. A pest rating proposal is required to assign a permanent pest rating.

History & Status:

Background: Hercinothrips bicinctus is considered to be a polyphagous thrips that breeds on the leaves of a variety of plants, often in greenhouses¹. Nymphs and adults live on leaves, stems, and fruit. Eggs are inserted into plant tissue². Primary hosts include banana, passion fruit, choko, and some weeds³. Feeding causes leaf damage² and silvery or brown patches on fruit². Infested fruit may crack, allowing decay organisms to enter². Hercinothrips bicinctus may be transported long distances when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved.

Worldwide Distribution: Hercinothrips bicinctus is thought to be native to Africa¹. From there it has invaded Australia, New Zealand, Bermuda, Mexico, and Hawaii. There is also an unconfirmed record from Brazil⁴.

Official Control: Hercinothrips bicinctus is listed as a harmful organism by Colombia, Costa Rica, Indonesia, Israel, Jamaica, Japan, the Republic of Korea, and Timor-Leste⁵.

California Distribution: Hercinothrips bicinctus has only been found at a single residential property in San Diego County.

California Interceptions: Hercinothrips bicinctus has only been intercepted twice in California, in June 2009 on various leis from HI, and in April 2016 on a mailed shipment of Passiflora and Persea sp. leaves from the infested property.

The risk Hercinothrips bicinctus (Banana-silvering thrips) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Based on its present tropical and subtropical distribution, Hercinothrips bicinctus is expected to establish throughout the warmer parts of coastal and southern California. It receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Hercinothrips bicinctus is polyphagous. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Thrips have high reproductive rates and can rapidly spread long distances when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved. Hercinothrips bicinctus receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Most of the damage caused by Hercinothrips bicinctus is limited to disfigured leaves and blemished fruit. This type of damage could potentially lower the yield of production nurseries and fruit crops or increase production costs. However, other thrips with similar biologies such as Hercinothrips femoralis (banded greenhouse thrips) are already widespread in California. Existing management techniques for these thrips that are already present are likely to limit economic impacts from this new thrips. However, Hercinothrips bicinctus is listed as a harmful organism by many nations and has not yet been found anywhere else in the continental United States. It is possible that its presence in California could disrupt markets. Hercinothrips bicinctus receives a Low (1) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: If it becomes established in California, Hercinothrips bicinctus is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. However, this thrips colonized native plants as it invaded Australia and it might do the same thing in California. Due to the polyphagous nature of the thrips this could include threatened or endangered species. Fortunately, Hercinothrips bicinctus is not expected to disrupt critical habitats. It could trigger new treatment programs by residents who find infested plants unsightly. Banana plants are common ornamentals in California and will likely be significantly impacted by this pest. Herciniothrips bicinctus receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Hercinothrips bicinctus (Banana-silvering Thrips): Medium (12)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Hercinothrips bicinctus is only known from a single residential property in San Diego County. It receives a Low (-1) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: Medium (11)

Uncertainty:

It is possible that Hercinothrips bicinctus is more widespread in southern California.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Existing management practices for other thrips are likely to limit economic damage from the establishment of Hercinothrips bicinctus in California. However, its establishment could disrupt markets and have significant environmental impacts. A “B”-rating is justified.

References:

¹ Hoddle MS, Mound LA, Paris DL. 2012. Thrips of California. CBIT Publishing, Queensland. http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/thrips_of_california/identify-thrips/key/california-thysanoptera-2012/Media/Html/browse_species/Hercinothrips_bicinctus.htm

²Hill, Dennis S. 2008. Pests of Crops in Warmer Climates and Their Control. Skegness Lincs: Springer. https://books.google.com/books?id=U5dezH9_eEMC&pg=PA261&lpg=PA261&dq=Hercinothrips+bicinctus+pest&source=bl&ots=wP_kfwwlIV&sig=-XAxXb2RsC1KJE8vYQnHWgypTR8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiEoqXI1K_NAhUU-2MKHfoVDkoQ6AEISTAL#v=onepage&q=Hercinothrips%20bicinctus%20pest&f=false

³ Treverrow, N.L. 1987. Banana rust thrips and banana silvering thrips. NSW Agriculture AGFACTS. http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/120039/banana-rust-silvering-thrips.pdf

⁴ Mound, L.A. & R. Marullo. 1996. The Thrips of Central and South America: An Introduction: (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 6: 1- 487.

⁵ USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦ Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment:

Consequences of Introduction: 1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦ Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦ Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦ Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦ Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating: B

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Balclutha rubrostriata (Melichar): Red streaked leafhopper

July 25, 2016 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Balclutha rubrostriata (Melichar): Red streaked leafhopper

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

Pest Rating: A

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

In July 2014 USDA’s New Pest Advisory Group (NPAG) distributed a report recommending that the status of Balclutha rubrostriata (red streaked leafhopper) be changed to non-actionable for the entire United States. The species was first found in Texas in 2008 during a wood borer survey and is now widespread and abundant in that state and spreading into Louisiana. A pest rating proposal is needed to determine future direction.

History & Status:

Background: Balclutha rubrostriata feeds on a wide variety of grasses and is sometimes considered a pest in grass crops because it negatively impacts seed production. Hosts include a variety of grass (Poaceae) species including rice (Oryza sativa), sugarcane (Saccharum officianarum), bluegrass (Bothriochloa spp.), King Ranch bluestem (B. ischaemum), Australian bluestem (B. bladhii), and little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium). It has also been found on sesame (Sesamum indicum (Pedaliaceae)). This leafhopper may be a vector of sugarcane white leaf phytoplasma. The leafhopper has been found carrying the phytoplasma but it is currently unknown if the insect can transmit the phytoplasma to plants. Balclutha adults, nymphs, or eggs are sometimes moved long distances by commerce in infested plants or as hitchhikers.

