Category Archives: Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Entomology: Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Spanish Moss Orthezia | Graminorthezia tillandsiae (Morrison)

Spanish Moss
California Pest Rating for
Graminorthezia tillandsiae (Morrison): Spanish Moss Orthezia
Hemiptera: Ortheziidae
Pest Rating: C
PEST RATING PROFILE
Initiating Event:

On August 1, 2016 Dr. Natalia von Ellenrieder identified a sample submitted by a resident of Santa Ana (Orange County) as Graminorthezia tillandsiae, Spanish moss orthezia.  A pest rating proposal is required to determine a permanent pest rating for this insect.

History & Status:

Background:  Graminorthezia tillandsiae is an ensign scale insect that feeds on Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides) and small ballmoss (Tillandsia recurvata)1.  It can be transported long distances when infested plants are moved.

Worldwide Distribution: Graminorthezia tillandsiae is native to Florida1.  It has been found in Georgia, Louisiana, Virginia, Guatemala, and Germany1.

Official Control: Graminorthezia tillandsiae is not known to be under official control in any states or nations.

California Distribution:  Graminorthezia tillandsiae has never been found in the environment of California except for one sample submitted by a resident of Santa Ana (Orange County).

California Interceptions:  Graminorthezia tillandsiae was intercepted at nurseries in Orange County in 1993 and Ventura County in 1998.

The risk Graminorthezia tillandsiae (Spanish moss orthezia) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction: 

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Spanish moss and small ballmoss only grow as epiphytes under very humid conditions. Graminorthezia tillandsiae only feeds on these hosts and is expected to establish in very limited circumstances in California.  It receives a Low (1) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.  Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Graminorthezia tillandsiae only feeds on two species of plants in one family.  It receives a Low (1) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: The biology of Graminorthezia tillandsiae is not well documented.  It is assumed to have a high reproductive rate.  It can rapidly spread long distances when infested plants are moved and receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: If Graminorthezia tillandsiae were to establish in California it is not expected to lower any crop yields.  It could lower the value of Spanish moss and small ballmoss plants in the nursery industry by disfiguring them with its presence.  It is not expected to disrupt markets, change cultural practices, vector other organisms, injure animals, or disrupt water supplies.  Spanish moss orthezia receives a Low (1) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: If Graminorthezia tillandsiae were to establish in California it is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes.  It is not expected to affect threatened or endangered species or critical habitats.  It could trigger new treatment programs in the nursery industry and by residents who find infested plants unsightly.  It is not likely to significantly impact cultural practices, home/urban gardens, or ornamental plantings.  Graminorthezia tillandsiae receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

Consequences of Introduction to California for Graminorthezia tillandsiae (Spanish Moss Orthezia):  Low (8)

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: There have not been any official collections of Graminorthezia tillandsiae in California. It receives a not established (0) in this category.

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: Low (8)

Uncertainty:

There have not been any surveys of residential gardens for Graminorthezia tillandsiae.  It might be more widespread.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Graminorthezia tillandsiae is only expected to establish in the warmest and most humid areas of California where Spanish moss and small ballmoss plants are cultivated.  Its economic and environmental impacts are expected to be limited to nurseries and residents with these ornamental plants.  A “C” rating is appropriate.

References:

1 García Morales M, Denno BD, Miller DR, Miller GL, Ben-Dov Y, Hardy NB. 2016. ScaleNet: A literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. doi: 10.1093/database/bav118. http://scalenet.info.  http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Graminorthezia%20tillandsiae/

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Pest Rating: C

Posted by ls

Diptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Allium Leafminer | Phytomyza gymnostoma Loew

Allium Leafminer
California Pest Rating for
Phytomyza gymnostoma Loew: Allium Leafminer
Diptera: Agromyzidae
Pest Rating: A
PEST RATING PROFILE
Initiating Event:

On July 12, 2016 USDA inquired if states were interested in surveying for Phytomyza gymnostoma (Allium leafminer).  A pest rating proposal is required to determine a permanent rating for this pest.

History & Status:

Background:  Phytomyza gymnostoma is a leafmining fly that feeds on plants in the genus Allium including leeks (Allium porrum), onion (Allium cepa), garlic (Allium sativum), chive (Allium schoenoprasum), shallot (Allium cepa), and green onion (Allium fistulosum)1. The flies overwinter as pupae in plant leaves or bulbs or soil1.  In Pennsylvania adult flies emerge from March through May and females lay eggs at the base of plant stems1.  Larvae mine leaves, moving into the base of leaves or bulbs to pupate1.  This feeding causes leaves to become distorted1.  A second generation of adults emerges in September and October1.  Adult females also puncture tissue to feed on the plants, opening them up to invasion by secondary decay organisms1.  Allium leafminer may be transported long distances when infested plants, bulbs, or soil is moved.

Worldwide Distribution: Phytomyza gymnostoma is native to Poland and Germany1.  It recently started to expand its range and has spread throughout Europe, to Turkey, Russia, and Turkmenistan1.  The flies were first detected in the Western Hemisphere in Pennsylvania in December 2015.

Official Control: Phytomyza gymnostoma is listed as a harmful organism by Chile, Costa Rica, and Peru3.

California Distribution:  Phytomyza gymnostoma has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions:  Phytomyza gymnostoma has never been intercepted by California.

The risk Phytomyza gymnostoma (Allium leafminer) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction: 

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Phytomyza gymnostoma is expected to be able to establish a widespread distribution in California wherever Allium plants grow. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.  Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Phytomyza gymnostoma is only known to feed on plants in the genus Allium.  It receives a Low (1) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Agromyzid flies have high reproductive potential and Phytomyza gymnostoma can rapidly spread long distances when infested bulbs are moved.  It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: California is the largest producing state in the U.S. of garlic, onions, and green onions.  The state produces 90%+ of the commercial garlic, is the largest producer of processing onions, and is one of the top fresh market onion producers2.  Both garlic and onion crops are valued at $150-$300 million each annually2.  California also leads the nation in the production of green onions with a 2009 crop value of $28 million in Monterey and Riverside county alone4.  If Phytomyza gymnostoma were to establish in California it is expected to lower crop yields and increase production costs of these crops, especially on organic farms.  Infestation rates of 20 to 100 pupae per plant and 100% of plants in a field have been reported1.  Its presence in the state would likely affect markets for fresh garlic and onions.  Growers in other places infested with Allium leafminer have changed cultural practices including delaying planting until after the leafminer flight, covering fall plantings, and separating crops by large distances1.  The leafminer is not expected to vector other organisms, injure animals, or interfere with water supplies.  Phytomyza gymnostoma receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: If Phytomyza gymnostoma were to establish in California it is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes.  It is likely to affect threatened and endangered species such as Munz’s onion (Allium munzii) and Yosemite onion (Allium yosemitense).  Allium leafminer would not be expected to disrupt critical habitats.  It is likely to trigger additional treatment programs in agriculture and in residential gardens.  Species of Allium are grown in home/urban gardens and would be significantly affected by this pest.  Phytomyza gymnostoma receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

Consequences of Introduction to California for Phytomyza gymnostoma (Allium leafminer):  High (13)

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Phytomyza gymnostoma has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (13)

Uncertainty:

Phytomyza gymnostoma is a new arrival to the Western Hemisphere and is a known pest.  There is low uncertainty.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Phytomyza gymnostoma has never been found in California and is expected have significant economic and environmental impacts if it establishes in the state.  An “A” rating is justified.

References:

1 Fleisher, Shelby and Tim Elkner. 2016. Pest Alert – Allium Leafminer.  Penn State Department of Entomology.  http://ento.psu.edu/extension/vegetables/pest-alert-allium-leafminer

2 California Garlic & Onion Research Advisory Board.  http://www.cagarlicandonion.com/

3 USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD).  https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

4 Smith, Richard, Michael Cahn, Marita Cantwell, Steven Koike, Eric Natwick, and Etaferahu Takele. 2011.  Green Onion Production in California.  UC Vegetable Research & Information Center Vegetable Production Series.  http://anrcatalog.ucanr.edu/pdf/7243.pdf

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Insects, Mites & Earthworms, Lepidoptera

Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper): Golden twin-spot moth

tomato-looper-by-Paolo-Mazzei-Bugwood
California Pest Rating for
Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper): Golden twin-spot moth
Lepidoptera: Noctuidae
Pest Rating: A
PEST RATING PROFILE
Initiating Event:

May 6, 2015 the United States Department of Agriculture’s New Pest Advisory Group (NPAG) distributed a one-page notice highlighting the risk posed by Chrysodeixis chalcites.  A pest rating proposal is required to support its permanent pest rating.

