Category Archives: Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Entomology: Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Asiothrixus antidesmae (Takahashi): Whitefly [No Common Name]

October 13, 2016 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Asiothrixus antidesmae (Takahashi): Whitefly [No Common Name]

Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae

Pest Rating: A

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

In September 2016 the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) New Pest Advisory Group (NPAG) released a report on Asiothrixus antidesmae that recommended that USDA establish a non-reportable/non-actionable port policy for the whitefly in the continental United States. Stephen Brown requested comments on this proposal.

History & Status:

Background: Asiothrixus antidesmae is a whitefly that feeds by sucking phloem from a variety of plants including: Apocynaceae: Alyxia stellata (maile); Araceae: Alocasia sp. (taro), Anthurium andraeanum (flamingo lily); Calophyllaceae: Calophyllum inophyllum (Alexandrian laurel); Clusiaceae: Garcinia eugenifolia (saptree); Dillenaceae: Dillenia spp.; Lamiaceae: Ocimum spp. (basil); Lecythidaceae: Barringtonia sp.; Phyllanthaceae: Antidesma spp. (chinalaurel); Piperaceae: Piper betel; Rubiaceae: Gardenia jasminoides (cape jasmine), G. taitensis (Tahitian gardenia), Ixora spp., Morinda citrifolia (Indian mulberry); Smilacaceae: Smilax sp. The whitefly can be transported long distances when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved.

Worldwide Distribution: Asiothrixus antidesmae is native to Taiwan. From there is has spread to Nauru, Palau, Tahiti, Western Samoa, Brunei, the Philippines, Singapore, Sulawesi, Thailand, Guadeloupe, and Saint Lucia. In the United States it has been found in Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and Florida.

Official Control: Asiothrixus antidesmae is not known to be under official control in any other states or nations.

California Distribution: Asiothrixus antidesmae has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions: Asiothrixus antidesmae was intercepted by CDFA 6 times between January 1, 1987 and September 27, 2016 on shipments of fresh plant parts from Hawaii, usually betel leaves (Piper betel).

The risk Asiothrixus antidesmae (whitefly) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: According to the NPAG report Asiothrixus antidesmae is expected to establish a widespread distribution in California. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Asiothrixus antidesmae is known to feed on plants in 13 genera in 10 families. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Whiteflies are capable of rapid reproduction and can be transported long distances when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved. Asiothrixus antidesmae receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Asiothrixus antidesmae is not considered to be an economic pest. It is not expected to lower crop yields. It might increase nursery stock production costs. It is not expected to disrupt markets, change cultural practices, vector other organisms, injure animals, or interfere with water supplies. Asiothrixus antidesmae receives a Low (1) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: If Asiothrixus antidesmae were to establish in California it is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. It is not likely to directly affect threatened or endangered species or disrupt critical habitats. It might trigger new chemical treatments in the nursery industry and by residents who find infested ornamental plants unacceptable. A variety of tropical ornamental plantings could be affected by this pest. Asiothrixus antidesmae receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Asiothrixus antidesmae (Whitefly): High (13)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Asiothrixus antidesmae has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (13)

Uncertainty:

There are a wide variety of whiteflies already present in California including some with significantly overlapping host ranges. It is possible that natural enemies of these existing whiteflies and competitive effects will help mitigate any impacts of Asiothrixus antidesmae.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Asiothrixus antidesmae has never been found in California and is expected to have significant economic and environmental impacts if it were to establish in the state. An “A” rating is justified.

References:

Smith, J.W. 2016. NPAG Report Asiothrixus antidesmae (Takahashi): Whitefly [no common name]. United States Department of Agriculture New Pest Advisory Group.

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Fiorinia externa Ferris: Elongate Hemlock Scale

October 13, 2016 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Fiorinia externa Ferris: Elongate Hemlock Scale

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Pest Rating: A

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

Fiorinia externa is often intercepted by CDFA and presently has a temporary rating of “Q”. A pest rating proposal is required to determine a permanent pest rating.

History & Status:

Background: Fiorinia externa is an armored scale insect that is considered to be a pest of ornamental and forest conifers¹. These insects overwinter as mated females or eggs¹. Females begin laying eggs within their waxy covers in early spring¹. As eggs hatch, crawlers disperse to other needles on the same plant where they settle on the underside¹. There they insert their mouthparts and feed¹. They reach maturity in 7-8 weeks in Pennsylvania¹. Feeding causes needles to develop yellow banding and drop prematurely¹. This damage causes foliage to appear thin and weakens the trees, making them vulnerable to secondary invaders¹. Known hosts include 43 species² including: Cupressaceae: Biota orientalis⁵, Juniperus chinensis⁵ (Chinese juniper), Juniperus rigida⁵ (temple juniper); Pinaceae: Abies spp.^1,3 (firs), Cedrus spp.¹ (cedars), Picea spp.^1,3 (spruces), Pinus spp.^1,3 (pines), Pseudotsuga menziesii^1,3 (douglas fir), Tsuga canadensis^1,2 (eastern hemlock), T. caroliniana^1,2 (Carolina hemlock), and Tsuga diversifolia (northern Japanese hemlock); Taxaceae: Taxus spp.¹ (yews). Fiorinia externa may be carried long distances when infested plants or plant parts are moved.

Worldwide Distribution: Fiorinia externa is native to Japan^1,2and is also found in China⁵. It was first found in New York in 1908¹ and has since been found in Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Ohio, Rhode Island, Virginia, and the District of Columbia. Interceptions by CDFA also indicate that the scale is also established in North Carolina.

Official Control: Neither Fiorinia externa nor Fiorinia spp. are known to be under official control by any other states or nations⁴.

California Distribution: Fiorinia externa has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions: Fiorinia externa was intercepted 97 times between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2014 by CDFA’s high risk inspections, dog teams, and other quarantine programs. Most of the interceptions have been on fraser fir (Abies fraseri) from North Carolina.

The risk Fiorinia externa (elongate hemlock scale) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Species of Abies, Picea, Pinus, Pseudotsuga, Taxus, and Tsuga are native to the forests of California and are grown as ornamentals. Fiorinia externa is likely to establish wherever these host plants are grown. Elongate hemlock scale receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Fiorinia externa is known to feed on 43 species of plants in 9 genera in three plant families. It receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Female elongate hemlock scales produce an average of 20 eggs during their lifetime and a generation may be completed every seven to eight weeks during the growing season¹. Crawlers typically remain on the same plant but may be dispersed long distances by wind or by hitchhiking on clothing, animals, or equipment. They may also be carried long distances when infested plants or plant parts are moved. Elongate hemlock scale receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: If Fiorinia externa were to enter California it is likely that the scale would lead to lower yields and increased production costs in managed forests, Christmas tree farms, and in the nursery industry. The scale is not expected to disrupt markets, change cultural practices, vector other pestiferous organisms, injure animals, or interfere with water supplies. Elongate hemlock scale receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: The establishment of Fiorinia externa in California would be likely to disrupt natural communities, as it infests forests and increases the susceptibility of trees to other pests and diseases. The scale is not expected to directly affect any threatened or endangered species or disrupt critical habitats. Elongate scale insect is likely to trigger additional treatment programs in managed forests, Christmas tree farms, and the nursery industry. The scale is also likely to significantly impact cultural practices and ornamental plantings. Fiorinia externa receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Fiorinia externa (elongate hemlock scale): High (13)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Fiorinia externa has never been found in the environment and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (13)

Uncertainty:

Impacts on forests may potentially be more significant than loss of trees. Stands of dead trees may affect the rate of runoff and water supplies and could affect the stability of mountain and canyon slopes. There have not been any recent formal surveys of the scales of conifers in California. It is possible that Fiorinia externa could be present in some localities.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Elongate hemlock scale (Fiorinia externa) has never been found in the environment of California and would likely have significant economic and environmental impacts if it were to enter the state. An “A”-rating is justified.

References:

¹Hoover, Gregory A. 2009. Elongate Hemlock Scale (Fiorinia externa Ferris) Fact Sheet. Pennsylvania State University. http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/elongate-hemlock-scale

² McClure, Mark S. Pest Alert: Elongate Hemlock Scale. USDA Forest Service Northeastern Area NA-PR-01-02 http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/pest_al/ehscale/ehscale.htm

³ Elongate Hemlock Scale Fiorinia externa Ferris. PSU Christmas Tree Pest Fact Sheets. http://extension.psu.edu/pests/ipm/agriculture/christmas-tree/pest-fact-sheets/needle-discoloration-and-injury/elongate-hemlock-scale.pdf

⁴ USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

⁵ SEL Catalog Query results for Fiorinia externa Ferris. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/catalogs/diaspidi/Fioriniaexterna.htm

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Coleoptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Stenhomalus taiwanus Matsushita: Taiwan Slender Longhorned Beetle

October 13, 2016 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Stenhomalus taiwanus Matsushita: Taiwan Slender Longhorned Beetle

Coleoptera: Cerambycidae

Pest Rating: A

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

In September 2016 the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) New Pest Advisory Group (NPAG) released a report on Stenohomalus taiwanus that recommended that USDA establish a non-reportable/non-actionable port policy for the beetle in the continental United States. The beetle would remain actionable in Hawaii and the United States territories. Stephen Brown requested comments on this proposal.

History & Status:

Background: Stenhomalus taiwanus is a longhorned beetle that is only known to feed on stems and branches of two to five year old Zanthoxylum bungeanum (Sichuan pepper, Chinese pepper) and Zanthoxylum piperitum (Japanese prickly ash). Stenhomalus taiwanus has only one generation per year. Adult beetles emerge in summer and crawl on branches and leaves and may fly short distances. Larvae feed on the cortex and xylem of the tree where they overwinter and pupate in spring. The beetles may be transported long distances inside wood when infested plants or freshly cut stems and branches are moved.