Worldwide Distribution: Balclutha rubrostriata is known to be present in parts of North Africa, Asia, Oceania, the Caribbean, and the Middle East. In the United States it is present in Hawaii, Texas, Louisiana, Puerto Rico, and possibly Florida.

Official Control: Balclutha rubrostriata is not under official control in any other countries or states.

California Distribution: Balclutha rubrostriata has never been found in California.

California Interceptions: In 2003 a single female Balclutha sp. was intercepted on Malonggai leaves from Hawaii (PDR P205345) but could not be assigned a specific epithet. It is likely that eggs and nymphs are intercepted more frequently but also cannot be identified.

The risk Balclutha rubrostriata would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Grasses are widespread in California and Balclutha rubrostriata is expected to be capable of establishing where they grow. The leafhopper receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: The host range of Balclutha rubrostriata is thought to be limited to a wide variety of grasses, including rice. The leafhopper receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Leafhoppers are jumping insects with limited dispersal capabilities and most species have only one generation per year. However, Balclutha rubrostriata has rapidly become abundant and widespread in Texas, demonstrating high reproductive potential. Furthermore, the insects may be transported long distances through commerce in infested plants. Balclutha rubrostriata receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Balclutha rubrostriata is known to lower yields in grass production and may be expected to increase production costs. Growers in Australia treat with dimethoate to control the leafhopper. However, despite its abundance the leafhopper has not yet emerged as a pest in Texas. Balclutha rubrostriata receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Balclutha rubrostriata is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. The leafhopper may feed on several species of native grasses that are listed as threatened or endangered species. The leafhopper is not expected to disrupt critical habitats. The leafhopper is likely to trigger additional private treatment programs in grass production where seed yield is important. Balclutha rubrostriata is not expected to significantly impact cultural practices, home/urban gardening, or ornamental plantings. Red streaked leafhopper receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Balclutha rubrostriata (red streaked leafhopper): High (13)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Balclutha rubrostriata has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (13)

Uncertainty:

CABI lists yam (Discorea spp.), cotton (Gossypium spp.), and corn (Zea mays) as additional hosts of Balclutha rubrostriata but this does not appear to be supported by literature. If these other crops are suitable hosts then the entry of this leafhopper to California could have additional economic and environmental impacts.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Red streaked leafhopper (Balclutha rubrostriata) has never been found in California. If it were to enter the state, the leafhopper may have significant economic impacts on grass production, including rice. The leafhopper may also have significant environmental impacts including triggering new chemical treatments in grass industries and by feeding on threatened and endangered grasses. An “A” rating is justified.

References:

Newton, Leslie P. 2014. NPAG Report on Balclutha rubrostriata (Melichar): Red streaked leafhopper. New Pest Advisory Group (NPAG). Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory. Center for Plant Health Science & Technology.

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦ Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment:

Consequences of Introduction: 1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦ Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦ Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦ Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦ Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead): Oriental Scale

June 24, 2016 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead): Oriental Scale

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Pest Rating: A

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

Aonidiella orientalis is frequently intercepted by CDFA. A pest rating proposal is required to support its pest rating.

History & Status:

Background: Aonidiella orientalis is a highly polyphagous armored scale insect. It feeds on the leaves of a wide variety of plants and is regarded as an economic pest of citrus, tea, dates, palms, papaya, mango, and ornamentals¹. Known hosts include: Acanthaceae: Adhatoda vasica¹, Barleria cristata¹, Thunbergia grandiflora¹; Amaranthaceae: Bassia latifolia¹; Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica¹, Pistacia integerrima¹, Spondias cytherea¹; Annonaceae: Annona squamosa¹, Annona glabra¹, Annona¹, Polyalthia korihthi¹, Polyathia¹, Rollinia emarginata¹; Apocynaceae: Alstonia scholaris¹, Alstonia¹, Calotropis¹, Calotropis procera¹, Carissa carandas¹, Carissa¹, Nerium¹, Nerium oleander¹, Plumeria¹, Tabernaemontana coronaria¹, Tabernaemontana¹; Araliaceae: Hedera¹; Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera¹, Cocos¹, Inodes neglecta¹, Loroma amethystiora¹, Phoenix¹, Phoenix dactylifera¹, Phoenix¹, Roystonea regia¹; Aristolochiaceae: Aristolochia¹; Asparagaceae: Agave variegata¹, Agave sisalana¹, Agave americana¹, Agave¹; Bignoniaceae: Bignonia vinusta¹, Bignonia radicans¹, Kigelia pinnata¹, Oroxylum indicum¹, Tecoma australis¹, Tecoma undulata¹, Tecoma stans¹; Boraginaceae: Cordia rothii¹, Cordia myxa¹, Cordia¹, Cordia obliqua¹, Ehretia serrata¹; Burseraceae: Boswellia serrata¹, Bursera serrata¹; Buxaceae: Buxus sempervirens¹; Cactaceae: Cactus¹, Opuntia¹; Cannaceae: Canna indica¹; Capparaceae: Crataeva religiosa¹; Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera chinensis¹, Sambucus javanica¹; Caricaceae: Carica papaya¹, Carica papaya¹; Celastraceae: Catha edulis¹, Celastrus paniculata¹; Combretaceae: Quisqualis indica¹, Terminalia belerica¹, Terminalia arjuna¹; Convolvulaceae: Calonyction roxburghii¹, Ipomoea¹, Porana paniculata¹; Cunoniaceae: Weinmannia¹; Cycadaceae: Cycas revoluta¹, Cycas¹; Ebenaceae: Diospyros¹, Diospyros montana¹, Diospyros embryopteris¹; Elaeagnaceae: Elaeagnus pungens¹; Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha¹, Bischofia javanica¹, Croton tiglium¹, Mallotus philippinensis¹, Phyllanthus myrtifolius¹, Poinsettia¹, Putranjiva roxburghii¹, Ricinus¹, Ricinus communis¹, Sapium sebiferum¹; Fabaceae: Acacia cyanophila¹, Albizia lebbek¹, Albizia¹, Atylosia¹, Atylosia candollii¹, Bauhinia variegata¹, Bauhinia¹, Bauhinia purpurea¹, Bauhinia alba¹, Bauhinia vahlii¹, Bauhinia racemosa¹, Butea frondosa¹, Caesalpinia bonducella¹, Cassia¹, Cassia auriculata¹, Cassia fistula¹, Ceratonia siliqua¹, Dalbergia¹, Dalbergia lanceolaria¹, Dalbergia sissoo¹, Erythrina crista¹, Inga dulcis¹, Poinciana regia¹, Pongamia glabra¹, Saraca indica¹, Tamarindus¹, Tamarindus indica¹, Tephrosia¹; Heliconiaceae: Heliconia¹; Liliaceae: Aloe vera¹, Asparagus sprengeri¹, Asparagus¹; Lythraceae: Lagerstroemia indica¹, Lawsonia inermis¹, Punica granatum¹; Magnoliaceae: Magnolia grandiflora¹; Malpighiaceae: Hiptage madablota¹; Malvaceae: Adansonia¹, Bombax malabaricum¹, Eriodendron anfractuosum¹, Grewia asiatica¹, Hibiscus¹, Pterospermum acerifolium¹, Sterculia¹, Sterculia alata¹; Melastomataceae: Osbeckia¹, Wrightia coccinea¹, Meliaceae: Azedarach indica¹, Cedrela toona¹, Melia volkensii¹, Melia¹, Melia indica¹, Melia composita¹, Melia azadirachta¹, Swietenia mahagoni¹; Menispermaceae: Cocculus laurifolius¹; Moraceae: Broussonetia papyrifera¹, Ficus benghalensis¹, Ficus salicifolia¹, Ficus glomerata¹, Ficus infectoria¹, Ficus nitida¹, Ficus orbicularis¹, Ficus palmata¹, Ficus religiosa¹, Ficus carica¹, Ficus retusa¹, Ficus roxburghii¹, Ficus¹, Ficus elastica¹, Maclura aurantiaca¹, Morus¹, Morus alba¹, Morus laevigata¹; Moringaceae: Moringa pterygosperma¹; Musaceae: Musa¹, Musa sapientum¹; Myrtaceae: Callistemon rigidus¹, Eucalyptus¹, Eugenia jambolana¹, Eugenia¹, Myrrhinium rubriflorum¹, Myrtus communis¹, Psidium guajava¹; Nyctaginaceae: Bougainvillea¹, Mirabilis jalapa¹, Nyctaginia¹; Ochnaceae: Ochna squarrosa¹; Oleaceae: Jasminum¹, Olea europaea¹; Orchidaceae:¹; Oxalidaceae: Averrhoa carambola¹; Poaceae: Panicum¹; Podocarpaceae: Podocarpus neriifolius¹, Podocarpus lamberti¹; Polygonaceae: Antigonon leptopus¹; Proteaceae: Grevillea robusta¹; Ranunculaceae: Clematis paniculatus¹; Rhamnaceae: Rhamnus persicus¹, Ziziphus oenoplia¹, Ziziphus¹, Ziziphus jujuba¹; Rhizophoraceae: Bruguiera sexangulata¹, Rhizophora mucronata¹; Rosaceae: Eriobotrya japonica¹, Prunus armeniaca¹, Pyrus sinensis¹, Rosa¹; Rubiaceae: Stephegyne parviflora¹; Rutaceae: Aegle marmelos¹, Aegle¹, Casimiroa¹, Chloroxylon swietenia¹, Citrus trifoliata¹, Citrus limon¹, Citrus aurantium¹, Citrus¹, Feronia elephantum¹, Limonia¹, Murraya exotica¹, Murraya exotica¹; Salicaceae: Populus alba¹, Populus euphratica¹, Salix tetrasperma¹; Santalaceae: Santalum album¹; Sapindaceae: Acer pictum¹, Acer oblongum¹, Dodonaea viscosa¹, Litchi chinensis¹, Nephelium litchi¹, Sapindus detergens¹; Sapotaceae: Mimusops elengi¹, Mimusops kauki¹; Simaroubaceae: Ailanthus aladulosa¹; Solanaceae: Solanum melongena¹, Solanum arundo¹; Theaceae: Camellia¹, Thea¹; Ulmaceae: Celtis¹, Celtis australis¹, Ulmus integrifolia¹, Ulmus¹; Verbenaceae: Callicarpa macrophyla¹, Citharexylum subserratum¹, Clerodendrum phlomoides¹, Duranta ellisi¹, Duranta plumieri¹, Gmelina arborea¹, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis¹, Vitex negundo¹; Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera¹, Zamiaceae: Zamia¹; Zingiberaceae: Alpinia nutans¹. Aonidiella orientalis may be transported long distances when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved.