History & Status:

Background:  Chrysodeixis chalcites is a highly polyphagous moth whose caterpillars primarily feed on foliage but may feed externally on fruit and internally in legumes1.  In many countries it is considered one of the most important Lepidopteran pests2.  It is an important pest of alfalfa, clover, corn, soybean, artichokes, tomato, sweet pepper, potato, other greenhouse and field fruits and vegetables, and ornamental plants2.  Eggs are typically deposited one or two at a time on the leaves of host plants1.  First instar larvae feed on the lower leaf surface1.  Later instars web leaves together and skeletonize them before consuming entire leaves1.  The last instar usually pupates on the underside of a leaf with folded edges but may pupate on fruit1 or in soil2.  Partial host lists have been compiled by NPAG, CAPS, and CABI.  Chrysodeixis chalcites is capable of long migratory flights and may be transported when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved.

Worldwide Distribution: Chrysodeixis chalcites is widespread in Africa, the Middle East, India, and the Mediterranean2.  Aided by wind it migrates to northern Europe2.  It has been present in Ontario, Canada since 2008.  The moth has also been found in greenhouses in Ohio, Colorado, Louisiana, North Carolina, and Oregon2.  CDFA’s interception records indicate the moth may also be present in Hawaii and New York.

Official Control: Chrysodeixis chalcites is listed as a harmful organism by Colombia, Costa Rica, Japan, and the Republic of Korea4.

California Distribution:  Chrysodeixis chalcites has not been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions:  Chrysodeixis chalcites has been intercepted by CDFA 84 times.  Interceptions have occurred on fresh herbs (oregano, basil, thyme, marjoram, saluyot, and ti leaves), cut flowers, and plants shipped from New York and Hawaii.  At least some of these consignments originated in Israel.  The moth was also found in one nursery inspection in Fresno County in 1990 (PDR 909394).

The risk Chrysodeixis chalcites (golden twin-spot moth) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:  

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Chrysodeixis chalcites has established and is widespread in latitudes between 45˚N and 35˚S. This encompasses all of California and the moth is expected to be capable of establishing a widespread distribution in the state.  It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.  Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Chrysodeixis chalcites is highly polyphagous and receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Each female Chrysodeixis chalcites can lay up to 1,060 eggs1.  The moths breed continuously throughout the year with 8 to 9 generations per year in Egypt1.  They are strong migratory fliers1 and may also spread long distances when infested plants, fruit, or soil are moved.  Chrysodeixis chalcites receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Chrysodeixis chalcites is likely to reduce crop yields in California.  The caterpillars feed on the leaves and fruit of tomato and may reduce yield 10-15%2.  It is expected to lower the value of fruit and nursery stock by feeding damage and contaminating it with its presence.  Several of California’s trading partners list the moth as a harmful organism so there could be disruptions to fresh fruit, cut flower, and nursery stock exports.  Chrysodeixis chalcites receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below.  Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Chrysodeixis chalcites is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes.  It may feed on threatened and endangered species such as showy Indian clover (Trifolium amoenum), Pacific Grove clover (Trifolium polyodon), and Monterey clover (Trifolium trichocalyx).  The moth is not expected to disrupt critical habitats.  It may trigger new chemical treatment programs in agriculture and by residents who find defoliation unacceptable.  Chrysodeixis chalcites receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A.  The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B.  The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C.  The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D.  The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E.  The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

Consequences of Introduction to California for Chrysodeixis chalcites (Golden Twin-Spot Moth):  High (15)

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Chrysodeixis chalcites has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (15)

Uncertainty:

 Differentiation of Chrysodeixis chalcites and Chrysodeixis eriosoma requires molecular analysis.  It is possible that Chrysodeixis chalcites could be established in some states where Chrysodeixis eriosoma is established.  There have been no recent surveys for this pest in California so it might be present in some localities.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Chrysodeixis chalcites has not been found in California and is expected to have significant economic and environmental impacts if it establishes in the state.  An “A” rating is justified.

References:

1 Millar, Leah. 2013. NPAG Report Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper): Goldwn twin-spot moth, tomato looper.  http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/cphst/npag/downloads/Chrysodeixis_chalcitesNPAG_Report.pdf

2 CAPS Factsheet Chrysodeixis chalcites.  https://caps.ceris.purdue.edu/webfm_send/2046

3 CABI Invasive Species Compendium.  Datasheet: Chrysodeixis chalcites (golden twin-spot moth). http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/13243

4 USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD).  https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦  Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment: 

Consequences of Introduction:  1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦  Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦  Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦  Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦  Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Insects, Mites & Earthworms, Lepidoptera

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick): Tomato Leafminer

tomato-leafminer-5431766-photo-by-Marja-van-der-Straten-bugwood
California Pest Rating for
Tuta absoluta (Meyrick): Tomato Leafminer
Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae
Pest Rating:  A
PEST RATING PROFILE
Initiating Event:

A pest rating proposal is required to determine a permanent pest rating for Tuta absoluta (tomato leafminer).

History & Status:

Background:  Tuta absoluta is a moth that feeds on the leaves and fruit of solanaceous plants.  Known hosts include: Solanaceae: Capsicum annuum (pepper), Datura ferox (long spined thorn apple), Datura stramonium (Jimson weed), Lycium chilense (coralillo), Lycopersicum puberulum, Nicotiana glauca (tree tobacco), Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco), Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean), Physalis angulata (gooseberry), Physalis peruviana (cape gooseberry), Solanum americanum (American black nightshade), Solanum bonariense, Solanum elaeagnifolium (silverleaf nightshade), Solanum gracilius, Solanum hirtum, Solanum lycopersicum (tomato), Solanum muricatum (sweet cucumber), Solanum nigrum (black nightshade), Solanum melongena (eggplant), Solanum pseudo-capsicum (Jerusalem cherry), Solanum sisymbriifolium (sticky nightshade), Solanum tuberosum (potato)1.  Eggs are laid on all above ground parts of host plants1.  Young larvae mine leaves, stems, shoots, flowers, and developing fruit1.  Later instars may feed on mature fruit1.  Pupae can be found attached to all plant parts (leaves, stems, flowers, fruit) as well as in soil1.  Tuta absoluta can be transported long distances when infested plants, fruit, or reusable packing boxes are moved1.  Significant quantities of fresh host material from infested areas enters California by air through Los Angeles each year.  In 2008 570 tons of fresh tomatoes were flown into Los Angeles from the Netherlands as were 14 tons from Spain and 6 tons from Chile1.

Worldwide Distribution: Tuta absoluta is native to South America1.  Since 2008 it has invaded much of Europe, northern Africa, and the Middle East1.

Official Control: Tuta absoluta is also listed as a harmful organism by Canada, Guatemala, Honduras, Japan, Georgia and the Russian Federation3.  It is also under official control in Mexico4.

California Distribution:  Tuta absoluta has never been found in California.

California Interceptions:  Tuta absoluta has never been intercepted by CDFA.

The risk Tuta absoluta (tomato leafminer) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction: 

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Tuta absoluta is likely to establish throughout southern California, the central coast, and the San Joaquin valley. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.  Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Tuta absoluta is known to feed on 22 species of plants in one plant family.  It receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Tuta absoluta has high reproductive potential.  It can complete 7-12 generations per year with each female laying up to 260 eggs1.  The moth can rapidly spread long distances when infested plants, fruit, or packing containers are moved.  It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Tuta absoluta reduces tomato yields by up to 100% and is considered one of the worst pests of processing tomatoes in Brazil1.  This moth has the potential to lower crop yields and increase production costs in California.  If Tuta absoluta were to establish in California it is also likely to disrupt markets for California fresh fruit and plants.  Tuta absoluta receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A.  The pest could lower crop yield.