Worldwide Distribution: Stenhomalus taiwanus is native to China, Japan and Taiwan. The only place it is known to have invaded is the southern United States, where it has been found in Georgia, Alabama, and Texas.

Official Control: Stenhomalus taiwanus is not known to be under official control in any other states or nations.

California Distribution: Stenhomalus taiwanus has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions: Stenhomalus taiwanus has never been found in any regulatory situations in California.

The risk Stenhomalus taiwanus (Taiwan slender longhorned beetle) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: There are no species of Zanthoxylum native to California and those plants are only occasionally cultivated here. If Stenhomalus taiwanus were to establish in California its distribution is likely to be very limited. It receives a Low (1) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Stenhomalus taiwanus is only known to feed on two species of plants in one genus. It receives a Low (1) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Stenhomalus taiwanus only has one generation per year. It can be transported long distances when infested plants or fresh stems or branches are moved. It receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Stenhomalus taiwanus has been present in the southern United States for more than five years and has not had any economic impacts. If it were to establish in California it is not likely to lower crop yields, increase crop production costs, disrupt markets, negatively change cultural practices, vector other organisms, injure animals, or interfere with water supplies. It receives a Low (1) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: If Stenhomalus taiwanus were to establish in California it is not likely to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. It is not expected to affect threatened or endangered species or disrupt critical habitats. It may trigger new treatment programs by residents who grow ornamental Zanthoxylum In California the beetle is not likely to significantly affect cultural practices, home/urban gardening, or ornamental plantings. Stenhomalus taiwanus receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Stenhomalus taiwanus (Taiwan Slender Longhorned Beetle): Low (7)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Stenhomalus taiwanus has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: Low (7)

Uncertainty:

Stenhomalus taiwanus does not respond to any wood boring beetle lures and would not be found by CDFA’s exotic wood borer surveys. In the South it is most commonly collected at light traps. There have not been any recent comprehensive light trap surveys of California. Interception data and finds from other states indicate that the beetle has been moving into the United States in wood products from China. It is certain that some of these infested products also entered California. Furthermore, it is likely that Stenhomalus taiwanus has already entered California and remains undetected.

Although the beetle is only documented to feed on two species of Zanthoxylum, it is not known what plant(s) the beetle is using as a host in the United States. It has been intercepted on “willow” baskets from China. It is unknown what type of wood this actually was. If there has been host-switching there is potential for far-reaching forestry and environmental impacts.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

If Stenhomalus taiwanus were to establish in California it is only expected to affect ornamental Zanthoxylum plants. However, there is significant uncertainty about what host plant(s) the beetle is using in the United States as its native hosts do not occur here except as occasional ornamentals. Until more information about the host range of this beetle is known or it is found in California an “A” rating is justified.

References:

Newton, Leslie and David Bednar. 2016. NPAG Report Stenhomalus taiwanus Matsushita: Taiwan slender longhorn beetle. United States Department of Agriculture New Pest Advisory Group.

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Boxwood Scale | Pinnaspis buxi (Bouche)

September 23, 2016 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Pinnaspis buxi (Bouché): Boxwood Scale

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Pest Rating: A

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

Pinnaspis buxi is frequently intercepted by CDFA. A pest rating proposal is required to support its permanent pest rating.

History & Status:

Background: Pinnaspis buxi is a widespread, polyphagous armored scale insect that feeds on a wide variety of hosts. Known hosts include Apocynaceae: Nerium odorum^1,2; Aquifoliaceae: Ilex vomitoria^1,2; Araceae: Aglaonema philippinensis^1,2, Alocasia sp.^1,2, Anthurium magnificum^1,2, Anthurium crystallinum^1,2, Anthurium grandi^1,2, Anubias sp.^1,2, Colocasia esculenta^1,2, Epipremnum sp.^1,2, Homalomena philippinensis^1,2, Monstera deliciosa^1,2, Monstera sp.^1,2, Philodendron sp.^1,2, Philodendron pertusum^1,2, Pothos seemanii^1,2, Rhodospatha sp.^1,2, Scindapsus sp.^1,2, Scindapsus aureus^1,2, Spathiphyllum sp.^1,2; Arecaceae: Acrocomia sp.^1,2, Acrocomia media^1,2, Areca lutescens^1,2, Areca catechu^1,2, Areca sp.^1,2, Calamus sp.^1,2, Chamaerops sp.^1,2, Chrysalidocarpus lutescens^1,2, Cocos nucifera^1,2, Daemonorops lewisianus^1,2, Dictyosperma sp.^1,2, Dictyosperma album^1,2, Howeia forsteriana^1,2, Howeia belmoreana^1,2, Licuala grandis^1,2, Neodypsis^1,2, Phoenix sp.^1,2, Pinanga kuhlii^1,2, Raphia sp.^1,2, Rhapis sp.^1,2, Tachycarpus sp.^1,2, Thrinax excelsa^1,2, Trachycarpus sp.^1,2, Veitchia joannis^1,2; Asteraceae: Chrysanthemum morifolium^1,2; Bromeliaceae: Tillandsia sp.^1,2, Vriesea polonia^1,2; Burseraceae: Canarium commune^1,2; Buxaceae: Buxus sp.^1,2, Buxus sempervirens^1,2; Celastraceae: Siphonodon celastrineus^1,2; Cucurbitaceae: Momordica charantia^1,2, Momordica sp.^1,2; Cupressaceae: Cunninghamia sp.¹; Cyperaceae: Cyperus alternifolius^1,2; Ebenaceae: Diospyros sp.^1,2, Diospyros oleoides^1,2; Euphorbiaceae: Aleurites montana^1,2, Hevea brasiliensis^1,2; Fabaceae: Cassia fistula^1,2, Hardwickia binata^1,2, Inocarpus fagifer^1,2, Kentia sp.^1,2, Phaseolus vulgaris^1,2, Tamarindus indica^1,2; Heliconiaceae: Heliconia bihai^1,2, Heliconia sp.^1,2; Iridaceae: Dietes bicolor², Moraea bicolor¹; Juncaceae: Prinonium sp.^1,2; Lecythidaceae: Barringtonia edulis^1,2; Liliaceae: Aloe sp.^1,2, Cordyline terminalis^1,2, Cordyline fruticosa^1,2, Dracaena sp.^1,2; Lythraceae: Punica granatum¹; Magnoliaceae: Magnolia glandiflora^1,2, Michelia chambaka^1,2; Malvaceae: Gossypium barbadense^1,2, Hibiscus arnottianus^1,2, Hibiscus sp.^1,2, Sida sp.², Theobroma cacao¹; Marantaceae: Maranta sp.^1,2; Meliaceae: Dysoxylum sp.², Sandoricum sp.^1,2, Trichilia sp.^1,2; Moraceae: Artocarpus integrifolia^1,2, Artocarpus heterophyllus^1,2, Ficus glomerata^1,2; Musaceae: Musa sp.^1,2; Ochnaceae: Schuurmansia sp.^1,2; Oleaceae: Olea cuspidata^1,2, Olea sp.^1,2; Orchidaceae: Dendrobium sp.^1,2, Epidendrum sp.^1,2; Pandanaceae: Pandanus sp.^1,2, Pandanus conideus^1,2, Pandanus hornei^1,2, Pandanus odoratissimus^1,2, Pandanus seychellarum^1,2, Pandanus upoluensis^1,2, Pandanus utilis^1,2; Pinaceae: Pinus sp.^1,2; Piperaceae: Piper sp.^1,2; Polypodiaceae: Asplenium sp.^1,2; Proteaceae: Helicia sp.^1,2; Pteridaceae: Adiantum aethiopicum^1,2; Rubiaceae: Coprosma laevigata^1,2, Morinda citrifolia^1,2; Rutaceae: Citrus sp.^1,2; Smilacaceae: Smilax sp.^1,2; Solanaceae: Lycopersicon esculentum^1,2; Strelitziaceae: Strelitzia sp.^1,2, Strelitzia reginae^1,2; Thymelaeaceae: Daphne oleoides²; Ulmaceae: Celtis philippinensis^1,2; Verbenaceae: Lantana commersoni^1,2. The scale can spread long distances when infested plants or plant products are moved in commerce.

Worldwide Distribution: Pinnaspis buxi is widespread in Afrotropical, Australasian, Nearctic, Neotropical, Oriental, and Palearctic regions². In the United States it can be found in Florida, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico & Vieques Island, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Hawaiian Islands².

Official Control: Pinnaspis buxi is listed as a quarantine pest by Costa Rica, Japan, New Zealand, and Seychelles.

California Distribution: Pinnaspis buxi has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions: Pinnaspis buxi is commonly intercepted. Between January 1, 2000 and December 4, 2014 the scale was intercepted 857 times. Interceptions were typically on plants or plant material imported from Hawaii, Costa Rica, and Florida.

The risk Pinnaspis buxi (boxwood scale) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Pinnaspis buxi is highly polyphagous and feeds on a wide variety of plants, many of which are grown in California. The scale is likely able to establish wherever host plants are grown. Boxwood scale receives a High(3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California, or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Pinnaspis buxi feeds on a wide variety of plants in at least 44 families. It receives a High(3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Scale insects have high reproductive rates. They may spread long distances when host plants are moved. Furthermore, they may spread by wind or by hitchhiking on clothing, animals, or equipment. Pinnaspis buxi receives a High(3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Despite the worldwide distribution and polyphagous nature of Pinnaspis buxi it does not appear to be documented as causing economic damage. Nevertheless, it is listed as a quarantine pest by several nations so it has the potential to trigger a loss of markets. Furthermore, it may increase production costs in citrus and in nursery industries as growers may treat to ensure fruit or plant cleanliness. Pinnaspis buxi receives a Medium(2) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Pinnaspis buxi is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. It is not expected to directly affect threatened or endangered species or disrupt critical habitats. The scale may trigger additional chemical treatment programs by the citrus and nursery industries and by residents who find infested plants unsightly. It is not expected to significantly impact cultural practices, home/urban gardening, or ornamental plantings. Boxwood scale receives a Medium(2) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Pinnaspis buxi (Boxwood Scale): High(13)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Pinnaspis buxi has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High(13)

Uncertainty:

Pinnaspis buxi is commonly intercepted. It is likely that the scale has entered California many other times and escaped detection. There have been no formal surveys for this scale in the state. It is therefore possible that it could be present in some locations in California.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Pinnaspis buxi is a polyphagous scale that may has never been found in the environment of California. If it were to enter the state, it could be expected to have economic impacts in the nursery and citrus industries. It may also have environmental impacts by triggering new chemical treatments. An “A”-rating is justified.