Worldwide Distribution: Aonidiella orientalis is presumably native to Asia and has spread through much of the Neotropical, Afrotropical, Palearctic, and Oceanic regions. In North America it is only known to be established in Florida¹.

Official Control: Aonidiella orientalis is listed as a harmful organism by Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Honduras, Japan, and the Republic of Korea².

California Distribution: Aonidiella orientalis has never been found in California.

California Interceptions: From 1987 through 2015 Aonidiella orientalis was intercepted 225 times by CDFA’s high risk programs, dog teams, and border stations. Many of these interceptions have been on coconut, papaya, and mango from Florida, Brazil, and Mexico.

The risk Aonidiella orientalis (Oriental scale) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Due to its highly polyphagous nature and known distribution across a range of climates Aonidiella orientalis can be expected to establish a widespread distribution in California. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Aonidiella orientalis is known to feed on hundreds of species in at least 67 plant families. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Scale insects are capable of rapid reproduction and can be transported long distances when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved. They may also disperse locally by crawling, wind, or by hitchhiking on clothing, equipment, or animals. Aonidiella orientalis receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Aonidiella orientalis is considered an economic pest of several crops that are grown in California and may be expected to lower crop yields and increase crop production costs. Oriental scale is listed as a harmful organism by several of California’s trading partners. If the scale were to enter the state it may disrupt markets for fresh fruit and nursery stock. Aonidiella orientalis receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Aonidiella orientalis is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. It may feed on endangered and threatened species such as small-leaved rose (Rosa minutifolia). Oriental scale is not expected to disrupt critical habitats. It may trigger additional official or private treatment programs in orchards, the nursery industry, and by residents who find infested plants unacceptable. Aonidiella orientalis may also significantly impact cultural practices, home/urban gardening, and ornamental plantings. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Aonidiella orientalis (Oriental Scale): High (15)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Aonidiella orientalis has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (15)

Uncertainty:

There have not been any recent surveys for oriental scale in California. It is possible that it could be established in some localities.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Aonidiella orientalis has never been found in California and is likely to have significant economic and environmental impacts if it were to enter the state. An “A” rating is justified.

References:

¹ Miller, Dug, Yair Ben-Dov, Gary Gibson, and Nate Hardy. ScaleNet.

http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Aonidiella%20orientalis/

http://scalenet.info/validname/Aonidiella/orientalis/

² USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦ Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment:

Consequences of Introduction: 1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦ Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦ Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦ Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦ Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Clavaspis herculeana (Common Name): Herculeana Scale

June 24, 2016 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Clavaspis herculeana (Common Name): Herculeana Scale

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Pest Rating: A

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

Clavaspis herculeana is commonly intercepted by CDFA. A pest rating proposal is required to support its pest rating.

History & Status:

Background: Clavaspis herculeana is a polyphagous armored scale insect. It burrows beneath the surface of twigs and branches and feeds by sucking juices from plants while concealed beneath the epidermis of its host-plants^1,2. Known hosts include: Anacardiaceae: mango (Mangifera indica^1,2), Mangifera cambodiana^1,2, Mangifera spp.^1,2; Florida poisontree (Metopium toxiferum^1,2), ambarella (Spondias dulcis^1,2), jocote (Spondias purpurea^1,2), Spondias cytherea^1,2; Annonaceae: sugar apple (Annona squamosa^1,2), soursop (Annona muricata^1,2), Annona spp.^1,2; Apocynaceae: Plumeria rubra, Plumeria sp. (numerous CDFA interceptions); Bignoniaceae: pink trumpet tree (Tabebuia heterophylla^1,2); Bixaceae: buttercup tree (Cochlospermum vitifolium^1,2); Caricaceae: papaya (Carica papaya^1,2); Euphorbiaceae: tung-oil tree (Aleurites fordii^1,2), Aleurites spp.^1,2; Fabaceae: sweet acacia (Acacia farnesiana^1,2), Acacia flexicaulis^1,2, golden shower tree (Cassia fistula^1,2), royal Poinciana (Delonix regia^1,2), coast coral tree (Erythrina caffra^1,2), coral tree (Erythrina indica^1,2), Erythrina spp.^1,2, Lonchocarpus spp.^1,2, Lonchocarpus latifolius^1,2, sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica^1,2), monkey-pod (Pithecellobium saman^1,2); Lauraceae: Cinnamomum sp.^1,2, true cinnamon tree (Cinnamomum zeylanicum^1,2); Magnoliaceae: southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora^1,2); Malvaceae: Eriodendron anfractuosum^1,2, Eriodendron spp.^1,2, Gossypium spp.^1,2; Meliaceae: Cedrela toona^1,2; Moraceae: common fig (Ficus carica^1,2), Ficus spp.^1,2, Roxburgh fig (Ficus roxburgii^1,2), sacred fig (Ficus religiosa^1,2), Ficus capensis^1,2, old fustic (Maclura tinctoria^1,2), white mulberry (Morus alba^1,2); Myristicaceae: Myristica hypargyraea^1,2; Myrtaceae: Eugenia spp.^1,2; Polygonaceae: Muehlenbeckia sagittiformis^1,2; Proteaceae: southern silky oak (Grevillea robusta^1,2); Rhizophoraceae: Rhizophora spp.^1,2; Rosaceae: loquat (Eriobotrya japonica^1,2), pear (Pyrus spp.^1,2), rose (Rosa spp.^1,2); Rubiaceae: buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis^1,2); Rutaceae: Citrus spp.^1,2; Salicaceae: poplar (Populus spp.^1,2), Xylosma venosum^1,2; Santalaceae: Phoradendron randiae^1,2; Styracaceae: Halesia spp.^1,2; Verbenaceae: Avicennia nitida^1,2. Clavaspis herculeana may be transported long distances when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved.