B.  The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C.  The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D.  The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E.  The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F.  The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G.  The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: If Tuta absoluta were to establish in California it is likely to trigger new treatment programs by growers and residents who find infested plants unacceptable.  Tomatoes are one of the most popular plants in home/urban gardens and are likely to be significantly affected by this pest.  Tuta absoluta receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A.  The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B.  The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C.  The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D.  The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E.  The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

Consequences of Introduction to California for Tuta absoluta (Tomato Leafminer):  High (14)

Add up the total score and include it here

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Tuta absoluta has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (14)

Uncertainty:

A closely related Gelechiid species, Keiferia lycopersicella (the tomato pinworm) occupies the ecological niche of the tomato leafminer in the United States1,2.  It is possible that existing treatments for tomato pinworm will preclude economic and ecological impacts of Tuta absoluta.  Alternatively, it is possible that if Tuta absoluta were to establish in California it could displace our native moth, causing unknown ecological effects.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Tuta absoluta meets the threshold to likely cause unacceptable consequences of introduction and it has an overall likelihood of introduction risk rating above negligible.  The moth is likely to have significant economic and environmental impacts if it were to establish in California.  An “A” rating is justified.

References:

1 Bloem, Stephanie and Esther Spaltenstein. 2011. New Pest Response Guidelines: Tomato Leafminer (Tuta absoluta).  United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.  https://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/manuals/emergency/downloads/Tuta-absoluta.pdf

2 Poe, S.L. 1999. Common name: tomato pinworm. Scientific name: Keiferia lycopersicella (Walshingham) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).  University of Florida Featured Creatures.  http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/veg/tomato/tomato_pinworm.htm

3 USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD).  https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

4 Dr. Julio Cesar Velázquez González. 2013. Operating instructions to implement the emergency device against Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelichiidae) in Mexico.  Department of Plant Health Senasica.  https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http://senasica.gob.mx/includes/asp/download.asp%3FIdDocumento%3D25489%26IdUrl%3D60944%26down%3Dtrue&prev=search

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦  Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment: 

Consequences of Introduction:  1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦  Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦  Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦  Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦  Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating:  A

Posted by ls

Insects, Mites & Earthworms, Lepidoptera

Spodoptera eridania (Stoll): Southern Armyworm

southern-armyworm-1263059-photo-by-Central-Science-Laboratory-bugwood
California Pest Rating for
Spodoptera eridania (Stoll): Southern Armyworm
Lepidoptera: Noctuidae
Pest Rating: A
PEST RATING PROFILE
Initiating Event:

Researchers recently applied for a USDA permit to import 60,000 eggs and larvae of Spodoptera eridania into California for field research.  Florida reports that this moth is already found in California and of no consequence here1.  A pest rating proposal is required to support the current pest rating.

History & Status:

Background:  Spodoptera eridania is a polyphagous noctuid moth that feeds on the foliage, fruit, and flowers of a variety of plants1,2.  Adults and larvae are nocturnal.  Young larvae typically feed in groups on the undersides of leaves.  They often skeletonize leaves and can occasionally defoliate entire plants1,2.  As they mature they become solitary and readily bore into fruit1.  If food is scarce they will consume branches, stem tissue, and tubers near the surface of the soil1.  Agricultural crops that are damaged by the moth include avocado, beet, cabbage, carrot, citrus, collard, cowpea, eggplant, okra, peanut, pepper, potato, sunflower, sweet potato, tobacco, velvet bean, watermelon, and many ornamentals1.  The caterpillars also feed on many weeds but show a preference for pigweed (Amaranthus spp.) and pokeweed (Phytolacca americana)1.  Populations of the caterpillars sometimes build up in weedy areas then migrate to adjacent crops after favored weeds are consumed1.  The moth typically pupates in soil.  Spodoptera eridania is commonly intercepted in Europe on plants and tomato fruit2.  The moth is also a popular organism for research because it is easy to rear2 and has the potential to be spread long distances by researchers.

Worldwide Distribution: Spodoptera eridania is native to North, Central, and South America including the eastern United States as far north as Massachusets and as west as Texas1,2.  The only place it is known to have invaded is the Galapagos Islands2.

Official Control: Spodoptera eridania is listed as a harmful organism by Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Holy See (Vatican City State), Honduras, Hungary, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Montenegro, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Panama, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Svalbard and Jan Mayen, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Turkey, and the United Kingdom3.  The moth is listed as an A1 quarantine pest by the EPPO2.  In addition, all species of Spodoptera are listed as harmful organisms by Antigua and Barbuda, Bermuda, Japan, and Panama3.

California Distribution:  Spodoptera eridania has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions:  Spodoptera eridania has only been intercepted four times by CDFA on bell peppers, cilantro, tree fern, and Asparagus sperengeri from Florida.  There have been 859 interceptions identified as Spodoptera sp.  Some of these interceptions could also be Spodoptera eridania.

The risk Spodoptera eridania (southern armyworm) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction: 

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Spodoptera eridania is widespread across regions with a wide variety of climates. Southern armyworm would be likely to establish a widespread distribution in California and receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.  Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Spodoptera eridania is a generalist feeder on a wide variety of plants and receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Spodoptera eridania can complete a generation every 30-40 days under favorable conditions and each female lays a large number of eggs.  Adult moths may disperse locally by flying and caterpillars may crawl in large numbers to areas with better host plants.  Southern armyworm may also be transported long distances on infested plants or fresh plant parts or by scientists.  It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Although it is usually only a minor pest, southern armyworm does sometimes have damaging infestations to crops, especially tomatoes2.  Southern armyworm caterpillars may disfigure nursery stock with feeding damage and pupate in the associated soil, reducing the value of nursery stock.  Infestations do sometimes trigger treatments, which increase crop production costs.  Spodoptera eridania is listed as a harmful organism and quarantine pest by many nations and has the potential to disrupt markets for California’s fresh fruit and nursery stock.  Southern armyworm receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A.  The pest could lower crop yield.

B.  The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C.  The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D.  The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E.  The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F.  The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G.  The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Spodoptera eridania is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes.  It is not expected to affect threatened or endangered species or disrupt critical habitats.  It may trigger new treatment programs in agriculture and by residents.  It may also significantly affect many plants that are popular in home/urban gardens and ornamentals.  Southern armyworm receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A.  The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B.  The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C.  The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D.  The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E.  The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

Consequences of Introduction to California for Spodoptera eridania (Southern Armyworm): High (15)

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Spodoptera eridania has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (15)

Uncertainty:

Unidentified life stages of Spodoptera are frequently intercepted by CDFA.  Presumably they go undetected at other times and enter the state.  There have not been any recent formal surveys for Spodoptera eridania in California and it could be established in some localities.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Spodoptera eridania has not been found in California and it is likely to have significant economic and environmental impacts if it were to establish in the state.  An “A” rating is justified.

References:

1 Capinera, John L. 2014. University of Florida Featured Creatures. Common name: southern armyworm. http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/veg/leaf/southern_armyworm.htm

2 EPPO Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests: Spodoptera eridania. http://www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/insects/Spodoptera_eridania/PRODER_ds.pdf

3 USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD).  https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦  Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment: 

Consequences of Introduction:  1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦  Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦  Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦  Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦  Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Insects, Mites & Earthworms, Thysanoptera

Retithrips syriacus (Mayet): Black vine thrips

Black Vine ThripsCalifornia Pest Rating for
Retithrips syriacus (Mayet): Black vine thrips
Thysanoptera: Thripidae
Pest Rating: A
PEST RATING PROFILE
Initiating Event:

February 26, 2014, USDA distributed a Deregulation Evaluation of Established Pests (DEEP) report proposing to change the status of Retithrips syriacus, black vine thrips, from actionable to non-actionable for the continental United States.  The thrips would remain actionable for Hawaii, Guam, and the Virgin Islands.  The insect is currently unrated by CDFA, so a pest rating proposal is needed to determine future direction.

History & Status:

Background:  Retithrips syriacus breeds on the leaves of a variety of plants in 29 plant families including grapes, roses, cotton, and castor oil2.  It may spread through trade on leaves where it has been intercepted (rarely) on various species1.

Worldwide Distribution: Retithrips syriacus is widespread in Africa and western Asia1.  It has also been found in Brazil, Venezuela, and Puerto Rico1.  It was first detected in southern Florida in 19931.

Official Control: Costa Rica, Ecuador, Japan, Jordan, the Republic of Korea, Panama, and Peru list Retithrips syriacus on their harmful organism lists1.

California Distribution:  Retithrips syriacus has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions:  Retithrips syriacus has never been intercepted in California.