References:

¹Miller, Dug, Yair Ben-Dov, Gary Gibson, and Nate Hardy. ScaleNet.

http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Pinnaspis%20buxi/

²SEL Catalog query results: http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/catalogs/diaspidi/Pinnaspisbuxi.htm

³ USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Mango Shield Scale | Milviscutulus mangiferae (Green)

September 23, 2016 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Milviscutulus mangiferae (Green): Mango Shield Scale

Hemiptera: Coccidae

Pest Rating: A

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

Since 1991 Milviscutulus mangiferae has been regularly intercepted by CDFA’s border stations and dog teams. This scale insect presently has a temporary rating of “Q”. A pest rating proposal is needed to establish a permanent pest rating.

History & Status:

Background: Milviscutulus mangiferae is a highly polyphagous scale insect that feeds on a wide variety of plants. Known hosts include: Anacardiaceae: Campnosperma brevipetiolata¹, Gluta turtur¹, mango (Mangifera indica¹, Mangifera sp.¹); Annonaceae: susung-kalabaw (Uvaria rufa¹); Apocynaceae: Adenium sp.², Alstonia spectabilis¹, Alyxia sp.², Plumeria sp.¹, yellow oleander (Thevetia peruviana¹); Araceae: elephant ear (Caladium sp.¹), Colocasia sp.², Diffenbachia sp.², Epipremnum sp.¹; Araliaceae: Meryta macrophylla¹, Schefflera sp.¹; Arecaceae: Chamaedorea sp.², coconut (Cocos nucifera¹), fruit salad plant (Monstera deliciosa¹); Asparagaceae: ti (Cordyline terminalis¹), Cordyline fruticosa¹; Dracaena sp.²; Asteraceae: Wedelia biflora¹; Bignoniaceae: Spathodea sp.²; Bixaceae: achiote (Bixa orellana¹); Boraginaceae: Cordia myxa¹; Bromeliaceae: pineapple (Ananas sp.¹); Caricaceae: papaya (Carica papaya¹); Combretaceae: Terminalia complanata¹, Terminalia brassii¹, tropical almond (Terminalia catappa¹); Convolvulaceae: woodrose (Merremia sp.¹); Elaeocarpaceae: Elaeocarpus sp.¹; Euphorbiaceae: Breynia cernua¹, croton (Codiaeum variegatum¹); Pimelodendron amboinicum¹; Fabaceae: Gliricidia sp.¹; Flagellariaceae: Flagellaria sp.¹; Gnetaceae: paddy oats (Gnetum gnemon¹); Lauraceae: cinnamon (Cinnamomum sp.¹); Chinese cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia¹), cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanica¹), Laurus sp.², Litsea zeylanica¹, avocado (Persea americana¹); Malpighiaceae: wild crapemyrtle (Malpighia glabra¹); Malvaceae: Hibiscus sp.¹; Meliaceae: Lansium sp.²; Moraceae: jackfruit (Artocarpus integrifolia¹), Artocarpus sp.¹, breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis¹), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus¹), Artocarpus integra¹, Hauli tree (Ficus septica¹), Ficus sp.¹; Ficus gibbosa¹, Ficus glandulifera¹, Ficus theophrastoides¹, dye fig (Ficus tinctoria¹), lechechiva (Pseudolmedia havanensis¹); Musaceae: banana (Musa sp.²); Myristicaceae: Gymnacranthera sp.¹, nutmeg (Myristica moschata¹); Myrtaceae: Callistemon sp.², Decaspermum sp.¹, lemon eucalyptus (Eucalyptus citriodora¹), rainbow eucalyptus (Eucalyptus deglupta¹), malay apple (Eugenia malaccensis¹), clove (Eugenia caryophyllata¹), rotra (Eugenia jambolona¹), jambos (Eugenia jambos¹), Eugenia parkeri¹, Eugenia sp.¹, rose apple (Eugenia aquea¹), white stopper (Eugenia axillaris¹), Jambosa sp.¹, myrtle (Myrtus sp.²), common guava (Psidium guajava¹), costa rican guava (Psidium friedrichsthalianum¹), rose myrtle (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa¹); Oleaceae: Jasminum trifoliatum¹; Opiliaceae: false olive (Champereia manillana¹); Orchidaceae: alien orchid (Dendrobium spectabile¹), vanilla (Vanilla sp.¹); Phyllanthaceae: bishop wood (Bischofia javanica¹); Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum sp.²; Primulaceae: Parathesis cubana¹, Rapanea quianensis¹; Rhizophoraceae: Gynotroches axilaris¹, Rhizophora apiculata¹, red mangrove (Rhizophora mucronata¹); Rosaceae: Rosa sp.²; Rubiaceae: Bouvardia sp.², Gardenia florida¹, jungle geranium (Ixora coccinea¹), noni (Morinda citrifolia¹), Platanocephalus chinensis¹, Platanocephalus morindaefolius¹, Psychotria elyptica¹, Psychotria rubra¹, Timonius sp.¹; Rutaceae: lemon (Citrus limon¹), orange (Citrus sinensis¹); Sapindaceae: ackee (Blighia sapida¹), Dimocarpus sp.², Guioa sp.¹; Sapotaceae: Palaquium formosanum¹, Pometia pinnata¹; Solanaceae: Cuban raintree (Brunfelsia nitida¹); Strelitziaceae: Strelitzia sp.¹; Verbenaceae: Vitex pubescens¹; Zingiberaceae: ginger (Zingiber sp.). Milviscutulus mangiferae may spread long distances on infested plants and plant material from this extensive host list.

Worldwide Distribution: Milviscutulus mangiferae is widespread in the Australasian, Afrotropical, Oriental, and Neotropical regions¹. It has also been found in Israel¹, Japan¹, and Hawaii¹. In North America the scale has been found in Mexico, Florida, and Texas¹.

Official Control: Milviscutulus mangiferae is considered a quarantine pest by Japan and the Republic of Korea³.

California Distribution: Milviscutulus mangiferae has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions: Milviscutulus mangiferae has been regularly intercepted by CDFA since 1991, most commonly on shipments of mango (Mangifera indica) and ti leaves (Cordyline terminalis) from Florida and Hawaii. The scale insect was found on Schefflera sp. plants at a nursery in Oxnard (Ventura County) in 2003 (PDR 1266877). It was found on mango and cherimoya plants at a nursery in Bonita (San Diego County) in October 2013 (PDRs 370P06143908, 370P06143909, 370P06144251, 370P06144252, 370P06144253) and again May 2014 (PDRs 370P06228020, 370P06228022).

The risk Milviscutulus mangiferae (mango shield scale) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: The distribution of Milviscutulus mangiferae is primarily tropical. However, it is found in at least one nation with a Mediterranean climate similar to that of California (Israel¹). Host plants are commonly grown in the warmer parts of California and the scale insect is likely to establish in these areas. Milviscutulus mangiferae receives a Medium(2) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Milviscutulus mangiferae feeds on a wide variety of plants in at least 44 plant families. It receives a High(3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Milviscutulus mangiferae has a high reproductive rate and three generations per year¹. Scales may be moved long distances in commerce of infested plants or plant parts and may be dispersed locally by wind or by hitchhiking on clothing, animals, or equipment. Milviscutulus mangiferae receives a High(3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Milviscutulus mangiferae can damage fruit by contaminating it with honeydew, leading to the growth of sooty mold⁴. Heavy infestations may reduce plant vigor and leaf size, causing yellowing of leaves, leaf drop, and dieback⁴. This damage could reduce fruit yields. The presence of this scale may increase production costs in orchards and nurseries as some growers are likely to treat. The scale insect also has the potential to disrupt markets by disfiguring citrus and avocado fruit as well as nursery stock. Milviscutulus mangiferae receives a High(3) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Milviscutulus mangiferae is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. It may feed on the endangered small-leave rose (Rosa minutifolia). The scale is not expected to disrupt critical habitats. It may trigger additional private treatment programs by fruit production and nursery industries and by residents who find infested plants unsightly. Milviscutulus mangiferae feeds on a wide variety of plants that are grown as ornamentals and, in the absence of its natural enemies, may have a significant impact on them. The scale receives a High(3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Milviscutulus mangiferae (mango shield scale): High(14)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Milviscutulus mangiferae has never been detected in the environment of California and receives a Not established(0) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High(14)

Uncertainty:

It is possible that this insect will be managed by existing management practices in fruit production and nursery industries.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Milviscutulus mangiferae has not been found in the environment of California. Its entry into the environment of the state may have significant economic and environmental impacts. An “A” rating is justified.

References:

¹Miller, Dug, Yair Ben-Dov, Gary Gibson, and Nate Hardy. ScaleNet.

http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Milviscutulus%20mangiferae/

²SEL Catalog.

http://idtools.org/id/scales/factsheet.php?name=6894

³USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

⁴Grimshaw, Judy F. and John F. Donaldson. 2007. New records of mango shield scale Milviscutulus mangiferae (Green) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) and Brevennia rehi (Lindinger) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in north Queensland. Australian Journal of Entomology 46: 96-98. http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/fiji/pdf/grimshaw-donaldson2007.pdf

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Lesser Snow Scale | Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley)

September 23, 2016 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley): Lesser Snow Scale

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Pest Rating: A

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

Pinnaspis strachani is frequently intercepted by CDFA. A pest rating proposal is required to support the permanent pest rating.