Worldwide Distribution: Clavaspis herculeana is widespread in many parts of the Australasian, Afrotropical, Oriental, Palearctic, and Neotropical regions^1,2. It is present in Mexico, Texas, Florida, and Hawaii^1,2.

Official Control: Clavaspis herculeana is listed as a harmful organism by Japan and the Republic of Korea³.

California Distribution: Clavaspis herculeana has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions: From 1988 through 2015 Clavaspis herculeana was intercepted 45 times by California’s high risk programs, dog teams, and border stations. Most of these interceptions have occurred on plants or fresh plant parts from Hawaii, primarily Plumeria rubra or Plumeria sp.

The risk Clavaspis herculeana (Herculeana scale) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Clavaspis herculeana is polyphagous on a wide variety of plants that are widely grown in California and is likely to establish wherever they are grown. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Clavaspis herculeana is known to feed on plants in at least 25 families. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Scale insects are capable of rapid reproduction and can be transported long distances when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved. They may also disperse locally by crawling, wind, or by hitchhiking on clothing, equipment, or animals. Its cryptic habits mean that herculeana scale may easily be dispersed by trade in infested plants without being detected. Clavaspis herculeana receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Clavaspis herculeana has not been documented as lowering any crop yields. It may lower the value of nursery stock by disfiguring plants with its presence and increase fresh fruit production costs. Herculeana scale is listed as a harmful organism by several of California’s trading partners and its entry to the state may disrupt fresh fruit and nursery stock export markets. This scale is not expected to change cultural practices, vector other organisms, injure animals, or disrupt water supplies. Clavaspis herculeana receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Clavaspis herculeana is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. It is likely to feed on endangered or threatened species including small-leaved rose (Rosa minutifolia). Herculeana scale is not expected to disrupt critical habitats. It may trigger additional treatment programs in fresh fruit and nursery industries. It is not expected to significantly impact cultural practices, home/urban gardening, or ornamental plantings. Clavaspis herculeana receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Clavaspis herculeana (Herculeana scale): High (14)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Clavaspis herculeana has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (14)

Uncertainty:

Clavaspis herculeana is reported to be associated with the fungus Septobasidium saccardinum^1,2. This relationship is not clear.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Clavaspis herculeana has never been found in California and is expected to have significant economic impacts to California’s fresh fruit and nursery industries if it enters the state. It is also expected to have significant environmental impacts. An “A” rating is justified.

References:

¹ Miller, Dug, Yair Ben-Dov, Gary Gibson, and Nate Hardy. ScaleNet. http://scalenet.info/validname/Clavaspis/herculeana/

² SEL Catalog. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/catalogs/diaspidi/Clavaspisherculeana.htm

³ USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦ Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment:

Consequences of Introduction: 1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦ Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦ Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦ Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦ Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Halticus bractatus (Say): Garden Fleahopper

June 24, 2016 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Halticus bractatus (Say): Garden Fleahopper

Hemiptera: Miridae

Pest Rating: A

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

Halticus bractatus was recently intercepted by one of CDFA’s border stations on outdoor plants from Florida. Although this insect is included on some old pest lists with a “C” rating, all PDRs for the species to date have been assigned a temporary rating of “Q”. A pest rating proposal is required to assign a permanent pest rating.

History & Status:

Background: Halticus bractatus is a polyphagous pest that feeds on a variety of crops including citrus¹. It prefers to feed on hosts in the family Fabaceae including alfalfa, beans, peas, and clovers but will readily feed on many other plants including barley, beets, cabbage, celery, corn, cotton, cucumber, eggplant, lettuce, oats, pepper, potato, pumpkin, squash, sweet potato, tomato, tobacco, and wheat^1,2. It also feeds on many weeds and occasionally other insects². Adult females insert eggs into the stems of vegetation². Nymphs and adults suck juices from the stems and surfaces of leaves². Feeding causes whitish or yellow speckling on the foliage, stunts plant growth, and may cause the death of seedlings². Nymphs and adults deposit black fecal material that reduces the marketability of vegetables². Halticus bractatus may be transported long distances when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved.

Worldwide Distribution: Halticus bractatus is widespread in the eastern United States and Canada as far west as the Rocky Mountains^1,2. It is found throughout Central and South America^1,2. It is also present in Hawaii.

Official Control: Halticus bractatus is listed as a harmful organism by Guatemala, Mexico, Japan, and the Republic of Korea³.

California Distribution: Halticus bractatus has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions: Halticus bractatus has been intercepted twice by CDFA on outdoor plants from Florida and Ocimum sp. from Hawaii. Unidentified species of Halticus have also been intercepted twice on plant cuttings and herbs from Hawaii.