The risk Retithrips syriacus (black vine thrips) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction: 

1) Climate/Host Interaction: The present distribution of Retithrips syriacus corresponds to USDA plant hardiness zones 9-13, indicating that it may establish in much of California. The thrips receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.  Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Retithrips syriacus feeds and breeds on a variety of plants in at least 29 plant families.  The thrips receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Thrips are capable of rapid reproduction.  Retithrips syriacus may move long distances in trade on nursery stock or leaves, and may be spread by wind.  One of the hosts of Retithrips syriacus is castor oil plant.  Castor oil plant is common and very abundant in riparian areas of Southern California.  If the thrips were to enter this part of the state it is likely to spread rapidly throughout the region on this host.  The thrips receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Retithrips syriacus feeds and breeds on a wide variety of plants including economically important crops such grapes, cotton, and roses.  Although the thrips has not yet caused economic damage in tropical southern Florida1, the native distribution of the thrips tends more toward a Mediterranean climate more typical of California and the thrips may be predicted to be more damaging here. Retithrips syriacus has the potential to lower yield in these crops by feeding on leaves.  The thrips may also increase crop production costs by triggering additional management activities.  Retithrips syriacus is listed as a quarantine pest by multiple countries and USDA has proposed to keep the thrips actionable in Hawaii, Guam, and the Virgin Islands.  Therefore it is probable that if Retithrips syriacus were to establish in California, it would trigger a loss of markets. This would be expected especially for exports of California table grapes.  Retithrips syriacus receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Rosa is considered a host of Retithrips syriacus.  Small-leaved rose (Rosa minutifolia) is listed as an endangered species by California and could be directly affected by the thrips.  The presence of Retithrips syriacus may also trigger additional chemical treatments in agricultural production.  The thrips receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

Consequences of Introduction to California for Retithrips syriacus (Black vine thrips):  High (15)

Add up the total score and include it here.

 –Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Retithrips syriacus has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included. (Score)

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (15)

Uncertainty:

It is possible that Retithrips syriacus may be managed by existing IPM practices in agriculture.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Retithrips syriacus is expected to find favorable conditions in California where it may have significant economic and environmental impacts.  An A-rating is justified.

References:

1Baez, Ignacio.  2014.  Deregulation Evaluation of Established Pests (DEEP); DEEP Report on Retithrips syriacus (Mayet): Black vine thrips.

2Thrips of California http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/thrips_of_california/identify-thrips/key/california-thysanoptera-2012/Media/Html/browse_species/Retithrips_syriacus

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦  Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment: 

Consequences of Introduction:  1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦  Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦  Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦  Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦  Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls 

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel and Miller: Jack Beardsley mealybug

jackbeardsleymealybug-idtools-gallery
California Pest Rating for
Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel and Miller:  Jack Beardsley mealybug
Hemiptera:  Pseudococcidae
Pest Rating:  A
PEST RATING PROFILE
Initiating Event:

Since 1999 Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi has been regularly intercepted by CDFA’s border stations and dog teams.  This mealybug presently has a temporary rating of “Q”.  A pest rating proposal is needed to establish a permanent pest rating.

History & Status:

Background:  Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi is a highly polyphagous mealybug that feeds on a wide variety of plants.  Known hosts include:  Anacardiaceae: mango (Mangifera indica1), hog plum (Spondias sp.1); Annonaceae: custard apple (Annona sp.1), sugar-apple (Annona squamosa1,2), soursop (Annona muricata1), cherimoya (Annona cherimola1); Apiaceae: celery (Apium graveolens1); Apocynaceae: Fernaldia sp.1, wax plant (Hoya carnosa1), oleander (Nerium oleander1), Plumeria sp.1; Araceae: Malayan sword (Aglaonema simplex1), Chinese evergreen (Aglaonema sp.1), poison dart plant (Aglaonema commutatum1), Anthurium sp.1, Dieffenbachia sp.; Araliaceae: spikenard (Aralia sp.); Arecaceae: coconut (Cocos sp.1); Asparagaceae: Agave sp.1, ti (Cordyline terminalis2), Dracaena sp.1, Yucca sp.1; Asteraceae: Spanish needles (Bidens bipinnata1), jack in the bush (Chromolaena odorata (=Eupatorium odoratum1)), Chrysanthemum sp.2; Basellaceae: Indian spinach (Basella alba2); Begoniaceae: Begonia sp.1; Boraginaceae: black sage (Cordia curassavica1); Bromeliaceae: pineapple (Ananas comosus1); Cactaceae: Acanthocereus sp.1; Peruvian apple cactus (Cereus peruvianus1), Cereus sp.1, Coryphanta cubensis1, melon cactus (Melocactus sp.1), Rhipsalis mesembrianthemoides1; Caricaceae: papaya (Carica papaya1,2); Convolvulaceae: morning glory (Ipomoea sp.1), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas1); Cucurbitaceae: ivy gourd (Coccinia grandis1), cantaloupe (Cucumis melo1), Cucurbita sp.1, pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo1), chayote (Sechium edule1), Trichosanthes cumumesina; Dilleniaceae: Acrotrema cestatum1; Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha wilkesiana1, Aporusa aurita1, Chamaesyce sp.1, Codiaeum sp.1, Croton sp.1, sandbox tree (Hura crepitans1), Jatropha sp.1, Jatropha curcas1, cassava (Manihot esculenta1,2); Fabaceae: thorntree (Acacia sp.1), shyleaf (Aeschynomene americana1), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan1), Cajanus indicus1, logwood (Haematoxylum campechianum1), Mucuna sp.1, lima bean (Phaseolus limensis1), Pueraria javanica1, tamarind (Tamarindus indica1), Tamarindus sp.; Geraniaceae: geranium (Pelargonium sp.1); Gesneriaceae: purple martin (Streptocarpus sp.2); Heliconiaceae: Heliconia sp.1; Iridaceae: Iris sp.1; Lamiaceae: Coleus sp.1, mint (Mentha sp.1), basil (Ocimum sp.1), sage (Salvia sp.1); Lauraceae: avocado (Persea sp.1); Lythraceae: pomegranate (Punica granatum1); Malvaceae: cotton (Gossypium sp.1), Gossypium barbadense1, okra (Hibiscus exculentus1), kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus1), Hibiscus sp.1,; cacao (Theobroma cacao1); Moraceae: Ficus decora1, Ficus sp.1, Ficus tricolor1, mulberry (Morus sp.1); Moringaceae: Moringa oleifera1; Musaceae: latundan banana (Musa sapientum1), banana (Musa sp.1), Musa paradasiaca1; Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus sp.1, Eugenia sp.1, common guava (Psidium guajava1), guava (Psidium sp.1); Nephrolepidaceae: Nephrolepis sp.1; Nyctaginaceae: Bougainvillea sp.1; Oleaceae: star jasmine (Jasminum multiflorum2); Orchidaceae: Cattleya sp.1, Cycnoches sp.1, twisted dendrobium (Dendrobium tortile1), Dendrobium sp.1, Mormolyca balsamina1, venus slipper (Paphiopedilum sp.1); Piperaceae: black pepper (Piper nigrum1); Poaceae: lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus1), corn (Zea mays1); Polygonaceae: Rumex sp.1; Proteaceae: Macadamia sp.1; Rubiaceae: coffee (Coffea arabica1), Gardenia jasminoides1; Rutaceae: Citrus sp.1, key lime (Citrus aurantiifolia1), grapefruit (Citrus paradisi1); Sapindaceae: ackee (Blighia sapida1), lychee (Litchi chinensis1), Nephelium sp.1, rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum1); Sapotaceae: star apple (Chrysophyllum cainito1); Solanaceae: Capsicum sp.1, chili pepper (Capsicum fructescens1), bell pepper (Capsicum annuum1), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum1), cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana1), husk tomato (Physalis pubescens1), Solanum sp.1, eggplant (Solanum melongena1), potato (Solanum tuberosum1); Sterculiaceae: teabush (Melochia tomentosa1); Verbenaceae: Lantana sp.1, wild sage (Lantana camara1); Vitaceae: grapevine (Vitis sp.1); Zingiberaceae: red ginger (Alpinia purpurata1), ginger-lilies (Alpinia sp.1), Phaeomeria sp.1, ginger (Zingiber officinale1).  It is most common on banana, tomato, potato, pepper, and Hibiscus1.  The mealybug may spread long distances through commerce in infested plants and plant material.