History & Status:

Background: Pinnaspis strachani is a highly polyphagous armored scale insect that feeds on a wide variety of plants. Known hosts include: Acanthaceae: Justicia sp.¹, Thunbergia grandiflora¹; Amaryllidaceae: Agave fourcroytes¹, Crinum sp.¹, Crinum asiaticum¹, Eucharis sp.¹, Polianthes tuberosa¹; Anacardiaceae: Anacardium occidentale¹, Mangifera sp.¹, Mangifera odorata¹, Mangifera indica¹; Annonaceae: Annona muricata¹, Annona squamosa¹, Annona sp.¹, Annona reticulata¹, Cananga odorata¹, Polyalthia longifolia¹, Uvaria sp.¹; Apocynaceae: Calotropis procera¹, Nerium sp.¹, Pachypodium sp.¹, Parsonsia sp.¹, Plumeria sp.¹, Plumeria alba¹, Plumeria rubra¹, Plumeria tuberculata¹, Vallesia glabra¹; Araceae: Colocasia esculenta¹, Rhaphidophora sp.¹; Araliaceae: Arailia sp.¹, Schefflera sp.¹, Arecaceae: Acanthophoenix sp.¹, Attalea gomphocarpa¹, Chamaerops , Chrysalidocarpus sp.¹, Cocos nucifera¹, Cocos sp.¹, Elaeis guineensis¹, Heterospathe sp.¹, Howea sp.¹, Kentia sp.¹, Latania sp.¹, Licuala sp.¹, Livistona sp.¹, Phoenix dactylifera¹, Rhapis sp.¹, Roystonea regia¹, Sabal sp.¹, Thrinax sp.¹, Trachycarpus sp.¹, Veitchia joannis¹, Verschaffeltia¹; Asparagaceae: Agave sisalana¹, Agave americana¹, Cordyline sp.¹, Dracaena sp.¹, Furcraea gigantea¹, Liriope sp.¹, Yucca sp.¹; Asteraceae: Chrysanthemum indicum¹, Fitchia sp.¹, Psiadia sp.¹, Scalesia incisa¹, Scalesia affinis¹; Boraginaceae: Coldenia fusca¹, Cordia lutea¹, Cordia alba¹, Cordia macrostachya¹, Heliotropium arborescens¹, Messerschmidia argentea¹, Tournefortia sp.¹, Tournefortia argentea¹; Brassicaceae: Thelypodium sp.¹, Bromeliaceae: Ananas comosus¹, Bromelia sp.¹; Cannaceae: Canna indica¹; Combretaceae: Conocarpus erecta¹, Terminalia sp.¹, Terminalia catappa¹, Terminalia calamansanay¹, Terminalia complanata¹; Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea batatas¹, Ipomoea grandiflora¹; Crassulaceae: Bryophyllum pinnata¹; Cucurbitaceae: Benincasa cerifera¹, Cucurbita sp.¹, Cucurbita maxima¹, Cucurbita pepo¹, Sechium sp.¹, Sechium edulis¹, Trichosanthes sp.¹; Cycadaceae: Cycas sp.¹, Cycas revoluta¹, Dioon edule¹, Zamia sp.¹; Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea alata¹, Dioscorea bulbifera¹, Dioscorea sp.¹, Ebenaceae: Diospyros chloroxylon¹, Diospyros kaki¹; Elaeocarpaceae: Muntingia calabura¹; Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha wilkesiana¹, Aleurites moluccana¹, Chamaesyce amplexicaulis¹, Croton lucidus¹, Croton sp.¹, Euphorbiaceae heterophylla¹, Euphorbiaceae sp.¹, Euphorbiaceae nivulia¹, Euphorbiaceae pulcherrima¹, Excoecaria agallocha¹, Hevea brasiliensis¹, Hippomane mancinella¹, Jatropha curcas¹, Manihot sp.¹, Manihot esculenta¹, Pedilanthus sp.¹, Ricinus communis¹; Fabaceae: Acacia melanoxylon¹, Albizia stipulata¹, Albizia sp.¹, Bahuinia variegata¹, Bauhinia sp.¹, Bauhinia pauletia¹, Bauhinia purpurea¹, Bauhinia sp.¹, Caesalpinia sp.¹, Caesalpinia pulcherrima¹, Caesalpinia crista¹, Cajanus indicus¹, Cajanus sp.¹, Cajanus cajan¹, Canavalia microcarpa¹, Cassia alata¹, Cassia tora¹, Cassia occidentalis¹, Crotalaria usaramoensis¹, Crotalaria hirsuta¹, Crotalaria sp.¹, Delonix regia¹, Desmodium lasiocarpum¹, Enterolobium cyclocarpum¹, Erythrina subumbrans¹, Erythrina sp.¹, Erythrina poeppigiana¹, Erythrina lithosperma¹, Erythrina indica¹, Erythrina glauca¹, Galactia striata¹, Inocarpus fagiferus¹, Intsia bijuga¹, Lablab purpureus¹, Leucaena leucocephala¹, Lonchocarpus pentaphyllus¹, Macroptilium lathyroides¹, Mimosa pigra¹, Mimosa pudica¹, Phaseolus vulgaris¹, Pithecolobium saman¹, Prosopis sp.¹, Pueraria thunbergiana¹, Samanea saman¹, Sophora tomentosa¹, Wistaria sp.¹; Geraniaceae: Geranium sp.¹, Pelargonium radula¹, Pelargonium zonale¹; Gesneriaceae: Saintpaulia sp.¹; Heliconiaceae: Heliconia sp.¹; Hernandiaceae: Hernandia ovigera¹, Hernandia peltata¹; Lamiaceae: Ocimum gratissimum¹; Lauraceae: Cassytha filiformis¹, Cinnamomum camphora¹, Persea americana¹; Lecythidaceae: Barringtonia sp.¹, Barringtonia asiatica¹, Barringtonia thurstonii¹, Barringtonia butonica¹; Liliaceae: Aloe sp.¹, Asparagus officinalis¹, Asparagus sprengeri¹, Asparagus plumosus¹, Cordyline terminalis¹, Ophiopogon japonicus¹, Ophiopogon intermedius¹, Rhipogonum scandens¹, Sansevieria metallica¹, Sansevieria sp.¹, Yucca gloriosa¹; Lythraceae: Lagerstroemia indica¹, Punica granatum¹; Magnoliaceae: Magnolia grandiflora¹; Malvaceae: Abutilon hybridum¹, Abutilon sp.¹, Althaea officinalis¹, Bastardia vicosa¹, Ceiba sp.¹, Ceiba pentrandra¹, Dombeya sp.¹, Gossypium sp.¹, Gossypium hirsutum¹, Gossypium barbadense¹, Gossypium arboreum¹, Guazuma ulmifolia¹, Hibiscus sp.¹, Hibiscus syriacus¹, Hibiscus tiliaceus¹, Hibiscus sabdariffa¹, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis¹, Hibiscus mutabilis¹, Hibiscus manihot¹, Hibiscus esculentus¹, Malvastrum americanum¹, Malvaviscus arboreus¹, Ochroma sp.¹, Pachira insignis¹, Sida sp.¹, Sida acuta¹, Sterculia sp.¹, Thespesia sp.¹, Thespesia propulnea¹, Triumfetta semitriloba¹, Urena lobata¹, Vitis vinifera¹, Waltheria ovata¹; Marantaceae: Calathea zebrina¹, Maranta sp.¹; Meliaceae: Cedrela salvadorensis¹, Melia azedarach¹; Menispermaceae: Cissampelos pareira¹; Moraceae: Artocarpus heterophyllus¹, Artocarpus altilis¹, Ficus carica¹, Ficus palmata¹, Morus nigra¹; Moringaceae: Moringa oleifera¹; Musaceae: Musa sp.¹, Musa sapientum¹; Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus grandis¹; Nyctaginaceae: Bougainvillea sp.¹, Cryptocarpus pyriformis¹; Ochnaceae: Lophira alata¹; Olacaceae: Schoepfia sp.¹, Oleaceae: Jasminum grandifolium¹, Jasminum sambac¹; Orchidaceae: Aerides¹, Cymbidium sp.¹, Cypripedium sp.¹, Dendrobium sp.¹, Odontoglossum sp.¹, Orchis sp.¹, Paphiopedilum insigne¹, Phalaenopsis sp.¹, Renanthera sp.¹, Rhynchostylis sp.¹, Trichoglottis sp.¹; Pandanaceae: Pandanus sp.¹, Pandanus odoratissimus¹; Passifloraceae: Passiflora edulis¹; Piperaceae: Piper nigrum¹; Poaceae: Cenchrus ciliaris¹, Cenchrus glauca¹, Cymbopogon sp.¹, Cynodon dactylon¹, Panicum sp.¹; Polygonaceae: Antigonon sp.¹, Antigonon leptopus¹, Coccoloba sp.¹, Polygala sancti-georgii¹, Polygala galapageia¹, Polygala andersonnii¹, Polygonum glabrum¹; Polypodiaceae: Niphobolus fissus¹; Portulacaceae: Portulaca sp.¹, Proteaceae: Grevillea heliosperma¹, Grevillea robusta¹, Persoonia sp.¹; Pteridaceae: Asplenium nidus¹; Pteridophyta: Neottopteris rigida¹, Nephrolepis davalliodes¹, Platycerium grande¹; Rhamnaceae: Colubrina arborences¹, Scutia pauciflora¹, Ziziphus sp.¹, Ziziphus jujuba¹; Rhizophoraceae: Bruguiera gymnorhiza¹, Rhizophora mangle¹; Rosaceae: Prunus sp.¹, Prunus persica¹, Pyrus sp.¹; Rubiaceae: Genipa sp.¹, Morinda royoc¹, Morinda citrifolia¹, Randia sp.¹; Rutaceae: Aegle marmelos¹, Atlantia citrioides¹, Balsamocitrus paniculata¹, Balsamocitrus chevaliere¹, Balsamocitrus dawei¹, Casimiroa sp.¹, Citrus aurantifolia¹, Citrus unshiu¹, Citrus sp.¹, Citrus sinensis¹, Citrus paradisi¹, Citrus maxima¹, Citrus macrophylla¹, Citrus limon¹, Citrus grandis¹, Citrus aurantium¹, Feronia limonia¹, Feroniella pentaphylla¹, Limonia glutinosa¹, Limonia acidissima¹, Micromelum minutum¹, Murraya exotica¹, Murraya paniculata¹, Murraya koenigii¹, Zanthoxylum sp.¹, Zanthoxylum martinicense¹; Salicaceae: Salix chilensis¹, Salix sp.¹, Salix babylonica¹; Santalaceae: Viscum sp.¹; Sapindaceae: Dodonaea viscosa¹, Litchi chinensis¹, Melicoccus sp.¹, Melicoccus bijugatus¹, Sapindus sp.¹; Sapotaceae: Pouteria obavata¹; Solanaceae: Capsicum annuum¹, Capsicum sp.¹, Capsicum frutescens¹, Cestrum diurnum¹, Datura metel¹, Lycopersicon esculentum¹, Solanum seaforthianum¹, Solanum wendlandii¹, Solanum torvum¹, Solanum sp.¹, Solanum erianthum¹, Solanum melongena¹; Strelitziaceae: Ravenala madagascariensis¹, Strelitzia sp.¹; Symplocaceae: Symplocos sp.¹; Ulmaceae: Trema guineensis¹, Trema micranthum¹; Urticaceae: Laportea sp.¹, Soleirolia sp.¹; Verbenaceae: Clerodendron thomsonae¹, Gmelina arborea¹, Lantana involucrata¹, Stachytarpheta sp.¹; Vitaceae: Cissus sp.¹, Vitis sp.¹; Zingiberaceae: Alpinia purpurata¹, Zingiber officinale¹; and Manoranjitham sp.¹. Pinnaspis strachani may be spread long distances in the commerce of infested plants or plant parts.