The risk Halticus bractatus (garden fleahopper) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Halticus bractatus is widespread east of the Rockies from Canada to Argentina. It is likely capable of establishing a widespread distribution in California and receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Halticus bractatus is highly polyphagous and receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Halticus bractatus has a high reproductive rate. Under favorable conditions it can complete a generation in 30 days and each female produces 80-100 eggs. Despite its polyphagous nature and widespread distribution in the eastern United States it has only been intercepted by CDFA a few times. This indicates it may not move often in commerce. Halticus bractatus receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Halticus bractatus is not typically a pest of commercial agriculture because it is controlled by insecticides used against more damaging pests². If it were to establish in California it is not expected to lower crop yields. It may reduce the value of nursery stock and fresh vegetables by disfiguring these commodities. It is also listed as a harmful organism by several of California’s trading partners and therefore has the potential to disrupt markets. It is not expected to change cultural practices, vector other organisms, injure animals, or interfere with water supplies. Halticus bractatus receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: If Halticus bractatus were to establish in California it is not likely to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. It may feed on threatened and endangered species such as showy indian clover (Trifolium amoenum), Pacific grove clover (Trifolium polyodon), and Monterey clover (Trifolium trichocalyx). It is not likely to disrupt critical habitats. It is not expected to trigger new treatment programs in commercial agriculture. However, in Florida it is a common early season pest in home gardens. Home/urban gardening may be significantly impacted by this pest and it may trigger new treatment programs in this environment. Halticus bractatus receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Halticus bractatus (Garden Leafhopper): High (13)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Halticus bractatus has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (13)

Uncertainty:

In the eastern United States Halticus bractatus is attacked by many other organisms including egg and nymph parasitoids, predatory mites, and nematodes². It is possible that the bug could be more damaging in California in the absence of these natural enemies.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Halticus bractatus has not been found in California and it is likely to have significant impacts if it were to establish in the state. An “A”-rating is justified.

References:

¹ Henry, Thomas J. 1983. The Garden Fleahopper Genus Halticus (Hemiptera: Miridae): Resurrection of an Old Name and Key to Species of the Western Hemisphere. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 85(3):607-611. https://research.amnh.org/pbi/library/0332.pdf

² Capinera, John L. 2014. Common name: garden fleahopper. University of Florida Featured Creatures. http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/veg/leaf/fleahopper.htm

³USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦ Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment:

Consequences of Introduction: 1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦ Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦ Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦ Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦ Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Ceroplastes stellifer (Westwood): Stellate Scale

June 24, 2016 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Ceroplastes stellifer (Westwood): Stellate Scale

(synonym Vinsonia stellifera)

Hemiptera: Coccidae

Pest Rating: A

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

Ceroplastes stellifer is regularly intercepted by CDFA and is presently assigned a temporary rating of “Q”. A pest rating proposal is required to determine a permanent pest rating.

History & Status:

Background: Ceroplastes stellifer is a polyphagous soft scale insect that feeds on a variety of plants including many crops and ornamentals. Some of the known hosts include: Anacardiaceae: mango (Mangifera indica¹), Mangifera sp.¹; Apocynaceae: blackboard tree (Alstonia scholaris¹), Ervatamia orientalis¹, frangipani (Plumeria acutifolia¹); Araliaceae: Schefflera sp.¹; Arecaceae: coconut (Cocos nucifera¹), Cocos sp.¹; Aspleniaceae: Asplenium sp.¹; Clusiaceae: Clusia sp.¹, purple mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana¹), bitter garcinia (Garcinia spicata¹), kokum (Garcinia indica¹), Garcinia sp.¹; Ebenaceae: velvet apple (Diospyros discolor¹); Euphorbiaceae: bishop wood (Bischofia javanica¹); Lauraceae: camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora¹), avocado (Persea americana¹); Liliaceae: asparagus fern (Asparagus sprengeri¹); Moraceae: Artocarpus integra¹, banyan (Ficus benghalensis¹), Ficus antimesma¹; Musaceae: Musa sp.¹; Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus sp.¹, jambos (Eugenia jambos¹), jambul (Eugenia jambolana¹), water apple (Eugenia aquea¹), Eugenia sp.¹, java plum (Syzygium cuminii¹); Orchidaceae: blood red broughtonia (Broughtonia sanguinea¹), Cattleya sp.¹, Cypripedium niveum¹, fringed star orchid (Epidendrum ciliare¹), Epidendrum sp.¹, Stanhopea sp.¹; Phyllanthaceae: Chinese-laurel (Antidesma bunius¹); Polypodiaceae: Adiantum sp.¹; Primulaceae: coralberry (Ardisia polycephala¹); Rutaceae: grapefruit (Citrus grandis¹), bitter orange (Citrus aurantium¹), Citrus sp.¹, orangeberry (Glycosmis pentaphylla¹), Jambolana sp.¹; Sapotaceae: sapodilla (Achras sapota¹), Lucuma caimito¹, Palaquium sp.¹; Strelitziaceae: traveller’s palm (Ravenala madagascariensis¹); Zingiberaceae: red ginger (Alpinia purpurata¹). The scale has also been found feeding on additional hosts^3,4. Ceroplastes stellifer may be transported long distances when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved.

Worldwide Distribution: The native range of Ceroplastes stellifer is uncertain but early records are from the Caribbean¹. It is now widespread in parts of Australia, the Pacific, Africa, Asia, and South America¹. In the United States it is found in Florida, Alabama, and Georgia¹. Interceptions indicate that it may also be present in Hawaii.

Official Control: Ceroplastes stellifer is listed as a harmful organism by China, Japan, the Republic of Korea, and Mexico (see Vinsonia stellifera)².