Worldwide Distribution: Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi is presumably native to and widespread in the Neotropical region from Mexico south to Brazil1.  It has spread to many Pacific islands including Hawaii, and to southeast Asia1.  In the continental United States it has been found in Florida and Texas1.  It has even been found in Canada1.

Official Control: Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi is considered a quarantine pest by Chile, India, Japan, and Peru3.

California Distribution:  Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions:  Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi has been intercepted by CDFA 321 times since 1997, most commonly on basil leaves, nursery stock, and cut flowers.  The mealybug has not been found in any nurseries.

The risk Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi (Jack Beardsley mealybug) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction: 

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi feeds on a large variety of plants, many of which are grown in California. It is likely to establish wherever host plants are grown and receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.  Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi is highly polyphagous on a wide variety of plants in at least 49 plant families.  It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi has high reproductive potential.  Each female lays 300-600 eggs4 and they can complete many generations per year.  Mealybug crawlers may be dispersed locally by crawling, wind, or by hitchhiking on clothing, animals, or equipment.  They may also be moved long distances on infested plants or plant material.  Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi is injurious to plants in the absence of efficient natural enemies and has the potential to lower yields of many high-value California crops such as grapes, citrus, and tomatoes.  This mealybug may also lower the value of a wide variety of nursery stock by disfiguring plants with its presence and by the production of sooty mold.  It may also increase crop production costs as some growers may apply new treatments.  The mealybug is also considered a quarantine pest by several of California’s trading partners and could potentially disrupt markets for fresh fruit and nursery stock.  Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes.  Hoover’s spurge (Chamaesyce hooveri) and Wiggin’s croton (Croton wigginsii) are listed as endangered plants in California and are likely to be consumed by this mealybug.  The mealybug is not expected to disrupt critical habitats.  It could trigger new chemical treatments in agricultural industries and by residents who find infested plants unsightly.  Many of the mealybug’s hosts are popular ornamental plants and are likely to be significantly impacted, especially when grown as indoor houseplants with limited access to predatory insects.  Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

Consequences of Introduction to California for Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi (Jack Beardsley mealybug):  High (15)

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi has never been detected in California. CDFA has conducted several recent delimitations for exotic mealybugs that would have been likely to detect this mealybug due to its large host range and the high-risk locations of the survey.  It was not found in any of these surveys.  Furthermore, it has not been found in any nurseries.  Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi should be considered absent from California and receives a Not established(0) in this category.

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High(15)

Uncertainty:

It is possible that existing treatments for mealybugs will limit the impact of Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi in managed environments.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi has never been found in the environment of California and its entry to the state has the potential to have significant economic and environmental impacts.  An “A” rating is justified.

References:

1Miller, Dug, Yair Ben-Dov, Gary Gibson, and Nate Hardy.  ScaleNet.  http://scalenet.info/validname/Pseudococcus/jackbeardsleyi/

http://www.idtools.org/id/scales/factsheet.php?name=7007

2Shylesha, A.N. 2013.  Host range of invasive Jack Beardsley mealybug, Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel and Miller in Karnataka.  Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems 19(1):106-107  http://aapmhe.in/index.php/pmhe/article/viewFile/176/168

3USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD).  https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

4Mau, Ronald F.L. and Jayma L. Martin Kessig.  Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel and Miller.  Crop Knowledge Master.  Department of Entomology.  Honolulu, Hawaii.  http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/type/p_jackbe.htm

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦  Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment: 

Consequences of Introduction:  1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦  Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦  Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦  Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦  Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating:  A

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Mycetaspis personata (Comstock): Masked Scale

California Pest Rating for
Mycetaspis personata (Comstock):  Masked Scale
Hemiptera: Diaspididae
Pest Rating:  A
PEST RATING PROFILE
Initiating Event:

Mycetaspis personata is commonly intercepted at CDFA’s border stations and presently has a temporary Q-rating.  A pest rating proposal is required to assign a permanent pest rating.

History & Status:

Background:  Mycetaspis personata is a polyphagous armored scale insect that typically feeds on leaves1,2.  It has been considered a pest of citrus in Madeira and mango in Egypt1,2.  Known hosts include:  Anacardiaceae: Anacardium spp.1, mango (Mangifera indica1,2), Mangifera spp.1,2, Tapirira guianensis2; Annonaceae: Annona spp.1,2; Arecaceae: Areca spp.1,2, Chrysalidocarpus lutescens1,2, coconut (Cocos nucifera1,2); Cocos spp.1,2, latan palm (Latania sp.1,2); Phoenix spp.1,2, palmetto (Sabal spp.1,2), walking palm (Socratea exorrhiza)2; Bignoniaceae: Catalpa longisiliqua1,2; Bromeliaceae: Tillandsia spp.1,2; Fabaceae: Bauhinia spp.1,2; Guttiferae: Mammea americana2; Lauraceae: Persea spp.1,2; Malpighiaceae: Banisteria laurifolia1,2; Monimiaceae: Tambourissa spp.1,2; Moraceae: Cuban-laurel (Ficus retusa1,2), weeping fig (Ficus benjamina1,2), Ficus spp.1,2; Musaceae: Musa spp.1,2; Myristicaceae: Virola sebifera2; Myrtaceae: Eugenia spp.1,2, pineapple guava (Feijoa selloviana1,2); Oleaceae: jasmine (Jasminum spp.1,2); Rutaceae: Citrus spp.1,2; Sapotaceae: sapote (Achras sapota1,2); Theaceae: Japanese camellia (Camellia japonica1,2).  Mycetaspis personata may be transported long distances with infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved.

Worldwide Distribution: Mycetaspis personata has a widespread distribution in South America and the Caribbean1,2.  It has spread to several African and Asian nations and is established Mexico, Hawaii, and Florida1,2.

Official Control: Mycetaspis personata is listed as a harmful organism by Japan, the Republic of Korea, and Taiwan3.

California Distribution:  Mycetaspis personata has never been detected in the environment of California.

California Interceptions:  Mycetaspis personata is frequently intercepted by CDFA’s border stations and dog teams on fruit.  It is most often intercepted on mango, but has also been intercepted on other fruit including lime, coconut, and avocado.

The risk Mycetaspis personata (masked scale) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction: 

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Host plants of Mycetaspis personata are grown throughout California and the scale insect can be expected to establish wherever they are grown. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.  Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Mycetaspis personata is polyphagous on a wide variety of plants in at least 18 families.  It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Scale insects are capable of rapid reproduction and can be transported long distances when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved.  They may also disperse locally by crawling, wind, or by hitchhiking on clothing, equipment, or animals.  Mycetaspis personata receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Mycetaspis personata is considered a quarantine pest by several of California’s trading partners.  This insect could disrupt markets for Californian agricultural commodities if it were to establish in the state.  It may also increase crop production costs by triggering additional management practices to ensure that crops are free from the pest.  Mycetaspis personata receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Mycetaspis personata is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes.  It is not expected to directly affect threatened or endangered species or disrupt critical habitats.  It may trigger additional treatment programs in agriculture and by residents who find infested plants unsightly.  Masked scale may also significantly impact ornamental plantings.  It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

Consequences of Introduction to California for Mycetaspis personata (Masked Scale): High (14)

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Mycetaspis personata has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (14)

Uncertainty:  

There have been no recent formal surveys for scale insects in California.  It is possible that mask scale could be established in some localities.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Mycetaspis personata has never been found in California and may have significant economic and environmental impacts if it were to establish here. An “A” rating is justified.

References:

1 Miller, Dug, Yair Ben-Dov, Gary Gibson, and Nate Hardy.  ScaleNet.  http://scalenet.info/validname/Mycetaspis/personata/
http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Mycetaspis%20personata/

 2 SEL Catalog.  http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/catalogs/diaspidi/Mycetaspispersonata.htm

3 USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD).  https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦  Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment: 

Consequences of Introduction:  1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦  Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦  Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦  Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦  Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating:  A

Posted by ls

Insects, Mites & Earthworms, Thysanoptera

Hercinothrips bicinctus (Bagnall): Banana-silvering Thrips

California Pest Rating for
Hercinothrips bicinctus (Bagnall): Banana-silvering Thrips
Thysanoptera: Thripidae
Pest Rating:  B
PEST RATING PROFILE
Initiating Event:

In April 2016 the Banana-silvering thrips Hercinothrips bicinctus was found by a dog-team on a shipment of Passiflora leaves from San Diego County.  A trace-back survey found that the thrips were infesting passion flower vines in an outdoor garden at a residence.  A pest rating proposal is required to assign a permanent pest rating.