Worldwide Distribution: Pinnaspis strachani is widespread in Australasian, Oceanic, Afrotropical, Oriental, and Neotropical regions¹. In North America it has been reported in Mexico, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas¹. It is also present in Hawaii.

Official Control: Pinnaspis strachani is listed as a quarantine pest by Honduras, Japan, New Zealand, and Taiwan³.

California Distribution: Pinnaspis strachani has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions: Pinnaspis strachani was intercepted 1,401 times by California between January 1, 2000 and December 12, 2014. Interceptions are most common on plants and fruit from Hawaii, Florida, and Costa Rica.

The risk Pinnaspis strachani (lesser snow scale) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Host plants are commonly grown as crops and ornamentals in California and Pinnaspis strachani is likely to establish wherever they grow. The scale receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California, or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Pinnaspis strachani is highly polyphagous. It is known to feed on hundreds of species of plants in at least 74 families. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Scale insects have high reproductive rates and may disperse long distances when infested plants or plant parts are moved. They may also be spread by wind or by hitchhiking on plants, animals, or equipment. Pinnaspis strachani receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Pinnaspis strachani is documented as a pest of many crops including citrus, olives, and cotton¹. Known hosts also include grapes, Prunus and avocado. The scale may lower yields in these crops and increase production costs by triggering new management programs. Pinnaspis strachani is also listed as a quarantine pest by several of California’s trading partners and therefore has the potential to trigger a loss of markets. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Pinnaspis strachani is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. The scale may directly affect threatened or endangered species including Thelypodium stenopetalum (slender-petaled thelypodium), Chamaesyce hooveri (Hoover’s spurge), Croton wigginsii (Wiggins’ croton), and Polygonum hickmanii (Scott’s valley polygonum). The scale is not expected to disrupt critical habitats. Pinnaspis strachani may trigger new chemical treatments in agriculture and by residents who find infested plants unsightly. The scale may also significantly impact a wide variety of ornamental plantings and home/urban gardens. Lesser snow scale receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Pinnaspis strachani (lesser snow scale): High (15)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Pinnaspis strachani has never been detected in the environment of California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High(15)

Uncertainty:

Pinnaspis strachani is commonly intercepted and presumably has remained undetected on other consignments. It may already be present in some localities in California or may have failed to establish.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Pinnaspis strachani (lesser snow scale) has never been found in the environment of California and can be expected to have significant economic and environmental impacts if it were to establish here. An “A”-rating is justified.

References:

¹Miller, Dug, Yair Ben-Dov, Gary Gibson, and Nate Hardy. ScaleNet.

http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Pinnaspis%20strachani/

²SEL Catalog query results: http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/catalogs/diaspidi/Pinnaspisstrachani.htm

³ USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

White Peach Scale | Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni)

September 23, 2016 Jason Leathers

White Peach Scale | Psuedaulacaspis pentagona

California Pest Rating for

Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni): White Peach Scale

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Pest Rating: A

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

Pseudaulacaspis pentagona is frequently intercepted by CDFA. A pest rating proposal is required to justify its pest rating.

History & Status:

Background: Pseudaulacaspis pentagona is a highly polyphagous armored scale insect. It is considered an important economic pest of peach trees and woody ornamentals and has destroyed many peach orchards in the southeast USA¹. Known hosts include: Acanthaceae: Acanthus sp.², Asystasia², Crossandra sp.²; Actinidiaceae: Actinidia arguta², Actinidia polygama², Actinidia sp.²; Amaranthaceae: Gomphrena sp.², Salicornia fruticosa²; Anacardiaceae: Mangifera sp.², Mangifera indica², Rhus sp.², Schinus sp.², Spondias sp.²; Apocynaceae: Allamanda cathartica², Allamanda grandiflora², Allamanda sp.², Asclepius sp.², Calotropis procera², Calotropis², Catharanthus roseus², Cynanchym perrieri², Ervatamia orientalis², Marsdenia clausa², Nerium oleander², Nerium sp.², Plumeria alba², Plumeria rubra², Plumeria sp.², Plumeria acutifolia², Rhynchospermum verticulatum², Rhynchospermum sp.², Tylophora asthmatica², Vinca rosea²; Aquifoliaceae: Ilex sp.², Ilex opaca²; Araceae: Philodendron sp.², Symplocarpus²; Araliaceae: Arailia sp.², Aralia spinosa², Aralia elata², Hedera sp.², Kalopanax septemlobus²; Arecaceae: Chrysalidocarpus lutescens², Cocos nucifera², Phoenix²; Asteraceae: Arctium sp.², Bahia fastigata², Helianthus sp.², Helianthus annuus², Mikania²; Berberidaceae: Berberis², Mahonia sp.², Betulaceae: Osmanthus ilicifolius², Osmanthus asiaticus², Ostrya²; Bignoniaceae: Bignonia², Catalpa ovata², Catalpa syringifolia², Catalpa vulgaris², Catalpa yunnanensis², Catalpa sp.², Catalpa bignonioides², Catalpa bungei², Tecoma sp.², Boraginaceae: Ehretia ovalifolia², Ehretia acuminata², Heliotropium peruvianum², Messersmidia argentea², Tournefortia argentea², Brassicaceae: Brassica willdenovii², Brassica rapa², Iberis sp.²; Cannabaceae: Trema sp.²; Capparaceae: Cleome spinosa²; Caricaceae: Carica papaya², Carica sp.²; Caryophyllaceae: Dianthus sp.²; Casuarinaceae: Casuarina²; Celastraceae: Euonymus alata², Euonymus sp.², Euonymus europaea², Orixa japonica²; Clusiaceae: Calophyllum sp.², Hypericum sp.², Mammea americana²; Convolvulaceae: Argyreia speciosa², Argyreia nervosa², Ipomea batatas², Ipomea purpurea², Ipomea sp.², Ipomoea tiliacea², Cornaceae: Cornus sp.²; Crassulaceae: Bryophyllum calycinum², Bryophyllum pinnatum², Kalanchoe nadijae², Kalanchoe orgyalis², Kalanchoe pinnatum², Kalanchoe sp.², Sedum sp.²; Cucurbitaceae: Citrullus vulgaris², Cucurbita sp.²; Cycadaceae: Cycas revoluta², Cycas media², Cycas sp.², Zamia²; Ebenaceae: Diospyros sp.², Diospyros kaki², Diospyros virginiana²; Elaeagnaceae: Elaeagnus²; Euphorbiaceae: Aleurites², Codiaeum sp.², Croton sp.², Euphorbiaceae sp.², Hevea², Jatropha gossypifolia², Jatropha curcas², Jatropha integerrima², Jatropha sp.², Macaranga sp.², Mallotus japonicus², Manihot sp.², Manihot esculenta², Pedilanthus tithymaloides², Poinsettia², Ricinus communis², Ricinus sp.², Sapium sebiferum², Sebastiana ligustrina²; Fabaceae: Acacia sp.², Acacia arabica², Albizia stipulata², Bauhinia sp.², Cajanus cajan², Cassia alata², Cercis sp.², Cercis canadensis², Crotaleria juncea², Crotolaria sp.², Cytisus scoparius², Cytisus nigricans², Erythrina poeppigiana², Erythrina indica², Erythrina glauca², Erythrina sp.², Genista sp.², Gleditschia triacanthos², Gleditschia sp.², Gleditschia ferox², Glycine max², Kennedya², Lespedeza sp.², Ononis sp.², Phaseolus vulgaris², Pueraria sp.², Robinia pseudoacacia², Sarothamnus², Sophora japonica², Vigna sp.²; Fagaceae: Castanea sp.², Castanea crenata², Quercus acutissima²; Geraniaceae: Geranium sp.², Pelargonium zonale², Pelargonium inquinans², Pelargonium sp.²; Ginkgoaceae: Ginkgo²; Grossulariaceae: Ribes sp.²; Hydrangeaceae: Hydrangea sp.²; Juglandaceae: Juglans regia², Juglans mandshurica², Juglans sp.², Juglans nigra², Pterocarya stenoptera²; Lamiaceae: Callicarpa sp.², Nepeta sp.²; Lauraceae: Cinnamomum², Sassafras sp.²; Liliaceae: Draceana sp.²; Loganiaceae: Buddleia davidii², Gelsemium sp.²; Loranthaceae: Loranthus sp.²; Lythraceae: Lagerstroemia flos-reginae²; Magnoliaceae: Magnolia sp.²; Malvaceae: Althaea rosea², Althaea sp.², Dombeya sp.², Firmiana simplex², Firmiana plantanifolia², Gossypium sp.², Gossypium brasiliense², Guazuma ulmifolia², Hibiscus sp.², Hibiscus diversifolius², Hibiscus esculentum², Hibiscus manihot², Hibiscus mutabilis², Hibiscus rosa-sinensis², Hibiscus tiliaceus², Malachra sp.², Malvastrum tricuspidatum², Montezuma speciosissima², Sida², Sterculia plantifolia², Sterculia sp.², Theobroma sp.², Tilia miqueliana², Triumfetta bartramia², Urena sinuata², Urena lobata²; Meliaceae: Cedrela sp.², Cedrela toona², Melia sp.², Melia azedarach²; Moraceae: Broussonetia sp.², Broussonetia kazinoki², Broussonetia papyrifera², Castilla sp.², Ficus sp.², Morus nigra², Morus rubra², Morus sp.², Morus alba², Morus indica², Morus bombycis²; Musaceae: Strelitzia²; Myrtaceae: Eugenia sp.², Psidium²; Oleaceae: Chionanthus virginicus², Fraxinus chinensis², Fraxinus excelsior², Fraxinus sp.², Jasminum sp.², Jasminum sp.², Ligustrum obtusifolium², Ligustrum japonicum², Ligustrum ibota², Ligustrum sp.², Osmanthus sp.², Syringa vulgaris², Syringa sp.²; Onagraceae: Fuchsia sp.²; Orchidaceae:, Ellaeanthus sp.², Stanhopea sp.²; Pandanaceae: Pandanus sp.²; Passifloraceae: Passiflora sp.², Passiflora edulis², Passiflora quadrangularis²; Piperaceae: Piper sp.², Piper umbellatum², Potomorphe umbellata²; Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum sp.²; Platanaceae: Phytolacca rivinoides², Platanocephalus indicus², Platanus²; Polygalaceae: Polygala²; Ranunculaceae: Clematis sp.², Delphinium sp.², Paeonia²; Rhamnaceae: Hovenia dulcis², Rhamnus alaternus², Rhamnus sp.², Rhamnus elaternum², Ziziphus sp.²; Rosaceae: Amygdalus communis², Amygdalus sp.², Amygdalus armeniaca², Amygdalus persica², Armeniaca², Cerasus², Cliffortia polygonifolia², Cotoneaster sp.², Cydonia sp.², Cydonia oblonga², Cydonia vulgaris², Kerria japonica², Malus pumila², Malus formosana², Malus sylvestris², Persica vulgaris², Photinia serrulata², Prunus sp.², Prunus mume², Prunus communis², Prunus domestica², Prunus laurocerasus², Prunus persica², Prunus yedoensis², Prunus subhirtella², Prunus sargentii², Prunus salicina², Prunus pseudocerasus², Prunus amygdaloides², Prunus armeniaca², Prunus avium², Prunus pognostyla², Prunus cerasus², Pyrus serotina², Rosa², Rubus², Sorbus commixta², Spiroea japonica², Stranvaesia niitakayamensis²; Rubiaceae: Bouvardia², Cinchona sp.², Galium sp.², Morinda citrifolia², Palicourea sp.²; Rutaceae: Citrus maxima², Citrus reticulata², Citrus sp.², Citrus aurantium², Evodia rutaecarpa², Zanthoxylum², Zanthoxylum piperitum²; Salicaceae: Flacourtia², Populus sp.², Populus sieboldi², Populus alba², Salix warburgii², Salix nigra², Salix kinuyanagi², Salix glandulosa², Salix chaenomeloides², Salix babylonica², Salix sp.²; Santalaceae: Phoradendron flavescens²; Sapindaceae: Acer², Aesculus pavia², Aesculus hippocastanum², Koelreuteria paniculata², Nephelium²; Sapotaceae: Sideroxilon marmulano²; Saxifragaceae: Deutzia scabra², Ribes rubrum², Ribes grossularia², Ribes sinanense²; Scrophulariaceae: Angelonia salicariaefolia², Buddleja sp.², Myoporum pictum², Paulownia tomentosa², Paulownia sp.², Scrophularia², Veronica²; Simaroubaceae: Ailanthus glandulosa², Picrasma quassioides²; Solanaceae: Capsicum grossum², Capsicum annum², Capsicum sp.², Datura suaveolens², Lycopersicon esculentum², Nicotiana tabacum², Solanum verbascifolium², Solanum rugosum², Solanum uporo², Solanum auriculatum², Solanum sp.²; Theaceae: Camellia sp.², Thea sinensis²; Ulmaceae: Aphananthe aspera², Celtis australis², Celtis sinensis², Trema lamarckiana², Trema micrantha², Ulmus campestris², Ulmus sp.², Zelkova serrata²; Urticaceae: Boehmeria sp.², Urtica dioica²; Verbenaceae: Callicaria superba², Callicarpa americana², Callicarpa lanata², Lantana sp.², Stachytarpheta indica², Stachytarpheta jamaicensis², Stachytarpheta dichotoma², Stachytarpheta mutabilis², Stachytarpheta sp.², Stachytarpheta urticifolia², Stachytarpheta urticaefolia², Verbena sp.², Verbena bonariensis²; Vitaceae: Quinaria², Vitis vinifera², Vitis sp.². White peach scale may be transported long distances when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved.

Worldwide Distribution: Pseudaulacaspis pentagona is believed to be native to Japan or China but has spread throughout much of the world¹. It is established in the east from Texas to Florida and as far north as Maine¹. It was first found in Hawaii in 1997¹.

Official Control: Pseudaulacaspis pentagona is listed as a harmful organism by Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bolivia, Chile, French Polynesia, Georgia, Honduras, Japan, Kazakhstan, Mexico, the Republic of Moldova, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam³_.

California Distribution: Pseudaulacaspis pentagona has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions: Pseudaulacaspis pentagona has been intercepted by CDFA’s high risk programs, dog teams, and border stations 408 times. Many of these interceptions have been on papaya and kiwi fruits from Hawaii and kiwi fruits from Italy.

The risk Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (white peach scale) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Due to its highly polyphagous nature and current establishment in a range of climates from Hawaii to Canada white peach scale can be expected to establish a widespread distribution in California. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Pseudaulacaspis pentagona is known to feed on hundreds of species of plants belonging to at least 76 families. Known hosts include many economically important crops. White peach scale receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Female Pseudaulacaspis pentagona lay an average of 80-100 eggs and have 2-4 generations per year¹. Scale insects can be transported long distances when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved. They may also disperse locally by crawling, wind, or by hitchhiking on clothing, equipment, or animals. White peach scale receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: If Pseudaulacaspis pentagona were to enter California it would be expected to lower the yields of many crops, especially stone fruit. It is likely to increase crop production costs. Many of California’s trading partners list white peach scale as a harmful organism, indicating that trade disruptions would be likely. White peach scale receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Pseudaulacaspis pentagona is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. It is likely to feed on multiple threatened or endangered plant species including Nevin’s barberry (Berberis nevinii), island barberry (Berberis pinnata insularis), and small-leaved rose (Rosa minutifolia). It is not expected to disrupt critical habitats. White peach scale would likely trigger additional official or private treatment programs in orchards, the nursery industry, and by residents who find infested plants unacceptable. It is also likely to significantly impact cultural practices, home/urban gardening, and a wide range of ornamental plantings. Pseudaulacaspis pentagona receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (White Peach Scale): High (15)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Pseudaulacaspis pentagona has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (15)

Uncertainty:

There have not been any recent surveys of California for white peach scale. It is possible it could be present at some localities.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Pseudaulacaspis pentagona has never been found in California and is likely to have major economic and environmental impacts if it were to enter the state. An “A” rating is justified.

References:

¹Branscome, Deanna. 2012. Common name: white peach scale. University of Florida Featured Creatures. http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/orn/scales/white_peach_scale.htm

² Miller, Dug, Yair Ben-Dov, Gary Gibson, and Nate Hardy. ScaleNet.

http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Pseudaulacaspis%20pentagona/

³ USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Bronze Bug | Thaumastocoris peregrinus Carpintero and Dellapé

September 21, 2016 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Thaumastocoris peregrinus Carpintero and Dellapé: Bronze Bug

Hemiptera: Thaumastocoridae

Pest Rating: B

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

In the summer of 2016 residents of Los Angeles County began to observe infestations of an unusual bug and shared images online¹. The images were tentatively labeled as Thaumastocoris peregrinus, an insect not known to be found in North America. Staff from Los Angeles County collected official specimens in follow-up surveys. The diagnosis was confirmed on July 29 (PDR 190P06060169). A pest rating proposal is required to determine a permanent pest rating.

History & Status:

Background: Thaumastocoris peregrinus is a sap-sucking insect that feeds on several dozen species of Eucalyptus and Corymbia¹. Infestations of the insect can lead to leaf loss, thinning tree canopies, and branch dieback¹. The bugs can be transported long distances when plants or fresh plant parts are moved.

Worldwide Distribution: Thaumastocoris peregrinus is thought to be native to Australia. From there it has spread to New Zealand², southern Africa², southern South America², Italy², Portugal², and Mexico⁴.

Official Control: Thaumastocoris peregrinus is listed as a harmful organism by Peru³.

California Distribution: Thaumastocoris peregrinus has only been found in Los Angeles County.

California Interceptions: Thaumastocoris peregrinus has never been found in any regulatory situations in California.

The risk Thaumastocoris peregrinus (bronze bug) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Eucalyptus trees are grown throughout much of California and Thaumastocoris peregrinus is likely to establish wherever they grow. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Thaumastocoris peregrinus feeds on several dozen species of plants in two genera in one plant family. It receives a Low (1) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Thaumastocoris peregrinus has a high reproductive rate. Each female lays an average of 60 eggs and can mature from egg to adult in 20 days². The insects can spread locally by crawling, by wind, or by hitchhiking on animals, clothing, or equipment. They can also be transported long distances when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved. Bronze bug receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Thaumastocoris peregrinus is not expected to lower any crop yields in California. It may increase the production costs of Eucalyptus and Corymbia nursery stock. Its presence may also disrupt commerce in nursery stock. Bronze bug is not expected to change cultural practices, vector other organisms, injure animals, or interfere with water supplies. It receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Thaumastocoris peregrinus is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. It is not expected to affect threatened or endangered species or disrupt critical habitats. Bronze bug might trigger additional chemical treatment of Eucalyptus and Corymbria in the nursery industry and by residents who find infested plants unsightly. Eucalyptus trees are common ornamental plants and are likely to be significantly affected by this pest. Thaumastocoris peregrinus receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Thaumastocoris peregrinus (Bronze Bug): Medium (12)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Thaumastocoris peregrinus is only known to be established in Los Angeles County. It receives a Low (-1) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: Medium (11)

Uncertainty:

There have not been any official surveys for Thaumastocoris peregrinus in California. It could be more widespread.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Thaumastocoris peregrinus appears to be established in Los Angeles County and is not under official control. Its establishment in the state is likely to have significant economic impacts to nurseries that produce and distribute Corymbia and Eucalyptus plants. It is also likely to have environmental impacts as it triggers new chemical treatments and significantly affects ornamental plantings. A “B” rating is justified.

References:

¹ http://bugguide.net/node/view/1236779/bgimage

² CABI Invasive Species Compendium http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/109741

³ USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

⁴Jiménez-Quiroz, Eduardo, Juan Manuel Vanegas-Rico, Oscar Morales-Martínez, Refugio Lomeli-Flores, and Esteban Rodríguez-Leyva. 2016. First Record of the Bronze Bug, Thaumastocoris peregrinus Carpintero & Dellapé 2006 (Hemiptera: Thaumastocoridae), in Mexico. Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology 32(1):35-39. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3954/1523-5475-32.1.35

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Pest Rating: B

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Spanish Moss Orthezia | Graminorthezia tillandsiae (Morrison)

September 21, 2016 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Graminorthezia tillandsiae (Morrison): Spanish Moss Orthezia

Hemiptera: Ortheziidae

Pest Rating: C

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

On August 1, 2016 Dr. Natalia von Ellenrieder identified a sample submitted by a resident of Santa Ana (Orange County) as Graminorthezia tillandsiae, Spanish moss orthezia. A pest rating proposal is required to determine a permanent pest rating for this insect.

History & Status:

Background: Graminorthezia tillandsiae is an ensign scale insect that feeds on Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides) and small ballmoss (Tillandsia recurvata)¹. It can be transported long distances when infested plants are moved.

Worldwide Distribution: Graminorthezia tillandsiae is native to Florida¹. It has been found in Georgia, Louisiana, Virginia, Guatemala, and Germany¹.

Official Control: Graminorthezia tillandsiae is not known to be under official control in any states or nations.

California Distribution: Graminorthezia tillandsiae has never been found in the environment of California except for one sample submitted by a resident of Santa Ana (Orange County).

California Interceptions: Graminorthezia tillandsiae was intercepted at nurseries in Orange County in 1993 and Ventura County in 1998.

The risk Graminorthezia tillandsiae (Spanish moss orthezia) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Spanish moss and small ballmoss only grow as epiphytes under very humid conditions. Graminorthezia tillandsiae only feeds on these hosts and is expected to establish in very limited circumstances in California. It receives a Low (1) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Graminorthezia tillandsiae only feeds on two species of plants in one family. It receives a Low (1) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: The biology of Graminorthezia tillandsiae is not well documented. It is assumed to have a high reproductive rate. It can rapidly spread long distances when infested plants are moved and receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: If Graminorthezia tillandsiae were to establish in California it is not expected to lower any crop yields. It could lower the value of Spanish moss and small ballmoss plants in the nursery industry by disfiguring them with its presence. It is not expected to disrupt markets, change cultural practices, vector other organisms, injure animals, or disrupt water supplies. Spanish moss orthezia receives a Low (1) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: If Graminorthezia tillandsiae were to establish in California it is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. It is not expected to affect threatened or endangered species or critical habitats. It could trigger new treatment programs in the nursery industry and by residents who find infested plants unsightly. It is not likely to significantly impact cultural practices, home/urban gardens, or ornamental plantings. Graminorthezia tillandsiae receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Graminorthezia tillandsiae (Spanish Moss Orthezia): Low (8)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: There have not been any official collections of Graminorthezia tillandsiae in California. It receives a not established (0) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: Low (8)

Uncertainty:

There have not been any surveys of residential gardens for Graminorthezia tillandsiae. It might be more widespread.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Graminorthezia tillandsiae is only expected to establish in the warmest and most humid areas of California where Spanish moss and small ballmoss plants are cultivated. Its economic and environmental impacts are expected to be limited to nurseries and residents with these ornamental plants. A “C” rating is appropriate.

References:

¹ García Morales M, Denno BD, Miller DR, Miller GL, Ben-Dov Y, Hardy NB. 2016. ScaleNet: A literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. doi: 10.1093/database/bav118. http://scalenet.info. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Graminorthezia%20tillandsiae/

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Pest Rating: C

Posted by ls

Diptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Allium Leafminer | Phytomyza gymnostoma Loew

September 21, 2016 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Phytomyza gymnostoma Loew: Allium Leafminer

Diptera: Agromyzidae

Pest Rating: A

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

On July 12, 2016 USDA inquired if states were interested in surveying for Phytomyza gymnostoma (Allium leafminer). A pest rating proposal is required to determine a permanent rating for this pest.

History & Status:

Background: Phytomyza gymnostoma is a leafmining fly that feeds on plants in the genus Allium including leeks (Allium porrum), onion (Allium cepa), garlic (Allium sativum), chive (Allium schoenoprasum), shallot (Allium cepa), and green onion (Allium fistulosum)¹. The flies overwinter as pupae in plant leaves or bulbs or soil¹. In Pennsylvania adult flies emerge from March through May and females lay eggs at the base of plant stems¹. Larvae mine leaves, moving into the base of leaves or bulbs to pupate¹. This feeding causes leaves to become distorted¹. A second generation of adults emerges in September and October¹. Adult females also puncture tissue to feed on the plants, opening them up to invasion by secondary decay organisms¹. Allium leafminer may be transported long distances when infested plants, bulbs, or soil is moved.

Worldwide Distribution: Phytomyza gymnostoma is native to Poland and Germany¹. It recently started to expand its range and has spread throughout Europe, to Turkey, Russia, and Turkmenistan¹. The flies were first detected in the Western Hemisphere in Pennsylvania in December 2015.

Official Control: Phytomyza gymnostoma is listed as a harmful organism by Chile, Costa Rica, and Peru³.

California Distribution: Phytomyza gymnostoma has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions: Phytomyza gymnostoma has never been intercepted by California.

The risk Phytomyza gymnostoma (Allium leafminer) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Phytomyza gymnostoma is expected to be able to establish a widespread distribution in California wherever Allium plants grow. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Phytomyza gymnostoma is only known to feed on plants in the genus Allium. It receives a Low (1) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Agromyzid flies have high reproductive potential and Phytomyza gymnostoma can rapidly spread long distances when infested bulbs are moved. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: California is the largest producing state in the U.S. of garlic, onions, and green onions. The state produces 90%+ of the commercial garlic, is the largest producer of processing onions, and is one of the top fresh market onion producers². Both garlic and onion crops are valued at $150-$300 million each annually². California also leads the nation in the production of green onions with a 2009 crop value of $28 million in Monterey and Riverside county alone⁴. If Phytomyza gymnostoma were to establish in California it is expected to lower crop yields and increase production costs of these crops, especially on organic farms. Infestation rates of 20 to 100 pupae per plant and 100% of plants in a field have been reported¹. Its presence in the state would likely affect markets for fresh garlic and onions. Growers in other places infested with Allium leafminer have changed cultural practices including delaying planting until after the leafminer flight, covering fall plantings, and separating crops by large distances¹. The leafminer is not expected to vector other organisms, injure animals, or interfere with water supplies. Phytomyza gymnostoma receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: If Phytomyza gymnostoma were to establish in California it is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. It is likely to affect threatened and endangered species such as Munz’s onion (Allium munzii) and Yosemite onion (Allium yosemitense). Allium leafminer would not be expected to disrupt critical habitats. It is likely to trigger additional treatment programs in agriculture and in residential gardens. Species of Allium are grown in home/urban gardens and would be significantly affected by this pest. Phytomyza gymnostoma receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Phytomyza gymnostoma (Allium leafminer): High (13)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Phytomyza gymnostoma has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (13)

Uncertainty:

Phytomyza gymnostoma is a new arrival to the Western Hemisphere and is a known pest. There is low uncertainty.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Phytomyza gymnostoma has never been found in California and is expected have significant economic and environmental impacts if it establishes in the state. An “A” rating is justified.

References:

¹ Fleisher, Shelby and Tim Elkner. 2016. Pest Alert – Allium Leafminer. Penn State Department of Entomology. http://ento.psu.edu/extension/vegetables/pest-alert-allium-leafminer

² California Garlic & Onion Research Advisory Board. http://www.cagarlicandonion.com/

³ USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

⁴ Smith, Richard, Michael Cahn, Marita Cantwell, Steven Koike, Eric Natwick, and Etaferahu Takele. 2011. Green Onion Production in California. UC Vegetable Research & Information Center Vegetable Production Series. http://anrcatalog.ucanr.edu/pdf/7243.pdf

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Insects, Mites & Earthworms, Lepidoptera

Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper): Golden twin-spot moth

August 4, 2016 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper): Golden twin-spot moth

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Pest Rating: A

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

May 6, 2015 the United States Department of Agriculture’s New Pest Advisory Group (NPAG) distributed a one-page notice highlighting the risk posed by Chrysodeixis chalcites. A pest rating proposal is required to support its permanent pest rating.

History & Status:

Background: Chrysodeixis chalcites is a highly polyphagous moth whose caterpillars primarily feed on foliage but may feed externally on fruit and internally in legumes¹. In many countries it is considered one of the most important Lepidopteran pests². It is an important pest of alfalfa, clover, corn, soybean, artichokes, tomato, sweet pepper, potato, other greenhouse and field fruits and vegetables, and ornamental plants². Eggs are typically deposited one or two at a time on the leaves of host plants¹. First instar larvae feed on the lower leaf surface¹. Later instars web leaves together and skeletonize them before consuming entire leaves¹. The last instar usually pupates on the underside of a leaf with folded edges but may pupate on fruit¹ or in soil². Partial host lists have been compiled by NPAG, CAPS, and CABI. Chrysodeixis chalcites is capable of long migratory flights and may be transported when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved.

Worldwide Distribution: Chrysodeixis chalcites is widespread in Africa, the Middle East, India, and the Mediterranean². Aided by wind it migrates to northern Europe². It has been present in Ontario, Canada since 2008. The moth has also been found in greenhouses in Ohio, Colorado, Louisiana, North Carolina, and Oregon². CDFA’s interception records indicate the moth may also be present in Hawaii and New York.

Official Control: Chrysodeixis chalcites is listed as a harmful organism by Colombia, Costa Rica, Japan, and the Republic of Korea⁴.

California Distribution: Chrysodeixis chalcites has not been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions: Chrysodeixis chalcites has been intercepted by CDFA 84 times. Interceptions have occurred on fresh herbs (oregano, basil, thyme, marjoram, saluyot, and ti leaves), cut flowers, and plants shipped from New York and Hawaii. At least some of these consignments originated in Israel. The moth was also found in one nursery inspection in Fresno County in 1990 (PDR 909394).

The risk Chrysodeixis chalcites (golden twin-spot moth) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Chrysodeixis chalcites has established and is widespread in latitudes between 45˚N and 35˚S. This encompasses all of California and the moth is expected to be capable of establishing a widespread distribution in the state. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Chrysodeixis chalcites is highly polyphagous and receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Each female Chrysodeixis chalcites can lay up to 1,060 eggs¹. The moths breed continuously throughout the year with 8 to 9 generations per year in Egypt¹. They are strong migratory fliers¹and may also spread long distances when infested plants, fruit, or soil are moved. Chrysodeixis chalcites receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Chrysodeixis chalcites is likely to reduce crop yields in California. The caterpillars feed on the leaves and fruit of tomato and may reduce yield 10-15%². It is expected to lower the value of fruit and nursery stock by feeding damage and contaminating it with its presence. Several of California’s trading partners list the moth as a harmful organism so there could be disruptions to fresh fruit, cut flower, and nursery stock exports. Chrysodeixis chalcites receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Chrysodeixis chalcites is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. It may feed on threatened and endangered species such as showy Indian clover (Trifolium amoenum), Pacific Grove clover (Trifolium polyodon), and Monterey clover (Trifolium trichocalyx). The moth is not expected to disrupt critical habitats. It may trigger new chemical treatment programs in agriculture and by residents who find defoliation unacceptable. Chrysodeixis chalcites receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

Consequences of Introduction to California for Chrysodeixis chalcites (Golden Twin-Spot Moth): High (15)

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Chrysodeixis chalcites has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (15)

Uncertainty:

Differentiation of Chrysodeixis chalcites and Chrysodeixis eriosoma requires molecular analysis. It is possible that Chrysodeixis chalcites could be established in some states where Chrysodeixis eriosoma is established. There have been no recent surveys for this pest in California so it might be present in some localities.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Chrysodeixis chalcites has not been found in California and is expected to have significant economic and environmental impacts if it establishes in the state. An “A” rating is justified.

References:

¹ Millar, Leah. 2013. NPAG Report Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper): Goldwn twin-spot moth, tomato looper. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/cphst/npag/downloads/Chrysodeixis_chalcitesNPAG_Report.pdf

² CAPS Factsheet Chrysodeixis chalcites. https://caps.ceris.purdue.edu/webfm_send/2046

³ CABI Invasive Species Compendium. Datasheet: Chrysodeixis chalcites (golden twin-spot moth). http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/13243

⁴ USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦ Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment:

Consequences of Introduction: 1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦ Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦ Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦ Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦ Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Insects, Mites & Earthworms, Lepidoptera

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick): Tomato Leafminer

August 4, 2016 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick): Tomato Leafminer

Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae

Pest Rating: A

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

A pest rating proposal is required to determine a permanent pest rating for Tuta absoluta (tomato leafminer).

History & Status:

Background: Tuta absoluta is a moth that feeds on the leaves and fruit of solanaceous plants. Known hosts include: Solanaceae: Capsicum annuum (pepper), Datura ferox (long spined thorn apple), Datura stramonium (Jimson weed), Lycium chilense (coralillo), Lycopersicum puberulum, Nicotiana glauca (tree tobacco), Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco), Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean), Physalis angulata (gooseberry), Physalis peruviana (cape gooseberry), Solanum americanum (American black nightshade), Solanum bonariense, Solanum elaeagnifolium (silverleaf nightshade), Solanum gracilius, Solanum hirtum, Solanum lycopersicum (tomato), Solanum muricatum (sweet cucumber), Solanum nigrum (black nightshade), Solanum melongena (eggplant), Solanum pseudo-capsicum (Jerusalem cherry), Solanum sisymbriifolium (sticky nightshade), Solanum tuberosum (potato)¹. Eggs are laid on all above ground parts of host plants¹. Young larvae mine leaves, stems, shoots, flowers, and developing fruit¹. Later instars may feed on mature fruit¹. Pupae can be found attached to all plant parts (leaves, stems, flowers, fruit) as well as in soil¹. Tuta absoluta can be transported long distances when infested plants, fruit, or reusable packing boxes are moved¹. Significant quantities of fresh host material from infested areas enters California by air through Los Angeles each year. In 2008 570 tons of fresh tomatoes were flown into Los Angeles from the Netherlands as were 14 tons from Spain and 6 tons from Chile¹.

Worldwide Distribution: Tuta absoluta is native to South America¹. Since 2008 it has invaded much of Europe, northern Africa, and the Middle East¹.

Official Control: Tuta absoluta is also listed as a harmful organism by Canada, Guatemala, Honduras, Japan, Georgia and the Russian Federation³. It is also under official control in Mexico⁴.

California Distribution: Tuta absoluta has never been found in California.

California Interceptions: Tuta absoluta has never been intercepted by CDFA.

The risk Tuta absoluta (tomato leafminer) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Tuta absoluta is likely to establish throughout southern California, the central coast, and the San Joaquin valley. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Tuta absoluta is known to feed on 22 species of plants in one plant family. It receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Tuta absoluta has high reproductive potential. It can complete 7-12 generations per year with each female laying up to 260 eggs¹. The moth can rapidly spread long distances when infested plants, fruit, or packing containers are moved. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Tuta absoluta reduces tomato yields by up to 100% and is considered one of the worst pests of processing tomatoes in Brazil¹. This moth has the potential to lower crop yields and increase production costs in California. If Tuta absoluta were to establish in California it is also likely to disrupt markets for California fresh fruit and plants. Tuta absoluta receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: If Tuta absoluta were to establish in California it is likely to trigger new treatment programs by growers and residents who find infested plants unacceptable. Tomatoes are one of the most popular plants in home/urban gardens and are likely to be significantly affected by this pest. Tuta absoluta receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

Consequences of Introduction to California for Tuta absoluta (Tomato Leafminer): High (14)

Add up the total score and include it here

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Tuta absoluta has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (14)

Uncertainty:

A closely related Gelechiid species, Keiferia lycopersicella (the tomato pinworm) occupies the ecological niche of the tomato leafminer in the United States^1,2. It is possible that existing treatments for tomato pinworm will preclude economic and ecological impacts of Tuta absoluta. Alternatively, it is possible that if Tuta absoluta were to establish in California it could displace our native moth, causing unknown ecological effects.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Tuta absoluta meets the threshold to likely cause unacceptable consequences of introduction and it has an overall likelihood of introduction risk rating above negligible. The moth is likely to have significant economic and environmental impacts if it were to establish in California. An “A” rating is justified.

References:

¹ Bloem, Stephanie and Esther Spaltenstein. 2011. New Pest Response Guidelines: Tomato Leafminer (Tuta absoluta). United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/manuals/emergency/downloads/Tuta-absoluta.pdf

² Poe, S.L. 1999. Common name: tomato pinworm. Scientific name: Keiferia lycopersicella (Walshingham) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). University of Florida Featured Creatures. http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/veg/tomato/tomato_pinworm.htm

³ USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

⁴ Dr. Julio Cesar Velázquez González. 2013. Operating instructions to implement the emergency device against Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelichiidae) in Mexico. Department of Plant Health Senasica. https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http://senasica.gob.mx/includes/asp/download.asp%3FIdDocumento%3D25489%26IdUrl%3D60944%26down%3Dtrue&prev=search

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦ Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment:

Consequences of Introduction: 1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦ Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦ Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦ Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦ Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.