California Distribution: Ceroplastes stellifer has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions: From 1987 through 2015 Ceroplastes stellifer was intercepted 251 times by CDFA’s high risk programs and dog teams. Interceptions have occurred on plants and fresh plant parts from Hawaii, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Jamaica, and Florida.

The risk Ceroplastes stellifer (stellate scale) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: The known distribution of Ceroplastes stellifer is primarily tropical and subtropical. The scale is expected to be able to establish throughout the warmer parts of California and receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Ceroplastes stellifer is known to feed on a wide variety of plants in at least 21 families. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Scale insects have high reproductive rates and may disperse long distances when infested plants or plant parts are moved. They may also be spread by wind or by hitchhiking on plants, animals, or equipment. Ceroplastes stellifer receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Ceroplastes stellifer is not documented reducing crop yields. It might reduce the value of nursery stock by disfiguring plants with its presence and increase crop production costs in nurseries and orchards. It is not expected to change cultural practices, vector other organisms, injure animals, or disrupt water supplies. Stellate scale receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Ceroplastes stellifer is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. It is not expected to feed on any threatened or endangered species or disrupt critical habitats. It might trigger new chemical treatments in orchards and the nursery industry and by residents who find infested plants unsightly. Host plants of the scale are common as ornamentals and in home gardens and might be significantly affected by this pest. Stellate scale receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Ceroplastes stellifer (Stellate Scale): High (13**)

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Ceroplastes stellifer has not been found in California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (13)

Uncertainty:

There have not been any recent surveys for stellate scale. It could be present in some localities.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Ceroplastes stellifer has never been found in California and is likely to have significant economic and environmental impacts if it were to establish in the state. An “A” rating is justified.

References:

¹ Miller, Dug, Yair Ben-Dov, Gary Gibson, and Nate Hardy. ScaleNet. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/catalogs/coccidae/Ceroplastesstellifer.htm

http://scalenet.info/validname/Vinsonia/stellifera/

² USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

³Scale Insect Fact Sheet: Ceroplastes stillifer (Westwood). http://idtools.org/id/scales/factsheet.php?name=6919

⁴ Hodgson, Chris J. and Ana L.B.G. Peronti. 2012. A revision of the wax scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Ceroplastinae) of the Afrotropical region. Zootaxa 3372: 265pp. http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/list/2012/3372.html

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦ Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment:

Consequences of Introduction: 1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦ Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦ Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦ Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦ Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Dysmicoccus texensis (Tinsley): A Mealybug

June 22, 2016 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Dysmicoccus texensis (Tinsley): A Mealybug

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

Pest Rating: A

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

Dysmicoccus texensis is regularly intercepted by CDFA and presently has a temporary rating of “Q”. A pest rating proposal is required to assign a permanent pest rating.

History & Status:

Background: Dysmicoccus texensis is a mealybug that is often found feeding on plant roots, where large populations prevent water and nutrient absorption, weaken plants, and reduce crop yields³. It is considered a pest of great pest importance on coffee in Brasil³(Rubiaceae: Coffea sp.¹). It has also been observed feeding, sometimes on aerial plant parts, on other hosts including: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica¹; Araceae: Dieffenbachia sp.¹; Bromeliaceae: Vriesea macrostachya¹; Euphorbiaceae: Manihot esculenta¹; Fabaceae: Acacia cornigera¹, Acacia veracruzensis¹, Acacia sphaerocephala¹, Acacia farnesiana¹, Inga inga¹, Inga ruiziana¹, Inga punctata¹, Inga laurina¹, Trifolium sp.¹; Malvaceae: Theobroma cacao¹, Theobroma amplexicaule¹, Meliaceae: Guarea sp.¹; Musaceae: Musa textilis¹, Musa paradisiaca¹; Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava¹; Polygonaceae: Coccoloba sp.¹; Rutaceae: Citrus latifolia¹; Citrus aurantium¹; Solanaceae: Solanum sp.¹. Coffee root mealybug may be transported long distances through commerce in infested plants or plant parts.

Worldwide Distribution: Dysmicoccus texensis is native to the Neotropical region including southern Texas, Mexico, Central America, and South America¹. It is also found in the Bahamas, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Trinidad, and the U.S. Virgin Islands¹.

Official Control: Dysmicoccus texensis is not known to be under official control in any other states or nations².

California Distribution: Dysmicoccus texensis has never been found in the environment in California.

California Interceptions: Dysmicoccus texensis was intercepted 44 times by CDFA’s border stations, dog teams, and high risk programs between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2014. The mealybug was found on limes, grapefruit, bananas, bell peppers, sugar apple, and aerial parts of unidentified plants.

The risk Dysmicoccus texensis (coffee root mealybug) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Host plants of Dysmicoccus texensis are commonly grown in California as both crops and ornamentals. Dysmicoccus texensis is likely to establish wherever hosts are grown. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Dysmicoccus texensis is known to feed on at least 24 species of plants in 13 families. It receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Mealybugs have high reproductive rates and may be dispersed long distances by the movement of infested plants or fresh plant parts. They may also be dispersed locally by wind or by hitchhiking on clothing, equipment, or animals. Dysmicoccus texensis receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Although known hosts of Dysmicoccus texensis include economically important crops such as Citrus and Solanum, it is primarily considered a pest of coffee. Yields of other crops are not likely to be significantly reduced. However, the mealybug may increase production costs in the nursery industry. It has potential to lower the value of nursery stock by disfiguring plants with its presence. Although D. texensis is not known to be considered a quarantine pest, several of California’s trading partners are significant producers of coffee. Since the mealybug is well documented as a serious pest of coffee, it is reasonable to expect that its presence could trigger disruptions of fresh fruit exports. Dysmicoccus texensis receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Dysmicoccus texensis is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. Trifolium is a host of D. texensis and several species of Trifolium are listed as threatened or endangered plants in California. These potential hosts include showy Indian clover (Trifolium amoenum), Pacific Grove clover (Trifolium polyodon), and Monterey clover (Trifolium trichocalyx). Dysmicoccus texensis is not expected to disrupt critical habitats. The mealybug may trigger new chemical treatments in orchards and the nursery industry. It is not expected to have significant impacts on cultural practices, home/urban gardening, or ornamental plantings. Dysmicoccus texensis receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Dysmicoccus texensis: High (13)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Dysmicoccus texensis has never been found in the environment of California. It receives a Not established (0) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (13)