History & Status:

Background:  Hercinothrips bicinctus is considered to be a polyphagous thrips that breeds on the leaves of a variety of plants, often in greenhouses1.  Nymphs and adults live on leaves, stems, and fruit.  Eggs are inserted into plant tissue2.  Primary hosts include banana, passion fruit, choko, and some weeds3.  Feeding causes leaf damage2 and silvery or brown patches on fruit2.  Infested fruit may crack, allowing decay organisms to enter2.  Hercinothrips bicinctus may be transported long distances when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved.

Worldwide Distribution: Hercinothrips bicinctus is thought to be native to Africa1.  From there it has invaded Australia, New Zealand, Bermuda, Mexico, and Hawaii.  There is also an unconfirmed record from Brazil4.

Official Control: Hercinothrips bicinctus is listed as a harmful organism by Colombia, Costa Rica, Indonesia, Israel, Jamaica, Japan, the Republic of Korea, and Timor-Leste5.

California Distribution:  Hercinothrips bicinctus has only been found at a single residential property in San Diego County.

California Interceptions:  Hercinothrips bicinctus has only been intercepted twice in California, in June 2009 on various leis from HI, and in April 2016 on a mailed shipment of Passiflora and Persea sp. leaves from the infested property.

The risk Hercinothrips bicinctus (Banana-silvering thrips) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction: 

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Based on its present tropical and subtropical distribution, Hercinothrips bicinctus is expected to establish throughout the warmer parts of coastal and southern California. It receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.  Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Hercinothrips bicinctus is polyphagous.  It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Thrips have high reproductive rates and can rapidly spread long distances when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved.  Hercinothrips bicinctus receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Most of the damage caused by Hercinothrips bicinctus is limited to disfigured leaves and blemished fruit.  This type of damage could potentially lower the yield of production nurseries and fruit crops or increase production costs.  However, other thrips with similar biologies such as Hercinothrips femoralis (banded greenhouse thrips) are already widespread in California.  Existing management techniques for these thrips that are already present are likely to limit economic impacts from this new thrips.  However, Hercinothrips bicinctus is listed as a harmful organism by many nations and has not yet been found anywhere else in the continental United States.  It is possible that its presence in California could disrupt markets.  Hercinothrips bicinctus receives a Low (1) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: If it becomes established in California, Hercinothrips bicinctus is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes.  However, this thrips colonized native plants as it invaded Australia and it might do the same thing in California.  Due to the polyphagous nature of the thrips this could include threatened or endangered species.  Fortunately, Hercinothrips bicinctus is not expected to disrupt critical habitats.  It could trigger new treatment programs by residents who find infested plants unsightly.  Banana plants are common ornamentals in California and will likely be significantly impacted by this pest.  Herciniothrips bicinctus receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

Consequences of Introduction to California for Hercinothrips bicinctus (Banana-silvering Thrips):  Medium (12)

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Hercinothrips bicinctus is only known from a single residential property in San Diego County. It receives a Low (-1) in this category.

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: Medium (11)

Uncertainty:

It is possible that Hercinothrips bicinctus is more widespread in southern California.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Existing management practices for other thrips are likely to limit economic damage from the establishment of Hercinothrips bicinctus in California.  However, its establishment could disrupt markets and have significant environmental impacts.  A “B”-rating is justified.

References:

1 Hoddle MS, Mound LA, Paris DL. 2012. Thrips of California. CBIT Publishing, Queensland. http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/thrips_of_california/identify-thrips/key/california-thysanoptera-2012/Media/Html/browse_species/Hercinothrips_bicinctus.htm

2 Hill, Dennis S. 2008.  Pests of Crops in Warmer Climates and Their Control. Skegness Lincs: Springer. https://books.google.com/books?id=U5dezH9_eEMC&pg=PA261&lpg=PA261&dq=Hercinothrips+bicinctus+pest&source=bl&ots=wP_kfwwlIV&sig=-XAxXb2RsC1KJE8vYQnHWgypTR8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiEoqXI1K_NAhUU-2MKHfoVDkoQ6AEISTAL#v=onepage&q=Hercinothrips%20bicinctus%20pest&f=false

3 Treverrow, N.L. 1987. Banana rust thrips and banana silvering thrips.  NSW Agriculture AGFACTS.  http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/120039/banana-rust-silvering-thrips.pdf

4 Mound, L.A. & R. Marullo. 1996. The Thrips of Central and South America: An Introduction: (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 6: 1- 487.

5 USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD).  https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦  Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment: 

Consequences of Introduction:  1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦  Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦  Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦  Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦  Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating:  B

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Balclutha rubrostriata (Melichar): Red streaked leafhopper

California Pest Rating for
Balclutha rubrostriata (Melichar): Red streaked leafhopper
Hemiptera:  Cicadellidae
Pest Rating:  A
PEST RATING PROFILE
Initiating Event:

In July 2014 USDA’s New Pest Advisory Group (NPAG) distributed a report recommending that the status of Balclutha rubrostriata (red streaked leafhopper) be changed to non-actionable for the entire United States.  The species was first found in Texas in 2008 during a wood borer survey and is now widespread and abundant in that state and spreading into Louisiana.  A pest rating proposal is needed to determine future direction.

History & Status:

Background:  Balclutha rubrostriata feeds on a wide variety of grasses and is sometimes considered a pest in grass crops because it negatively impacts seed production.  Hosts include a variety of grass (Poaceae) species including rice (Oryza sativa), sugarcane (Saccharum officianarum), bluegrass (Bothriochloa spp.), King Ranch bluestem (B. ischaemum), Australian bluestem (B. bladhii), and little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium).  It has also been found on sesame (Sesamum indicum (Pedaliaceae)).  This leafhopper may be a vector of sugarcane white leaf phytoplasma.  The leafhopper has been found carrying the phytoplasma but it is currently unknown if the insect can transmit the phytoplasma to plants.  Balclutha adults, nymphs, or eggs are sometimes moved long distances by commerce in infested plants or as hitchhikers.

Worldwide Distribution: Balclutha rubrostriata is known to be present in parts of North Africa, Asia, Oceania, the Caribbean, and the Middle East.  In the United States it is present in Hawaii, Texas, Louisiana, Puerto Rico, and possibly Florida.

Official Control: Balclutha rubrostriata is not under official control in any other countries or states.

California Distribution:  Balclutha rubrostriata has never been found in California.

California Interceptions:  In 2003 a single female Balclutha sp. was intercepted on Malonggai leaves from Hawaii (PDR P205345) but could not be assigned a specific epithet.  It is likely that eggs and nymphs are intercepted more frequently but also cannot be identified.

The risk Balclutha rubrostriata would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:  

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Grasses are widespread in California and Balclutha rubrostriata is expected to be capable of establishing where they grow. The leafhopper receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.  Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: The host range of Balclutha rubrostriata is thought to be limited to a wide variety of grasses, including rice.  The leafhopper receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Leafhoppers are jumping insects with limited dispersal capabilities and most species have only one generation per year.  However, Balclutha rubrostriata has rapidly become abundant and widespread in Texas, demonstrating high reproductive potential.  Furthermore, the insects may be transported long distances through commerce in infested plants.  Balclutha rubrostriata receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Balclutha rubrostriata is known to lower yields in grass production and may be expected to increase production costs.  Growers in Australia treat with dimethoate to control the leafhopper.  However, despite its abundance the leafhopper has not yet emerged as a pest in Texas.  Balclutha rubrostriata receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Balclutha rubrostriata is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. The leafhopper may feed on several species of native grasses that are listed as threatened or endangered species.  The leafhopper is not expected to disrupt critical habitats.  The leafhopper is likely to trigger additional private treatment programs in grass production where seed yield is important.  Balclutha rubrostriata is not expected to significantly impact cultural practices, home/urban gardening, or ornamental plantings.  Red streaked leafhopper receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

Consequences of Introduction to California for Balclutha rubrostriata (red streaked leafhopper):  High (13)

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Balclutha rubrostriata has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (13)

Uncertainty:

CABI lists yam (Discorea spp.), cotton (Gossypium spp.), and corn (Zea mays) as additional hosts of Balclutha rubrostriata but this does not appear to be supported by literature.  If these other crops are suitable hosts then the entry of this leafhopper to California could have additional economic and environmental impacts.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Red streaked leafhopper (Balclutha rubrostriata) has never been found in California.  If it were to enter the state, the leafhopper may have significant economic impacts on grass production, including rice.  The leafhopper may also have significant environmental impacts including triggering new chemical treatments in grass industries and by feeding on threatened and endangered grasses.  An “A” rating is justified.

References:

Newton, Leslie P.  2014.  NPAG Report on Balclutha rubrostriata (Melichar): Red streaked leafhopper.  New Pest Advisory Group (NPAG).  Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory.  Center for Plant Health Science & Technology.

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦  Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment: 

Consequences of Introduction:  1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦  Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦  Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦  Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦  Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating:  A

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead): Oriental Scale

3948099-WEB-oriental-scale-byWilliamM-Ciesla-Bugwood

California Pest Rating for
Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead): Oriental Scale
Hemiptera: Diaspididae
Pest Rating:  A

 

PEST RATING PROFILE
Initiating Event:

Aonidiella orientalis is frequently intercepted by CDFA.  A pest rating proposal is required to support its pest rating.

History & Status:

Background:  Aonidiella orientalis is a highly polyphagous armored scale insect.  It feeds on the leaves of a wide variety of plants and is regarded as an economic pest of citrus, tea, dates, palms, papaya, mango, and ornamentals1.  Known hosts include:  Acanthaceae: Adhatoda vasica1, Barleria cristata1, Thunbergia grandiflora1; Amaranthaceae: Bassia latifolia1; Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica1, Pistacia integerrima1, Spondias cytherea1; Annonaceae: Annona squamosa1, Annona glabra1, Annona1, Polyalthia korihthi1, Polyathia1, Rollinia emarginata1; Apocynaceae: Alstonia scholaris1, Alstonia1, Calotropis1, Calotropis procera1, Carissa carandas1, Carissa1, Nerium1, Nerium oleander1, Plumeria1, Tabernaemontana coronaria1, Tabernaemontana1; Araliaceae: Hedera1; Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera1, Cocos1, Inodes neglecta1, Loroma amethystiora1, Phoenix1, Phoenix dactylifera1, Phoenix1, Roystonea regia1; Aristolochiaceae: Aristolochia1; Asparagaceae: Agave variegata1, Agave sisalana1, Agave americana1, Agave1; Bignoniaceae: Bignonia vinusta1, Bignonia radicans1, Kigelia pinnata1, Oroxylum indicum1, Tecoma australis1, Tecoma undulata1, Tecoma stans1; Boraginaceae: Cordia rothii1, Cordia myxa1, Cordia1, Cordia obliqua1, Ehretia serrata1; Burseraceae: Boswellia serrata1, Bursera serrata1; Buxaceae: Buxus sempervirens1; Cactaceae: Cactus1, Opuntia1; Cannaceae: Canna indica1; Capparaceae: Crataeva religiosa1; Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera chinensis1, Sambucus javanica1; Caricaceae: Carica papaya1, Carica papaya1; Celastraceae: Catha edulis1, Celastrus paniculata1; Combretaceae: Quisqualis indica1, Terminalia belerica1, Terminalia arjuna1; Convolvulaceae: Calonyction roxburghii1, Ipomoea1, Porana paniculata1; Cunoniaceae: Weinmannia1; Cycadaceae: Cycas revoluta1, Cycas1; Ebenaceae: Diospyros1, Diospyros montana1, Diospyros embryopteris1; Elaeagnaceae: Elaeagnus pungens1; Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha1, Bischofia javanica1, Croton tiglium1, Mallotus philippinensis1, Phyllanthus myrtifolius1, Poinsettia1, Putranjiva roxburghii1, Ricinus1, Ricinus communis1, Sapium sebiferum1; Fabaceae: Acacia cyanophila1, Albizia lebbek1, Albizia1, Atylosia1, Atylosia candollii1, Bauhinia variegata1, Bauhinia1, Bauhinia purpurea1, Bauhinia alba1, Bauhinia vahlii1, Bauhinia racemosa1, Butea frondosa1, Caesalpinia bonducella1, Cassia1, Cassia auriculata1, Cassia fistula1, Ceratonia siliqua1, Dalbergia1, Dalbergia lanceolaria1, Dalbergia sissoo1, Erythrina crista1, Inga dulcis1, Poinciana regia1, Pongamia glabra1, Saraca indica1, Tamarindus1, Tamarindus indica1, Tephrosia1; Heliconiaceae: Heliconia1; Liliaceae: Aloe vera1, Asparagus sprengeri1, Asparagus1; Lythraceae: Lagerstroemia indica1, Lawsonia inermis1, Punica granatum1; Magnoliaceae: Magnolia grandiflora1; Malpighiaceae: Hiptage madablota1; Malvaceae: Adansonia1, Bombax malabaricum1, Eriodendron anfractuosum1, Grewia asiatica1, Hibiscus1, Pterospermum acerifolium1, Sterculia1, Sterculia alata1; Melastomataceae: Osbeckia1, Wrightia coccinea1, Meliaceae: Azedarach indica1, Cedrela toona1, Melia volkensii1, Melia1, Melia indica1, Melia composita1, Melia azadirachta1, Swietenia mahagoni1; Menispermaceae: Cocculus laurifolius1; Moraceae: Broussonetia papyrifera1, Ficus benghalensis1, Ficus salicifolia1, Ficus glomerata1, Ficus infectoria1, Ficus nitida1, Ficus orbicularis1, Ficus palmata1, Ficus religiosa1, Ficus carica1, Ficus retusa1, Ficus roxburghii1, Ficus1, Ficus elastica1, Maclura aurantiaca1, Morus1, Morus alba1, Morus laevigata1; Moringaceae: Moringa pterygosperma1; Musaceae: Musa1, Musa sapientum1; Myrtaceae: Callistemon rigidus1, Eucalyptus1, Eugenia jambolana1, Eugenia1, Myrrhinium rubriflorum1, Myrtus communis1, Psidium guajava1; Nyctaginaceae: Bougainvillea1, Mirabilis jalapa1, Nyctaginia1; Ochnaceae: Ochna squarrosa1; Oleaceae: Jasminum1, Olea europaea1; Orchidaceae: 1; Oxalidaceae: Averrhoa carambola1; Poaceae: Panicum1; Podocarpaceae: Podocarpus neriifolius1, Podocarpus lamberti1; Polygonaceae: Antigonon leptopus1; Proteaceae: Grevillea robusta1; Ranunculaceae: Clematis paniculatus1; Rhamnaceae: Rhamnus persicus1, Ziziphus oenoplia1, Ziziphus1, Ziziphus jujuba1; Rhizophoraceae: Bruguiera sexangulata1, Rhizophora mucronata1; Rosaceae: Eriobotrya japonica1, Prunus armeniaca1, Pyrus sinensis1, Rosa1; Rubiaceae: Stephegyne parviflora1; Rutaceae: Aegle marmelos1, Aegle1, Casimiroa1, Chloroxylon swietenia1, Citrus trifoliata1, Citrus limon1, Citrus aurantium1, Citrus1, Feronia elephantum1, Limonia1, Murraya exotica1, Murraya exotica1; Salicaceae: Populus alba1, Populus euphratica1, Salix tetrasperma1; Santalaceae: Santalum album1; Sapindaceae: Acer pictum1, Acer oblongum1, Dodonaea viscosa1, Litchi chinensis1, Nephelium litchi1, Sapindus detergens1; Sapotaceae: Mimusops elengi1, Mimusops kauki1; Simaroubaceae: Ailanthus aladulosa1; Solanaceae: Solanum melongena1, Solanum arundo1; Theaceae: Camellia1, Thea1; Ulmaceae: Celtis1, Celtis australis1, Ulmus integrifolia1, Ulmus1; Verbenaceae: Callicarpa macrophyla1, Citharexylum subserratum1, Clerodendrum phlomoides1, Duranta ellisi1, Duranta plumieri1, Gmelina arborea1, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis1, Vitex negundo1; Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera1, Zamiaceae: Zamia1; Zingiberaceae: Alpinia nutans1.  Aonidiella orientalis may be transported long distances when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved.

Worldwide Distribution: Aonidiella orientalis is presumably native to Asia and has spread through much of the Neotropical, Afrotropical, Palearctic, and Oceanic regions.  In North America it is only known to be established in Florida1.

Official Control: Aonidiella orientalis is listed as a harmful organism by Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Honduras, Japan, and the Republic of Korea2.