Uncertainty:

There have not been any recent surveys for Dysmicoccus texensis. It is possible that it could be present in some parts of the state.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Dysmicoccus texensis has never been found in the environment California. Its entry to the state is likely to have significant economic and environmental impacts. An “A” rating is justified.

References:

¹ Miller, Dug, Yair Ben-Dov, Gary Gibson, and Nate Hardy. ScaleNet. Dysmicoccus texensis is the valid name. http://scalenet.info/validname/Dysmicoccus/texensis/

²USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

³Neves, Pedro Manuel Oliveira Janeiro, Lenira Viana Costa Santa-Cecília, Jair Campos de Moraes, Luís Cláudio Paterno Silveira, and Alcides Moino Junior. 2006. Coffee root mealybug biology control entomopathogenic nematodes. Universidade Federal de Lavras. http://www.openthesis.org/documents/Biologics-aspects-Dysmicoccus-texensis-Tinsley-331392.html

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦ Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment:

Consequences of Introduction: 1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦ Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦ Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦ Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦ Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Aleurodicus dispersus Russell (Spiraling Whitefly)

June 22, 2016 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Aleurodicus dispersus Russell (Spiraling Whitefly)

Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae

Pest Rating: A

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

In October 2013, USDA released a DEEP report proposing to deregulate Aleurodicus dispersus (spiraling whitefly). The insect is currently “Q”-rated by CDFA, so a pest rating proposal is needed to determine future direction.

History & Status:

Background: Spiraling whitefly is highly polyphagous, feeding on plants in 49 different plant families. Known hosts include such economically important pests as avocado, citrus, eggplant, pepper, rose, Prunus spp., and palms. Interceptions indicate that the whitefly often moves long distances in the trade of plants and flowers.

Worldwide Distribution: The native range of spiraling whitefly is believed to be the tropical Americas. It was described from Florida in 1965 from specimens collected as early as 1950. Since then it has been found to have a widespread distribution including Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and Mexico. Furthermore, it is reported in numerous nations in Central America, the Caribbean, South America, Europe and the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and Oceania.

Official Control: Arizona has a state quarantine against all citrus whiteflies. Aleurodicus dispersus is also listed as a harmful organism by Antigua and Barbuda, Chile, China, French Polynesia, Grenada, Guatemala, Honduras, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Korea, Mexico, Morocco, and New Zealand².

California Distribution: Spiraling whitefly has not been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions: Spiraling whitefly is frequently intercepted on shipments of plants, leaves, and flowers from Hawaii and Florida. It has been intercepted more than 1300 times since 11/29/2000.

The risk spiraling whitefly would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Spiraling whitefly has been present in Florida for over 60 years but has not spread beyond the central portion of the state. Primarily a tropical species, it is reportedly limited by cold temperatures. In California the whitefly would likely be limited to southern and coastal areas. Spiraling whitefly receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Spiraling whitefly is a highly polyphagous insect that is known to feed on plants from 49 different plant families. The whitefly receives a High(3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Whiteflies reproduce rapidly and can be spread long distances by wind or through the movement of plants and flowers. Spiraling whitefly receives a High(3) in this category.

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Spiraling whitefly was originally considered an economic pest in Hawaii when it was introduced. However, damage is now limited as a successful biological control agent was introduced. In the absence of this biological control agent in California, the whitefly may be expected to lower crop yield by both sucking juices from plants and reducing their photosynthetic capacity by contaminating leaf surfaces with sooty mold. They may also lower crop value by triggering treatment and/or disfiguring nursery stock with their presence and with sooty mold. Furthermore, Arizona maintains a quarantine against all citrus whiteflies and many of California’s trading partners list Aleurodicus dispersus as a harmful organism. This could lead to disruptions in markets for California citrus. Spiraling whitefly receives a High(3) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Rosa minutafolia (small-leaved rose) is listed as an endangered species in California and is a potential host for spiraling whitefly. The whitefly may also trigger additional chemical treatments. The whitefly receives a High(3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Aleurodicus dispersus (Spiraling Whitefly): High(14)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Spiraling whitefly has not been found in the environment of California. It receives a Not established(0) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High(14)

Uncertainty:

Spiraling whitefly has been intercepted more than a thousand times in California. However, it has never been found in the environment. This may indicate that environmental conditions in the state are unfavorable for establishment of the species.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

In the absence of a successful biological control program in California, spiraling whitefly is expected to have significant economic and environmental impacts. An “A”-rating is justified.

References:

¹Zlotina, Marina 2013. Deregulation Evaluation of Established Pests (DEEP); DEEP Report on Aleurodicus dispersus Russell: Spiralling Whitefly

² USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

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Consequences of Introduction: 1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

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