California Distribution:  Aonidiella orientalis has never been found in California.

California Interceptions:  From 1987 through 2015 Aonidiella orientalis was intercepted 225 times by CDFA’s high risk programs, dog teams, and border stations.  Many of these interceptions have been on coconut, papaya, and mango from Florida, Brazil, and Mexico.

The risk Aonidiella orientalis (Oriental scale) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction: 

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Due to its highly polyphagous nature and known distribution across a range of climates Aonidiella orientalis can be expected to establish a widespread distribution in California.  It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.  Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Aonidiella orientalis is known to feed on hundreds of species in at least 67 plant families.  It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Scale insects are capable of rapid reproduction and can be transported long distances when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved.  They may also disperse locally by crawling, wind, or by hitchhiking on clothing, equipment, or animals.  Aonidiella orientalis receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Aonidiella orientalis is considered an economic pest of several crops that are grown in California and may be expected to lower crop yields and increase crop production costs.  Oriental scale is listed as a harmful organism by several of California’s trading partners.  If the scale were to enter the state it may disrupt markets for fresh fruit and nursery stock.  Aonidiella orientalis receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Aonidiella orientalis is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes.  It may feed on endangered and threatened species such as small-leaved rose (Rosa minutifolia).  Oriental scale is not expected to disrupt critical habitats.  It may trigger additional official or private treatment programs in orchards, the nursery industry, and by residents who find infested plants unacceptable.  Aonidiella orientalis may also significantly impact cultural practices, home/urban gardening, and ornamental plantings.  It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

Consequences of Introduction to California for Aonidiella orientalis (Oriental Scale): High (15)

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Aonidiella orientalis has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (15)

Uncertainty:

There have not been any recent surveys for oriental scale in California.  It is possible that it could be established in some localities.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Aonidiella orientalis has never been found in California and is likely to have significant economic and environmental impacts if it were to enter the state.  An “A” rating is justified.

References:

1 Miller, Dug, Yair Ben-Dov, Gary Gibson, and Nate Hardy.  ScaleNet.

http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Aonidiella%20orientalis/

http://scalenet.info/validname/Aonidiella/orientalis/

2 USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD).  https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦  Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment: 

Consequences of Introduction:  1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦  Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦  Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦  Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦  Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating:  A

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Clavaspis herculeana (Common Name): Herculeana Scale

California Pest Rating for
Clavaspis herculeana (Common Name): Herculeana Scale
Hemiptera: Diaspididae
Pest Rating: A
PEST RATING PROFILE
Initiating Event:

Clavaspis herculeana is commonly intercepted by CDFA.  A pest rating proposal is required to support its pest rating.

History & Status:

Background:  Clavaspis herculeana is a polyphagous armored scale insect.  It burrows beneath the surface of twigs and branches and feeds by sucking juices from plants while concealed beneath the epidermis of its host-plants1,2. Known hosts include: Anacardiaceae: mango (Mangifera indica1,2), Mangifera cambodiana1,2, Mangifera spp.1,2; Florida poisontree (Metopium toxiferum1,2), ambarella (Spondias dulcis1,2), jocote (Spondias purpurea1,2), Spondias cytherea1,2; Annonaceae: sugar apple (Annona squamosa1,2), soursop (Annona muricata1,2), Annona spp.1,2; Apocynaceae: Plumeria rubra, Plumeria sp. (numerous CDFA interceptions); Bignoniaceae: pink trumpet tree (Tabebuia heterophylla1,2); Bixaceae: buttercup tree (Cochlospermum vitifolium1,2); Caricaceae: papaya (Carica papaya1,2); Euphorbiaceae: tung-oil tree (Aleurites fordii1,2), Aleurites spp.1,2; Fabaceae: sweet acacia (Acacia farnesiana1,2), Acacia flexicaulis1,2, golden shower tree (Cassia fistula1,2), royal Poinciana (Delonix regia1,2), coast coral tree (Erythrina caffra1,2), coral tree (Erythrina indica1,2), Erythrina spp.1,2, Lonchocarpus spp.1,2, Lonchocarpus latifolius1,2, sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica1,2), monkey-pod (Pithecellobium saman1,2); Lauraceae: Cinnamomum sp.1,2, true cinnamon tree (Cinnamomum zeylanicum1,2); Magnoliaceae: southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora1,2); Malvaceae: Eriodendron anfractuosum1,2, Eriodendron spp.1,2, Gossypium spp.1,2; Meliaceae: Cedrela toona1,2; Moraceae: common fig (Ficus carica1,2), Ficus spp.1,2, Roxburgh fig (Ficus roxburgii1,2), sacred fig (Ficus religiosa1,2), Ficus capensis1,2, old fustic (Maclura tinctoria1,2), white mulberry (Morus alba1,2); Myristicaceae: Myristica hypargyraea1,2; Myrtaceae: Eugenia spp.1,2; Polygonaceae: Muehlenbeckia sagittiformis1,2; Proteaceae: southern silky oak (Grevillea robusta1,2); Rhizophoraceae: Rhizophora spp.1,2; Rosaceae: loquat (Eriobotrya japonica1,2), pear (Pyrus spp.1,2), rose (Rosa spp.1,2); Rubiaceae: buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis1,2); Rutaceae: Citrus spp.1,2; Salicaceae: poplar (Populus spp.1,2), Xylosma venosum1,2; Santalaceae: Phoradendron randiae1,2; Styracaceae: Halesia spp.1,2; Verbenaceae: Avicennia nitida1,2.  Clavaspis herculeana may be transported long distances when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved.

Worldwide Distribution: Clavaspis herculeana is widespread in many parts of the Australasian, Afrotropical, Oriental, Palearctic, and Neotropical regions1,2.  It is present in Mexico, Texas, Florida, and Hawaii1,2.

Official Control: Clavaspis herculeana is listed as a harmful organism by Japan and the Republic of Korea3.

California Distribution:  Clavaspis herculeana has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions:  From 1988 through 2015 Clavaspis herculeana was intercepted 45 times by California’s high risk programs, dog teams, and border stations.  Most of these interceptions have occurred on plants or fresh plant parts from Hawaii, primarily Plumeria rubra or Plumeria sp.

The risk Clavaspis herculeana (Herculeana scale) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction: 

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Clavaspis herculeana is polyphagous on a wide variety of plants that are widely grown in California and is likely to establish wherever they are grown. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.  Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Clavaspis herculeana is known to feed on plants in at least 25 families.  It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Scale insects are capable of rapid reproduction and can be transported long distances when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved.  They may also disperse locally by crawling, wind, or by hitchhiking on clothing, equipment, or animals. Its cryptic habits mean that herculeana scale may easily be dispersed by trade in infested plants without being detected.  Clavaspis herculeana receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Clavaspis herculeana has not been documented as lowering any crop yields.  It may lower the value of nursery stock by disfiguring plants with its presence and increase fresh fruit production costs.  Herculeana scale is listed as a harmful organism by several of California’s trading partners and its entry to the state may disrupt fresh fruit and nursery stock export markets.  This scale is not expected to change cultural practices, vector other organisms, injure animals, or disrupt water supplies.  Clavaspis herculeana receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Clavaspis herculeana is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes.  It is likely to feed on endangered or threatened species including small-leaved rose (Rosa minutifolia). Herculeana scale is not expected to disrupt critical habitats.  It may trigger additional treatment programs in fresh fruit and nursery industries.  It is not expected to significantly impact cultural practices, home/urban gardening, or ornamental plantings.  Clavaspis herculeana receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

Consequences of Introduction to California for Clavaspis herculeana (Herculeana scale): High (14)

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Clavaspis herculeana has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score:  High (14)

Uncertainty:

Clavaspis herculeana is reported to be associated with the fungus Septobasidium saccardinum1,2.  This relationship is not clear.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Clavaspis herculeana has never been found in California and is expected to have significant economic impacts to California’s fresh fruit and nursery industries if it enters the state.  It is also expected to have significant environmental impacts.  An “A” rating is justified.

References:

1 Miller, Dug, Yair Ben-Dov, Gary Gibson, and Nate Hardy.  ScaleNet.  http://scalenet.info/validname/Clavaspis/herculeana/

2 SEL Catalog.  http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/catalogs/diaspidi/Clavaspisherculeana.htm

3 USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD).  https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

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Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls