Category Archives: Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Entomology: Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Acutaspis agavis (Townsend & Cockerell): Agave scale

October 21, 2015 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Acutaspis agavis (Townsend & Cockerell): Agave scale

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Pest Rating: B

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

On March 21, 2014, Dr. Gillian Watson identified the armored scale Acutaspis agavis from a sample collected from plants growing outdoors at a school in La Jolla, San Diego County. A heavy infestation was reported at the site on the adaxial leaf surfaces of Agave tequilana. Tissue dieback was reported on the most infested leaves and there was no evidence of parasitism or predation. The insect is currently Q-rated, so a pest rating proposal is needed to determine future direction.

History & Status:

Background: Acutaspis agavis is host specific to Agave spp. The primary pathway for spread of the scale is likely the movement of infested agave plants.

Worldwide Distribution: Acutaspis agavis is probably native to Mexico. It has also been reported from Costa Rica, Venezuela, and Trinidad and Tobago. In the United States it has been found in Arizona, Florida, and Texas.

Official Control: Acutaspis agavis is not known to be under official control in any other states or nations.

California Distribution: Acutaspis agavis is only known from an incursion at a school in La Jolla.

California Interceptions: The only instance of an Acutaspis agavis detection in a regulatory situation was in a nursery in El Cajon in 2012.

The risk Acutaspis agavis (Agave scale) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Agave are commonly grown as ornamental plants in California and the scale is expected to be able to establish wherever they are grown. Acutaspis agavis receives a High(3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Acutaspis agavis is specific to Agave The scale receives a Low(1) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Evidence suggests that Acutaspis agavis has two generations per year²and each female is presumably capable of laying hundreds of eggs. Adult female armored scales are immobile, but populations may be transported long distances through commerce in infested plants. Acutaspis agavis receives a High(3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Acutaspis agavis has the potential to increase production costs of Agave plants in the nursery industry. The scale is not expected to lower crop yield, trigger lost markets, alter cultural practices, vector other organisms, injure animals, or interfere with water supplies. Agave scale receives a Low(1) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Acutaspis agavis has the potential to trigger new chemical treatments in the nursery industry and by residents who find infested plants unsightly. Agave plants are popular and widely grown, especially in southern California. In the absence of natural enemies agave scale has the potential to significantly impact these cultural practices. Agave scale is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. The scale is also not expected to affect threatened or endangered species or disrupt critical habitats. Agave scale receives a High(3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Acutaspis agavis (Agave scale): Medium(11)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Acutaspis agavis is only known from an incursion at a school in La Jolla. It is unknown if the scale has spread to other agave plants in the area. Agave scale receives a Low(-1) in this category.

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: Medium(10)

Uncertainty:

Agave plants are popular landscape plants, especially in southern California. There have been no surveys for Acutaspis agavis and it may be present in other locations.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Economic impacts of Acutaspis agavis should be limited to possible increases in production costs of agave plants in the nursery industry. However, the entry of agave scale into California may have significant environmental impacts due to the popularity of the plant and the absence of its natural enemies. A B-rating is justified.

References:

¹Systematic Entomology Laboratory. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/catalogs/diaspidi/Acutaspisagavis.htm

²Salas-Araiza, M.D., R.W. Jones, G. Montesinos-Silva, E. Salazar-Solis, L.A. Parra-Negrete, O. Martinez-Jaime, R. Ramirez-Malagon, and S. Flores-Mejia. 2008. Population dynamics of the agave scale, Acutaspis agavis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), on Agave tequilana var. azul (Agavaceae) in Central Mexico. Southwestern Entomologist 33(4):289-298. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3958/0147-1724-33.4.289

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Pest Rating: B

Posted by ls

Coleoptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Dactylotrypes longicollis (Wollaston): Beetle

October 21, 2015 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Dactylotrypes longicollis dorsal Collected off of Trithrinax brasiliensis (Image Citation: Steven Valley, Oregon Dept of Ag, Bugwood.org) — Dactylotrypes longicollis dorsal Collected off of Trithrinax brasiliensis
(Image Citation: Steven Valley, Oregon Dept of Ag, Bugwood.org)

Dactylotrypes longicollis (Wollaston): Beetle

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Pest Rating: C

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

On October 13, 2015 Dr. Andrew Cline identified two beetles collected from a Lindgren funnel trap as Dactylotrypes longicollis. A pest rating proposal is required to assign a permanent pest rating.

History & Status:

Background: Dactylotrypes longicollis feeds on the seeds of palms including wooly jelly palm (Butia eriospatha), Mediterranean fan palm (Chamaerops humilis), Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis), date palm (Phoenix dactylifera), Senegal date palm (Phoenix reclinata), Brazilian needle palm (Trithrinax brasiliensis), and lady palm (Rhapis excelsa)¹. The beetle may be transported long distances when infested palm seeds or plants are moved.

Worldwide Distribution: Dactylotrypes longicollis is native to the Canary Islands and Madeira¹. From there it has spread to France, Italy, mainland Spain, and the Slovak Republic¹.

Official Control: Dactylotrypes longicollis is not known to be under official control in any states or nations. Dactylotrypes spp. are listed as harmful organisms by Peru².

California Distribution: Dactylotrypes longicollis has only been found in Fullerton (Orange County), San Marino (Los Angeles County), and Carpinteria (Santa Barbara County).

California Interceptions: Dactylotrypes longicollis has not been found in any regulatory situations in California.

The risk Dactylotrypes longicollis would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: The known hosts and natural geographic range of Dactylotrypes longicollis indicate that the beetle is likely to be limited to southern California¹. It receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Dactylotrypes longicollis is only known to feed on the seeds of seven species of palms. It receives a Low (1) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: The biology of Dactylotrypes longicollis has not been well documented. It is assumed to have a high reproductive rate and to be capable of dispersing long distances when infested palm fruit or plants are moved. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: The California date industry produces over 40 million pounds of dates annually and employees 2,500 people. Dactylotrypes longicollis is not known to be established in major date producing nations and it is uncertain if the industry will be affected. It is possible that the beetle could reduce crop yield or increase crop production costs. The beetle is not expected to disrupt markets, change cultural practices, vector other organisms, injure animals, or disrupt water supplies. It receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: In California Dactylotrypes longicollis is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. It is not likely to affect threatened or endangered species or disrupt critical habitats. It could trigger new treatment programs in the date industry. It is not expected to impact cultural practices, home/urban gardening, or ornamental plantings. Dactylotrypes longicollis receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Dactylotrypes longicollis: Medium (10)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Dactylotrypes longicollis is known to be established in Orange, Los Angeles, and Santa Barbara counties. It receives a Medium (-2) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: Low (8)

Uncertainty:

We do not know how effective the Lindgren funnel is at detecting Dactylotrypes longicollis. It is quite possible that the beetle is much more widespread in California.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Dactylotrypes longicollis has been established across much of southern California since before 2009. No economic or environmental impacts have been attributed to the beetle. A “C” rating is justified.

References:

¹ LaBonte, James R. and Curtis Y. Takahashi. 2012. Dactylotrypes longicollis (Wollaston) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae): an exotic bark beetle new to California and North America. Pan-Pacific Entomologist. 88(2): 222-230 http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3956/2012-18.1

² USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Pest Rating: C

Posted by ls

Hymenoptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Formica francoeuri Bolton: Native Ant

October 9, 2015 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Formica francoeuri Bolton: Native Ant

Hymenoptera: Formicidae

Pest Rating: C

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

On September 25, 2015 it was found that a resident of Orange County is selling queen ant starter colonies for Formica francoeuri. An internet search reveals that this ant is commonly kept by hobbyists. A pest rating proposal is required to determine future direction on this pest.

History & Status:

Background: Formica francoeuri nests in soil and forages for honeydew from aphids and mealybugs¹. It is known to tend the larvae of at least six species of lycaenid butterflies in California². It is not known to have been inadvertently spread via any human assisted pathways.

Worldwide Distribution: Formica francoeuri is native to California and Baja California³. It is not known to have invaded any other states or nations.

Official Control: Formica francoeuri is not known to be under official control in any other states or nations. However, all ants are considered harmful organisms by Australia and Nauru⁴.

California Distribution: Formica francoeuri is native to and widespread in California.

California Interceptions: Formica francoeuri has not been reported in any regulatory situations in California.

The risk Formica francoeuri would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Formica francoeuri is native to and widespread in California and is not likely to establish in parts of the state where it does not already occur. It receives a Low (1) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Formica francoeuri is a generalist feeder on honeydew and has never been documented as a plant pest. It receives a Low (1) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Ants typically have high reproductive rates. Formica francoeuri has not been reported to move long distances in commerce. It receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Formica francoeuri is already widespread in California and it has not lowered any crop yields or reduced crop values. Its presence has not disrupted any markets. It has not changed cultural practices or vectored other organisms. It is not known to have injured any animals or interfered with any water supplies. Formica francoeuri receives a Low (1) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Formica francoeuri is native to and widespread in California and it has not been found to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. It has not affected any threatened or endangered species or disrupted critical habitats. The ant is not known to have triggered any treatment programs or impacted cultural practices, home/urban gardening, or ornamental plantings. Formica francoeuri receives a Low (1) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Formica francoeuri (native ant): Low (6).**

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Formica francoeuri is widespread in California and receives a High (-3) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: Low (3)

Uncertainty:

There is low uncertainty with this ant.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Formica francoeuri is a native ant that is widespread in California and is not known to have ever had any negative economic or environmental impacts. No significant impacts are expected from hobbyists trading colonies of this ant within the state. A “C” rating is justified.

References:

¹ Robinson, William H. 2005. Urban Insects and Arachnids: A Handbook of Urban Entomology. Cambridge University Press. https://books.google.com/books?id=aluUgDVYJ8wC&pg=PA247&lpg=PA247&dq=formica+francoeuri&source=bl&ots=HusuoBZINl&sig=UtduAv7yswlPy49d0H852RenfSQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCIQ6AEwATgUahUKEwjrzf_mm6LIAhWLTIgKHc-YCv0#v=onepage&q=formica%20francoeuri&f=false

² Oliver, Jeffrey C. and Laura R. Stein. 2011. Evolution of influence: signaling in a lycaenid-ant interaction. Evol. Ecol. 25: 1205-1216. http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Laura_Stein2/publication/251313007_Evolution_of_influence_signaling_in_a_lycaenid-ant_interaction/links/53ee51f00cf26b9b7dc793ba.pdf

³ Formica francoeuri. From AntWiki: http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Formica_francoeuri

⁴ USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

PEST RATING: C

Posted by ls

Hymenoptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Plebeia frontalis (Friese): Stingless Bee

September 25, 2015 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Plebeia frontalis (Friese): Stingless Bee

Hymenoptera: Apidae

Pest Rating: B

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

On September 12, 2013, Dr. Martin Hauser reported the tentative identification of Plebeia frontalis from specimens submitted from a nest found in an Ash tree in Palo Alto. This is the first detection of this species in the United States.

History & Status:

Background: Plebeia frontalis is a tropical stingless bee that typically nests in cavities in trees and logs. P. frontalis is a eusocial insect that forms colonies of about 5,000 insects⁵. Workers forage for pollen and nectar as a food source and to provision brood cells. P. frontalis is documented to be a pollinator of coffee¹, passion flower¹, and avocado² and may have been domesticated by Mayans for honey production³. Colonies can have multiple queens and, when resources are plentiful, they will split and form a new colony typically 200m away⁵. There are no documented pathways for the accidental human-assisted spread of these bees, but they could be transported in logs or other items with cavities suitable for a nest.

Worldwide Distribution: Plebeia frontalis has a Neotropical distribution that includes Mexico, Colombia, Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama⁴.

Official Control: Plebeia frontalis is not known to be under official control in any nation or state.

California Distribution: Plebeia frontalis has been found nesting in a single tree in Palo Alto.

California Interceptions: Plebeia frontalis has never been intercepted in a regulatory situation.

The risk Plebeia frontalis would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Plebeia frontalis is a tropical bee and is not expected to be cold tolerant. However, during cold weather the bees can be expected to shut down their reproduction and successfully overwinter in California⁵. Its distribution in California would likely be limited to coastal and southern California. frontalis receives a Medium(2) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.
– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.
– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Plebeia frontalis nests in cavities and are generalist foragers on pollen and nectar of a wide range of flowering plants. It may incorporate plant pieces into its colonies and at high densities may cause significant defoliation⁵. When nectar is scarce the bees will pierce flowers and steal nectar, which can reduce the fitness of plants⁵. It receives a High(3) rating in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.
– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.
– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: P. frontalis may have high reproductive potential under favorable conditions but does not have high dispersal potential. Colonies can have multiple queens and when resources are plentiful they will split. New colonies are typically 200m from existing colonies⁵. Plebeia frontalis receives a Medium(2) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.
– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.
– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Plebeia frontalis is not expected to lower crop yield or lower crop value because there are already other insects present in California that may rob nectar and steal pieces of plants. The bees are not expected to trigger the loss of any markets, change normal cultural practices, or interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses. There are parasites associated with stingless bees that are not known to be in California and can jump hosts when bees come into contact with either other or visit the same flowers⁵, possibly affecting honey bees or native pollinators. These parasites and pathogens will be difficult to detect without destroying nesting cavities because they are less likely to be on healthy bees that are out foraging than on sick bees or in the brood comb. frontalis may also be injurious to honey bees and native pollinators by competing for the same limited food supplies. P. frontalis receives a Medium(2) rating in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.
B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).
C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).
D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.
E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.
F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.
G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.
– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.
– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Plebeia frontalis is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. It is not expected to directly affected threatened or endangered species or disrupt critical habitats. frontalis might trigger additional official or private treatment programs as some residents may consider their presence a nuisance. P. frontalis is not expected to significantly impact cultural practices, home/urban gardening, or ornamental plantings. P. frontalis receives a Medium(2) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.
B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.
C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.
D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.
E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.
– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.
– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Plebeia frontalis: Medium (11)**

– Low = 5-8 points
– Medium = 9-12 points
– High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Plebeia frontalis is known only from a single incursion into California, in Palo Alto. The bee receives a Not established(0) in this category.

– Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.
– Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).
– Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.
– High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

7) The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: Medium (11)

Uncertainty:

There have been no surveys from Plebeia frontalis in California so it may have a much wider distribution than is presently realized. There may be some economic benefits of having this species in California as the bees may be efficient pollinators of avocado². Furthermore, stingless bees were domesticated by the Mayans and dialogue in internet forums suggests that there may be a potential market for these bees in California as alternative pollinators. The colony of stingless bees in Palo Alto may or may not have exotic parasites or pathogens. P. frontalis and honey bees presumably coexist in Mexico and Central America and no new honey bee parasites or pathogens have been linked to this coexistence.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

The establishment of Plebeia frontalis to California may have limited impact and a B-rating is therefore justified. Economic impacts are expected to be limited to potential impacts on the pollination services of honey bees and native pollinators. It is possible that P. frontalis could expose these pollinators to new exotic parasites or pathogens to which they are not adapted. Furthermore, P. frontalis may compete with honey bees and native pollinators for limited food supplies. P. frontalis may be a nuisance to some residents of California. This could trigger the limited environmental impact of increased pesticide use in urban areas.

References:

¹ Kennedy, C.M., E. Lonsdorf, M.C. Neel, N.M. Williams, T.H. Ricketts, R. Wilmfree, R. Bommarco, C. Brittain, A.L. Burley, D. Cariveau, L.G. Carvalhelro, N.P. Chacoff, S.A. Cunningham, B.N. Danforth, J. Dudenhoffer, E. Elle, H.R. Gaines, L.A. Garibaldi, C. Gratton, A. Holzschuh, R. Isaacs, S.K. Javorek, S. Jha, A.M. Klein, K. Krewenka, Y. Mandellk, M.M. Mayfield, L. Morandin, L.A. Neame, M. Otieno, M. Park, S.G. Potts, M. Rundolof, A. Saez, I. Steffan-Dewenter, H. Tald, B.F. Vlana, C. Westphal, J.K. Wilson, S.S. Greenleaf, and C. Kremen. 2013. A global quantative synthesis of local and landscape effects on wild bee pollinators in agroecosystems. Ecology Letters. http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/gratton/files/2013/03/Ecology-Letters.pdf

²Smith, R.H. and G. Ish-Am. 2006. Stingless Bees Can Serve as Efficient Avocado Pollinators. http://www.avocadosource.com/papers/Research_Articles/GazitShmuel2006_POSTER.pdf

³ Cairns, C.E., R. Villanueva-Guiterriez, S. Kopter, and D.B. Bray. 2005. Bee Populations, Forest Disturbance, and Africanization in Mexico. Biotropica 37(4):686-692. http://www2.fiu.edu/~kopturs/pubs/CairnsetalBiotropica05.pdf

⁴J. M. F. Camargo & S. R. M. Pedro, 2013. Meliponini Lepeletier, 1836. In Moure, J. S., Urban, D. & Melo, G. A. R. (Orgs). Catalogue of Bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) in the Neotropical Region – online version. Available at http://www.moure.cria.org.br/catalogue. Accessed Sep/16/2013 http://moure.cria.org.br/catalogue?id=34972

⁵Allan H. Smith-Pardo, Ph.D.
Entomologist- Area Identifier
National Apoidea Specialist
USDA – APHIS – PPQ
389 Oyster Point Blvd. Suite 2
South San Francisco, CA. 94080

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Pest Rating: B

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Ferrisia dasylirii (Cockerell): Mealybug

September 25, 2015 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Ferrisia dasylirii (Cockerell): Mealybug

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

Pest Rating: C

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

From 1953 to 2012, Ferrisia dasylirii was incorrectly considered a synonym of B-rated Ferrisia virgata. A recent revision corrected this and resurrected F. dasylirii as a valid species¹. On August 28, 2014 Dr. Gillian Watson notified me that she had examined specimens in the California State Collection of Arthropods and confirmed that F. dasylirii is present in the state. Because this mealybug is not on CDFA’s pest rating list, a pest rating proposal is needed to determine future direction.

History & Status:

Background: Ferrisia dasylirii is a polyphagous mealybug that feeds on a wide variety of plants, including many ornamentals and some crops. It may be spread long distances by commerce in infested plants or plant products.

Worldwide Distribution: Ferrisia dasylirii appears to be of Neotropical origin. It is found from the United States south to Chile². It is also found in Hawaii and several Caribbean islands².

Official Control: Ferrisia virgata is considered a quarantine pest by Israel, Japan, and New Zealand³. It is likely that these trading partners will also consider the newly resurrected F. dasylirii as a quarantine pest if it is intercepted.

California Distribution: Specimens of Ferrisia dasylirii in the state collection indicate that the mealybug is present in the environment of Alameda County (1962), Imperial County (1993, 2003), Los Angeles County (2000), San Bernardino County (1978, 1979, 1982), San Diego County (1978), and San Joaquin County (1980, 1995).

California Interceptions: From August 19, 2014 to August 26, 2015 Ferrisia dasylirii was intercepted 24 times by California’s high risk programs and dog teams on fruit and plants shipped from Florida, Hawaii, Michigan, Mississippi, and within California.

The risk Ferrisia dasylirii would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Ferrisia dasylirii is polyphagous and suitable host plants are grown throughout California. It receives a High(3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

2) Known Pest Host Range: Ferrisia dasylirii feeds on a wide variety of plants in at least 29 families². It receives a High(3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.
– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.
– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Mealybugs reproduce rapidly and can spread locally by crawling or by wind. They may move long distances rapidly by hitchhiking on clothing, animals, or equipment or by the movement of infested plants or plant products. Ferrisia dasylirii receives a High(3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

4) Economic Impact: Ferrisia dasylirii has been present in California since at least 1962 and has not emerged as a significant pest. Several trading partners might consider this mealybug to be a quarantine pest and its presence on plants or plant products could have trade impacts. No other economic impacts are expected. Ferrisia dasylirii receives a Low(1) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.
– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.
– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Ferrisia dasylirii has been present in California since at least 1962 and has not had significant economic impacts. It receives a Low(1) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.
– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.
– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Ferrisia dasylirii: Medium(11)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

– Low = 5-8 points
– Medium = 9-12 points
– High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Records in the state collection indicate that Ferrisia dasylirii is widespread in the environment of California. The mealybug receives a High(-3) in this category.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: Low(8)

Uncertainty:

There is significant genetic variability within Ferrisia dasylirii¹. It is possible that some lineages could be cryptic species that are not present in California.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Ferrisia dasylirii is widespread in the environment and is not having significant economic or environmental impacts. A “C” rating is justified.

References:

¹Kaydan, M.B. and P.J. Gullan. 2012. A taxonomic revision of the mealybug genus Ferrisia Fullaway (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), with descriptions of eight new species and a new genus. Zootaxa 3543: 1-65. http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/list/2012/3543.html

²SEL Catalog. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/catalogs/pseudoco/Ferrisiadasylirii.htm

³USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Pest Rating: C

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Hemiberlesia ithacae (Ferris): Hemlock Scale – Synonym: Abgrallaspis ithacae

September 21, 2015 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Hemiberlesia ithacae (Ferris): Hemlock Scale

Synonym: Abgrallaspis ithacae

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Pest Rating: B

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

On December 11, 2013 an official with Santa Cruz County contacted CDFA with questions regarding the risk associated with Abgrallaspis ithacae (Hemlock Scale). The current destruction of large numbers of Christmas wreaths due to the presence of the scale is considered punitive by some merchants. The insect is currently Q-rated, so a pest rating proposal is needed to determine future direction.

History & Status:

Background:

Hemlock scale feeds on the undersides of the needles of several species of trees. The scale is only known to feed on Canada balsam fir (Abies canadensis), grand fir (Abies grandis), Colorado blue spruce (Picea pungens), douglas fir (Pseudotsuga taxifolia), eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla). Hemlock scale has two generations per year and overwinters as second-instars.

Worldwide Distribution: Hemlock scale is native to North America. It is confirmed to be in Indiana, Maryland, New York, and Virginia². It is also reported from Connecticut, Georgia, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and West Virginia². There are also published records from Idaho, Montana, Washington, and Oregon; however, these records are reported to be incorrect².

Official Control: Hemlock scale is not known to be under official control in any states or nations.

California Distribution: Hemlock scale has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions: Hemlock scale is often intercepted on shipments of Christmas wreaths, trees, and plants.

The risk hemlock scale (Abgrallaspis ithacae) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Hosts of hemlock scale are restricted to the cooler parts of California but may also be grown elsewhere as ornamentals. The scale receives a Medium(2) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

2) Known Pest Host Range: Hemlock scale feeds on trees in four genera in one plant family. The scale receives a Low(1) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.
– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.
– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Armored scales can reproduce rapidly and may be transported long distances through the trade of nursery stock. However, females have limited mobility so the trade in plant parts that are not for planting is not high risk for introducing the scale. It is likely that infested Christmas trees and wreaths will be disposed of as green waste, some of which may end up as mulch. However, the limited host range of this scale reduces the likelihood that the mulch will end up in close proximity to living host plants. Furthermore, hemlock scale overwinters as second instars. It is likely that cut trees and wreaths shipped in late fall and early winter will dry out before spring, reducing their viability as host material and eliminating the possibility of overwintering second instars completing development. Hemlock scale receives a Medium(2) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

4) Economic Impact: Heavy infestations of hemlock scale are reported to cause early leaf drop, dieback of branches, and defoliation of trees². This reduces vigor and severe infestations result in death of trees³. This has the potential to lower yield and crop value and increase production costs at Christmas tree farms and some forests. Hemlock scale receives a Medium(2) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.
– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.
– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Hemlock scale is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. The scale is not known to feed on any plants in genera that contain threatened or endangered species in California. Hemlock scale is not expected to disrupt critical habitats. The scale could trigger some additional official or private treatment programs in Christmas tree farms or forests^2,3. The scale is not expected to significantly impact cultural practices, home/urban gardening, or ornamental plantings. Hemlock scale receives a Medium(2) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.
– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.
– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

Consequences of Introduction to California for Hemlock Scale (Abgrallaspis ithacae): Medium(9)

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points
–Medium = 9-12 points
–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Hemlock scale has not been found in the environment of California. It receives a Not established(0) in this category.

-Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.
–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).
–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.
–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

7) The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: Medium(9)

Uncertainty:

It is possible that hemlock scale could jump to new hosts in California. It is also possible that hemlock scale may be managed by existing IPM programs in Christmas tree farms.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Hemlock scale may have limited economic impacts to Christmas tree farms and forests. The environmental impacts of the scale are expected to be limited to possible chemical treatments of the scale in Christmas tree farms and managed forests. A “B”-rating is justified.

References:

¹http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/catalogs/diaspidi/Hemiberlesiaithacae.htm

²Miller, D.R. 2005. Armored Scale Insect Pests of Trees and Shrubs (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Cornell University. Ithaca, NY. p.44 http://books.google.com/books?id=PhgyeCnpklMC&pg=PA431&lpg=PA431&dq=Abgrallaspis+ithacae&source=bl&ots=ia9_oV2z0q&sig=1OK5e-3tkeZEbU_xzIWJNG4LQiU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=E0eqUsHxGYTmoAShzICIAw&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=Abgrallaspis%20ithacae&f=false

³Suomi, D.A. Scale insects on ornamentals. Washington State University Extension. http://cru.cahe.wsu.edu/CEPUBLICATIONS/EB1552E/EB1552E.PDF

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Final Pest Rating: B

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei Williams: Waratah Scale

April 7, 2015 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei Williams: Waratah Scale¹

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Pest Rating: A

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei is commonly intercepted by California’s high risk programs and occasionally by dog teams. This armored scale insect is currently assigned a temporary rating of “Q” and is therefore in need of a permanent pest rating.

History & Status:

Background: Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei is an armored scale insect that typically feeds on the underside of host plant leaves. It is considered a minor pest of macadamia nut production and ornamental proteas¹. Known hosts include Agavaceae: cabbage tree (Cordyline australis¹), mountain cabbage tree (Cordyline indivisa¹); Iridaceae: New Zealand iris (Libertia ixioides¹), Libertia sp.¹; Proteaceae: Chilean firetree (Embothrium coccineum¹), Leucadendron sp.⁴, Leucospermum sp.⁴, river lomatia (Lomatia myricoides¹), Macadamia sp.^1,2, king protea (Protea cynaroides⁴), oleanderleaf protea (Protea nerifolia¹), Protea protea⁴, Protea sp.⁴, Gippsland waratah (Telopea oreades¹), waratah (Telopea speciosissima^1,2), Telopea sp.¹; Rutaceae: wharangi (Melicope ternata¹); Xanthorrhoeaceae: New Zealand flax (Phormium tenax⁴).

Worldwide Distribution: Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei is native to Australia². From there it has spread to New Zealand² and has been found in greenhouses in Europe³. Interceptions also show that it is present in some plant nurseries and cut flower production sites in Hawaii.

Official Control: Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei is not known to be under official control in any other states or nations. However, all species of Pseudaulacaspis are listed as quarantine pests by Japan and the Republic of Korea⁵.

California Distribution: Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions: Between November 24, 2004 and January 5, 2015 Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei was intercepted 86 times on shipments of cut flowers and nursery stock from Hawaii.

The risk Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei (waratah scale) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Host plants of Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei are commonly grown as ornamentals in coastal and southern California. The scale is expected to be able to establish wherever these are grown. Waratah scale receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.
– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.
– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei is known to feed on 18 species of plants in 5 families. It receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.
– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.
– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Scale insects are capable of rapid reproduction and Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei has demonstrated a propensity to spread long distances on cut flowers and nursery stock. Crawlers may also spread locally by wind or by hitchhiking on clothing, equipment, or other animals. Waratah scale receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.
– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.
– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei is considered a minor pest of macadamia nut production and ornamental proteas¹. There are a few commercial growers of macadamia nuts in southern California who may find their yields reduced by this insect. Proteas are also common in the nursery industry and growers may find their yields reduced as unsightly infested plants may be destroyed. The establishment of waratah scale in California may also increase crop production costs by both macadamia nut and protea producers. California producers of cut flowers and nursery stock may experience disruptions in trade as both Japan and Korea consider species of Pseudaulacaspis quarantine pests⁵. Waratah scale receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.
– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.
– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. The scale is not expected to directly affect any threatened or endangered species or disrupt any critical habitats. Waratah scale may trigger new private treatment programs by producers of macadamia nuts and ornamental proteas and by residents who find infested ornamental plants unsightly. Proteas are common ornamental plants and could be significantly impacted by this insect. Waratah scale receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.
– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.
– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei (Waratah scale): High (13)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

– Low = 5-8 points
– Medium = 9-12 points
– High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei has never been found in the environment of California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

– Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.
– Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).
– Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.
– High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (13)

Uncertainty:

Recent surveys for mealybugs on proteas growing in the environment of coastal and southern California would have been likely to detect populations of Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei but did not find the insect. Nevertheless, based on the large number of interceptions it is likely that some of the scale insects remained undetected and entered California. It is possible that some of these scales could have established in limited areas of California.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei has never been found in the environment of California and is likely to have significant economic impacts to the nursery, cut flower, and macadamia nut industries in California. Waratah scale may also have significant environmental impacts by triggering new chemical treatments and damaging ornamental plantings. An “A” rating is justified.

References:

¹SEL Catalog query results: http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/catalogs/diaspidi/Pseudaulacaspisbrimblecombei.htm

²Miller, Dug, Yair Ben-Dov, Gary Gibson, and Nate Hardy. ScaleNet. http://scalenet.info/validname/Pseudaulacaspis/brimblecombei/

³Malumphy, C. and A.J. Halstead. 2012. First incursions in Europe of four Australasian species of armoured scale insect (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). British Journal of Entomology and Natural History 25(4): 193-197. http://www.cabi.org/isc/abstract/20123419544

⁴California Department of Food & Agriculture Pest Detection Record Database

⁵USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Pinnaspis uniloba (Kuwana): Unilobed Scale

April 7, 2015 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Pinnaspis uniloba (Kuwana): Unilobed Scale

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Pest Rating: B

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

Pinnaspis uniloba is occasionally intercepted by CDFA and presently has a temporary rating of “Q”. A pest rating proposal is required to assign a permanent pest rating.

History & Status:

Background: Pinnaspis uniloba is an armored scale insect that feeds on a variety of plants. Known hosts include: Apocynaceae: Alyxia sp^1,2, maile (Alyxia olivaeformis^1,2); Fabaceae: Bauhinia racemosa^1,2; Magnoliaceae: Michelia sp.^1,2; Oleaceae: Osmanthus sp.^1,2, sweet olive (Osmanthus fragrans^1,2), fortune’s tea olive (Osmanthus fortunei^1,2); Rutaceae: bael fruit (Aegle marmelos^1,2); Theaceae: Adinandra sp.^1,2, Adinandra milletti^1,2, Adinandra ryukyuensis², Japanese camellia (Camellia japonica^1,2), Cleyera japonica^1,2, Cleyera ochnacea^1,2, Eurya japonica^1,2, Thea japonica^1,2. Pinnaspis uniloba may be transported long distances when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved.

Worldwide Distribution: Pinnaspis uniloba is probably native to Asia. It has been reported in China^1,2, India^1,2, Japan^1,2, and South Korea². From there it has spread to the Hawaiian Islands.

Official Control: Pinnaspis uniloba is not known to be under official control in any other states or nations³.

California Distribution: Pinnaspis uniloba has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions: Pinnaspis uniloba has been intercepted 92 times on plants and fresh plant material from Hawaii. Many of these interceptions have occurred on Maile (Alyxia sp.) leaf leis.

The risk Pinnaspis uniloba (unilobed scale) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

Climate/Host Interaction: A few of the host plants of Pinnaspis uniloba are widely grown as ornamentals in California and the scale may be expected to establish everywhere they are grown. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

2) Known Pest Host Range: Pinnaspis uniloba is known to feed on 16 species of plants in six families. It receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.
– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.
– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Pinnaspis uniloba has only one generation per year. Armored scales may be transported long distances when infested plants are moved and may be dispersed locally by crawling, wind, or by hitchhiking on clothing, equipment, or animals. Pinnaspis uniloba receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

4) Economic Impact: Pinnaspis uniloba is not expected to lower any crop yields. It may reduce the value of some nursery stock by disfiguring plants with its presence. It is not expected to disrupt markets, change cultural practices, vector other organisms, injure animals, or interfere with water supplies. Pinnaspis uniloba receives a Low (1) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.
– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.
– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Pinnaspis uniloba is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. It is not expected to directly affect threatened or endangered species or disrupt critical habitats. It might trigger chemical treatments in the nursery industry and by residents who find infested ornamentals unsightly. It is not expected to significantly impact cultural practices, home/urban gardening, or ornamental plantings. Pinnaspis uniloba receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.
– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.
– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Pinnaspis uniloba (Unilobed Scale): Medium (10)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

– Low = 5-8 points
– Medium = 9-12 points
– High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Pinnaspis uniloba has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: Medium (10)

Uncertainty:

Pinnaspis uniloba is currently not known to be present anywhere in North or South America. It is possible that some states or nations could impose new trade restrictions if it were to become abundant in California.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Pinnaspis uniloba has never been found in California. It is expected to have limited impacts if it were to enter the state. The scale is most often intercepted on leis and, because of its limited host range, is unlikely to encounter suitable host material when it enters the state via this pathway. A “B” rating is justified.

References:

¹ Miller, Dug, Yair Ben-Dov, Gary Gibson, and Nate Hardy. ScaleNet. http://scalenet.info/validname/Pinnaspis/uniloba/

² SEL Catalog. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/catalogs/diaspidi/Pinnaspisuniloba.htm

³ USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Pest Rating: B

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Pseudococcus elisae Borchsenius: Banana Mealybug

April 7, 2015 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Pseudococcus elisae Borchsenius: Banana Mealybug

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

Pest Rating: A

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

Pseudococcus elisae is frequently intercepted by CDFA and requires a pest rating proposal to support its pest rating.

History & Status:

Background: Pseudococcus elisae is a polyphagous Neotropical mealybug that feeds on a variety of cultivated plants, but most often on banana and other Musaceae¹. Known hosts include: Annonaceae: sugar apple (Annona squamosa¹); Araceae: Aglaonema spp.¹, Dieffenbachia spp.¹; Musaceae: Musa spp.¹, latundan banana (Musa sapientum¹), plantain (Musa paradisiaca¹); Rubiaceae: robusta coffee (Coffea canephora¹), arabica coffee (Coffea arabica¹), Ixora spp.¹; Rutaceae: key lime (Citrus aurantifolia¹). Pseudococcus elisae may be transported long distances when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved.

Worldwide Distribution: Pseudococcus elisae is native to the Neotropical region. It is established in Mexico³, Guatemala³, Honduras³, Panama³, Colombia³, Ecuador³, Brazil³, Chile³, and Cuba³. It was confirmed to be established in Hawaii in 1984².

Official Control: Pseudococcus elisae is listed as a harmful organism by Chile, Japan, the Republic of Korea, and Paraguay⁴.

California Distribution: Pseudococcus elisae has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions: Between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2014 Pseudococcus elisae was intercepted by CDFA’s high risk programs, border stations, and dog teams 97 times. Interceptions have occurred on bananas, cut flowers, nursery stock, and other fresh plant parts.

The risk Pseudococcus elisae would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Pseudococcus elisae is a tropical species with a host range that includes some plants grown outdoors in the warmer regions of California (e.g. key lime, banana). If the mealybug were to enter the state it would likely be limited to regions where these host plants are available. It receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

2) Known Pest Host Range: Pseudococcus elisae is known to feed on 10 species of plants in 5 families. It receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.
– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.
– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Mealybugs are capable of rapid reproduction and can be transported long distances when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved. They may also disperse locally by crawling, wind, or by hitchhiking on clothing, equipment, or animals. Pseudococcus elisae receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

4) Economic Impact: Pseudococcus elisae may lower the value of nursery stock by disfiguring plants with its presence. Several of California’s trading partners consider the mealybug a harmful organism. It is possible that Pseudococcus elisae could disrupt markets for nursery stock and fresh fruit. The mealybug receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.
B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).
C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).
D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.
E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.
F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.
G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agri5) cultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.
– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.
– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Pseudococcus elisae is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. It is not expected to directly affect threatened or endangered species or disrupt critical habitats. It may trigger new treatment programs in the nursery industry and by residents who find infested plants unsightly. It is not expected to significantly impact cultural practices, home/urban gardening, or ornamental plantings. Pseudococcus elisae receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.
B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.
C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.
D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.
E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.
– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.
– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Pseudococcus elisae: Medium (11)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

– Low = 5-8 points
– Medium = 9-12 points
– High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Pseudococcus elisae has never been found in the environment of California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: Medium (11)

Uncertainty:

It is possible that the host range of Pseudococcus elisae could be greater than is presently known. It is also possible that most of the climate of California could be unsuitable for establishment of the species.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Pseudococcus elisae has never been found in California. If it were to enter the state significant economic impacts could be expected on the nursery and fruit industries. An “A” rating is justified.

References:

¹ Miller, Dug, Yair Ben-Dov, Gary Gibson, and Nate Hardy. ScaleNet. http://scalenet.info/validname/Pseudococcus/elisae/

²Beardsley, John W. 1986. Taxonomic Notes on Pseudococcus elisae Borchsenius, a Mealybug New to the Hawaiian Fauna (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Journal Series no. 2942 of the Hawaii Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resource. 26(1): 31-34. https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/11188/26_31-34.pdf?sequence=1

³CABI Invasive Species Compendium: Pseudococcus elisae (banana mealybug). http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/45085

⁴USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Hymenoptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Ochetellus glaber (Mayr): An Ant

April 7, 2015 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Ochetellus glaber (Mayr): An Ant

Hymenoptera: Formicidae

Pest Rating: A

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

Ochetellus glaber is frequently intercepted by CDFA and presently has a temporary rating of “Q”. A pest rating proposal is required to establish a permanent pest rating.

History & Status:

Background: Ochetellus glaber is a species of ant that is adapted for living around the interface of open and scrub habitat¹. It often nests arboreally, under stones, or in dry fallen logs¹. The ants are generalist foragers that may feed on honeydew, insects, or worms. They sometimes forage in houses for fluids or sweets but are not considered a major house pest¹. Colonies have multiple queens and colonies may reproduce by budding when a queen and some workers move to a new area. This allows the ants to be transported long distances when nests or queens are moved as contaminating pests in commerce.

Worldwide Distribution: Ochetellus glaber is probably native to Australia. It was first found in New Zealand in 1927¹ and Hawaii in 1977². It has also invaded Japan and parts of Asia. It recently spread to Florida³.

Official Control: Ochetellus glaber is not known to be under official control in any other states or nations⁴.

California Distribution: Ochetellus glaber has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions: Between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2014 Ochetellus glaber was intercepted 199 times by CDFA’s high risk programs and dog teams. These interceptions have been on nursery stock and fresh plant parts from Hawaii. The ant was also intercepted once at a border station on beehives from Florida.

The risk Ochetellus glaber would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Ochetellus glaber is found in regions with similar climates to California. The ant can be expected to establish a widespread distribution in the state and receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

2) Known Pest Host Range: Ochetellus glaber is a generalist forager that can feed on a wide variety of sources. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.
– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.
– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Ants are capable of rapid reproduction and can disperse long distances when colonies or queens are moved. Ochetellus glaber receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

4) Economic Impact: Ochetellus glaber is not expected to lower crop yields or increase crop production costs. It is not expected to disrupt any markets for Californian agricultural commodities. It is not expected to change cultural practices or vector other pestiferous organisms. Ochetellus glaber is known to tend honeydew producing insects and may consume parasitoids, disrupting biological control of pests such as pink hibiscus mealybug⁵. The ants are not expected to interfere with water supplies. Ochetellus glaber receives a Low (1) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.
– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.
– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Invasive ants such as Ochetellus glaber may cause slow, long-term ecological changes that have potential to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. They may also trigger new private treatment programs by residents who find infestations unacceptable and in the nursery industry. Ochetellus glaber receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.
– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.
– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

Consequences of Introduction to California for Ochetellus glaber: High (13)

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points
–Medium = 9-12 points
–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Ochetellus glaber has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.
–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).
–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.
–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (13)

Uncertainty:

Invasive ants such as argentine ant (Linepithema humile) are already widespread in California and occupy many of the niches that Ochetellus glaber might be expected to colonize. It is possible that competition from argentine ant may help preclude establishment of other invasive species such as Ochetellus glaber. There is some evidence that Ochetellus glaber is a species complex and should be considered two or more distinct species⁶.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Ochetellus glaber has never been found in California and is expected to have limited economic and significant environmental impacts if it were to establish here. An “A” rating is justified.

References:

¹ Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua. Ochetellus glaber fact sheet. http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/publications/factsheets/Factsheets/ochetellus-glaber

²Kirschenbaum, Ranit and J. Kenneth Grace. 2008. Agonistic Interactions Among Invasive Ant Species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Two Habitats on Oahu, Hawaii. Sociobiology 51(3): 543-553. http://manoa.hawaii.edu/ctahr/termite/aboutcontact/grace/pdfs/241.pdf

³ Deyrup, M. 2003. An updated list of Florida ants (Hymeoptera: Formicidae). Florida Entomologist 86:43-48. http://antkey.org/content/updated-list-florida-ants-hymenoptera-formicidae

⁴ USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

⁵ González-Hernández, Héctor, Neil J. Reimer, and Marshall W. Johnson. 1999. Survey of the natural enemies of Dysmicoccus mealybugs on pineapple in Hawaii. BioControl 44: 47-58. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1009954625169#page-2

⁶Hoffman, Benjamin D., Alan N. Andersen, and Xiang Zhang. 2011. Taxonomic confusion of two tramp ant species: Iridomyrmex anceps and Ochetellus glaber are really species complexes. Current Zoology. http://www.actazool.org/site_media/onlinefirst/downloadable_file/2011/06/30/11.1_incomplete_taxonomy_hinders_invasion_research.pdf

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Kallitaxila granulata (Stål): A Planthopper

April 7, 2015 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Kallitaxila granulata (Stål): A Planthopper

Hemiptera: Tropiduchidae

Pest Rating: A

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

The planthopper Kallitaxila granulata is frequently intercepted by CDFA on shipments of plant products from Hawaii. This organism is presently assigned a temporary rating of “Q”. A pest rating proposal is needed to determine future actions on this pest.

History & Status:

Background: Kallitaxila granulata is a moderately polyphagous planthopper that feeds on at least 24 species of plants in at least 19 families. Adults lay eggs singly or in clusters along leaf veins, typically on the underside of leaves². Nymphs and adults both feed on leaves. Known hosts include: Apocynaceae: Plumeria acuminata (plumeria)²; Asparagaceae: Cordyline fruicosa (ti)²; Asteraceae: Wedelia sp.³; Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera sp. (honeysuckle)³; Cibotiaceae: Cibotium chamissoi (hapuu)²; Convovulaceae: Ipomoea triloba (Aiea morning glory)³; Euphorbiaceae: Aleurites moluccana (kukui)², Euphorbia heterophylla³; Fabaceae: Erythrina sandwicensis (wiliwili)³; Erythrina variegata (India coral bean)², Lablab purpureus (lablab beans)³; Gleicheniaceae: Dicranopteris linearis (uluhe)²; Lamiaceae: Vitex sp.³; Malvaceae: Thespesia populnea (milo tree)³; Moraceae: Ficus benjamina (weeping fig)³; Myrtaceae: Metrosideros polymorpha (ohia-lihua)²; Psidium guava (guava)²; Polygonaceae: Coccoloba uvifera (sea grape)³; Rubiaceae: Coffea sp. (coffee)³; Rutaceae: Citrus paradisi (grapefruit)², Citrus sp.³; Scrophulariaceae: Myoporum acuminatum³; Thymelaeaceae: Wikstroemia sp. (akia)³; Verbenaceae: Lantana montevidensis³, . The planthopper has the potential to spread long distances through commerce in infested plants and plant products.

Worldwide Distribution: Kallitaxila granulata is native to the Philippines. From there it spread to Christmas Island, the Cook Islands, Vietnam, China, and Hawaii⁴.

Official Control: Kallitaxila granulata is not known to be under official control in any states or nations.

California Distribution: Kallitaxila granulata has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions: Kallitaxila granulata is frequently intercepted on shipments of plant products from Hawaii including basil, betel, curry, ginger, malangai, orchids, and ti¹.

The risk Kallitaxila granulata (a planthopper) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Some of the known hosts of Kallitaxila granulata are widely grown as ornamentals (e.g., Ficus benjamina) and crops (e.g., citrus) in California. The planthopper is likely to establish wherever hosts are grown. The insect receives a High(3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

2) Known Pest Host Range: Kallitaxila granulata is known to feed on at least 24 species of plants in 19 plant families. The host list for Kallitaxila granulata expanded greatly with its introduction to Hawaii. It is likely that the plant hopper would continue to colonize new plants if it established in California. This is likely to cause additional economic and/or environmental impacts that are not considered in this document. The planthopper receives a High(3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.
– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.
– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Planthoppers have high reproductive potential and may spread long distances through the movement of infested plants or plant products. Kallitaxila granulata receives a High(3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

4) Economic Impact: Kallitaxila granulata is not expected to lower crop yields. Because the planthopper has a limited distribution, its entry into California may disrupt some markets as it is likely to contaminate commodities with its presence. The planthopper may increase crop production costs, especially in the nursery industry, as growers treat to ensure clean plants. Kallitaxila granulata is not expected to negatively change cultural practices, vector pestiferous organisms, injure animals, or interfere with water supplies. The planthopper receives a Medium(2) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.
– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.
– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Kallitaxila granulata is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. No plants listed as threatened or endangered species in California are expected to be hosts for the plant hopper, nor is the plant hopper expected to disrupt critical habitats. The leaf hopper may trigger additional private treatment programs within the nursery industry as some growers may treat in order to maintain nursery stock cleanliness. The leaf hopper is not expected to impact cultural practices, home/urban gardening, or ornamental plantings. Kallitaxila granulata receives a Medium(2) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.
– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.
– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Kallitaxila granulata: High(13)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points
–Medium = 9-12 points
–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Kallitaxila granulata has not been found in the environment of California and receives a Not established(0) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.
–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).
–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.
–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High(13)

Uncertainty:

Kallitaxila granulata is frequently intercepted on shipments of plant products from Hawaii. Presumably, it has also been present on other shipments that were not intercepted and have entered the state. There have not been any formal surveys of California for this plant hopper. Therefore, it is likely that Kallitaxila granulata is either already present in parts of the state or that environmental conditions here are not conducive to establishment. The places where the planthopper is known to be established have humid tropical environments. The Mediterranean climate of California may not be suitable for the plant hopper.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Kallitaxila granulata has not yet been documented to cause significant economic or environmental impacts anywhere it has established. If the plant hopper were to enter California, economic impacts are expected to be limited to possible disruptions to host plant markets when the insect is found. Furthermore, production costs may increase in the nursery industry as new treatments could be triggered in order to maintain plant cleanliness. Environmental impacts are expected to be limited to these possible new chemical treatments. However, the plant hopper greatly expanded its host range when it was introduced to Hawaii. It is likely to continue to colonize new hosts in California. Due to potential economic and environmental impacts of the entry of Kallitaxila granulata into California, an “A”-rating is justified.

References:

¹Von Ellenrieder, Natalia. 2007. A planthopper (Kallitaxila granulata). California Plant Pest & Disease Report 23(1): 19. http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CCsQFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdfa.ca.gov%2Fplant%2FPPD%2FPDF%2Fkallitaxila_granulata.pdf&ei=kTe8U_3KDojPiwLM-IGACQ&usg=AFQjCNH2ilXv8591Cqo7A2UW721tVhR6fg&bvm=bv.70138588,d.cGE

²Yang, Pingjun, Andrei Alyokhn, and Russell Messing. 2001. Patterns of oviposition and parasitism of eggs of Kallitaxila granulata (Homoptera: Tropiduchidae), a newly invasive planthopper in Hawaii. Proc. Hawaiian Entomological Society 35: 77-83. http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/8104/9Yang.pdf?sequence=1

³Asche, Manfred. 2000. New state records of immigrant planthoppers in Hawaii (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea). Proc. Hawaiian Entomological Society 34: 185-187. http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/8409/Note2.pdf?sequence=1

⁴FLOW Hemiptera Database: http://hemiptera-databases.org/flow/?page=explorer&db=flow&lang=en&card=taxon&rank=species&id=9580

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Lycorma delicatula White: Spotted Lanternfly

April 7, 2015 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Lycorma delicatula White: Spotted Lanternfly

Hemiptera: Fulgoridae

Pest Rating: A

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

On October 30, 2014 Duane Schnabel distributed information from the National Plant Board that Lycorma delicatula has been found in four counties in Pennsylvania and may have been distributed to other states. A pest rating proposal is needed to determine future direction on this pest.

History & Status:

Background: Lycorma delicatula is a fulgorid hopper that is known to feed on at least 41 species of trees and herbs^1. The spotted lanternfly has one generation per year and overwinters as eggs in an ootheca¹. In Korea, eggs hatch in mid-May and nymphs begin sucking saps from young stems and leaves¹. Nymphs do not fly and are particularly polyphagous, feeding on almost any plant they encounter. Their feeding produces large quantities of fluid, which covers stems and leaves¹. Infestations can weaken plants and eventually kill them¹. Adult spotted lanternfly can fly but tends to spread by walking. By September, many of the adults have moved to preferred hosts, if they are available¹. The strongly preferred host for adult feeding is tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima) but they also prefer bee bee tree (Tetradium (=Evodia) daniellii) and Amur cork tree (Phellodendron amurense)¹. The insect will also feed on a wide variety of other plants including grapes (Vitis spp.) and stone fruit (Prunus spp.). Oothecae are typically deposited on trees with a smooth surface structure¹. The most likely pathway for long-distance spread of Lycorma delicatula is the movement of oothecae on infested nursery stock or possibly other objects.

Partial Host List: Betulaceae: Betula platyphylla¹ (Japanese white birch); Cornaceae: Cornus controversa¹ (wedding cake tree), C. kousa¹ (kousa dogwood), C. officinalis¹ (Japanese cornel); Elaeagnaceae: Elaeagnus umbellata¹ (Japanese silverberry); Juglandaceae: Juglans mandshurica¹ (Manchurian walnut); Meliaceae: Cedrela fissilis¹, Toona sinensis¹ (Chinese mahogany); Oleaceae: Syringa vulgaris¹ (lilac); Pinaceae: Pinus densiflora¹ (Japanese red pine); P. strobus¹ (eastern white pine); Rosaceae: Prunus serrulata¹ (Japanese cherry), P. yedoensis¹ (yoshino cherry); Rutaceae: Phellodendron amurense¹ (Amur cork tree), Tetradium daniellii¹ (bee bee tree); Salicaceae: Populus alba¹ (white poplar); Sapindaceae: Acer palmatum¹ (Japanese maple), Acer saccharinum¹ (silver maple); Simaroubaceae: Ailanthus altissima¹ (tree of heaven), Picrasma quassioides¹ (bitterwood); Ulmaceae: Zelkova serrata¹ (keyaki); Vitaceae: Parthenocissus quinquefolia¹ (Virginia creeper), Vitis amurensis¹ (Amur grape), Vitis vinifera¹ (grape vine).

Worldwide Distribution: Lycorma delicatula is native to the southern part of China and other subtropical regions of southeast Asia¹. It was not known to be invasive until it spread to Korea in 2006 and to Pennsylvania in 2014.

Official Control: Lycorma delicatula is not known to be under official control in any states or nations.

California Distribution: Lycorma delicatula has not been found in California.

California Interceptions: Lycorma delicatula has not been intercepted in California.

The risk Lycorma delicatula (spotted lanternfly) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Host plants are commonly grown in California and spotted lanternfly is likely to establish wherever they are found. Lycorma delicatula receives a High(3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

2) Known Pest Host Range: Lycorma delicatula feeds on at least 41 species of plants in at least 14 families. These include multiple agriculturally important crops and common ornamentals in California. It receives a High(3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.
– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.
– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Lycorma delicatula has only one generation per year and tends to move by walking but oothecae may be dispersed long distances by the movement of infested nursery stock or other items. Spotted lanternfly receives a Medium(2) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

4) Economic Impact: Infestations of Lycorma delicatula may lower crop yields and increase production costs in economically important crops such as grape, stone fruit, and nursery stock. Since it entered Korea, the insect has caused considerable damage in vineyards. Although it is not yet under official control in any states or nations, the presence of this pest in agricultural commodities may cause trade disruptions due to its limited range in North America. Spotted lanternfly is not expected to change normal cultural practices, vector other organisms, or interfere with water supplies. Lycorma delicatula receives a High(3) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.
– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.
– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Spotted lanternfly is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities or change ecosystem processes. It is not expected to directly affect endangered species or disrupt critical habitats. It may trigger new treatments in vineyards and stone fruit orchards and by residents who find infested plants unsightly. Spotted lanternfly may also significantly affect home/urban gardening by feeding on grapes and trees. Lycorma delicatula receives a High(3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.
– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.
– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Lycorma delicatula (Spotted Lanternfly): High(14)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points
–Medium = 9-12 points
–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Lycorma delicatula has not been found in California and receives a Not established(0) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.
–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).
–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.
–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High(14)

Uncertainty:

There have been no formal surveys for Lycorma delicatula in California. It may already be present in some localities.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) has never been found in California and is likely to have significant economic and environmental impacts. An A-rating is justified.

References:

¹Kim, Jae Geun, Eun-Hyuk Lee, Yeo-Min Seo, and Na-Yeon Kim. Cyclic Behavior of Lycorma delicatula (Insecta: Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) on Host Plants. J Insect Behav (2011) 24: 423-435. http://ag.udel.edu/delpha/7969.pdf

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

The CDFA's Plant Health and Pest Prevention Services Division grants the public opportunities to comment on proposed pest ratings. The following type of proposals are available for comment:

California Pest Rating for

Acutaspis agavis (Townsend & Cockerell): Agave scale

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Pest Rating: B

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

History & Status:

Consequences of Introduction:

Consequences of Introduction to California for Acutaspis agavis (Agave scale): Medium(11)

Final Score:

Uncertainty:

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

References:

Responsible Party:

Pest Rating: B

California Pest Rating for

Dactylotrypes longicollis (Wollaston): Beetle

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Pest Rating: C

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

History & Status:

Consequences of Introduction:

Consequences of Introduction to California for Dactylotrypes longicollis: Medium (10)

Final Score:

Uncertainty:

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

References:

Responsible Party:

Pest Rating: C

California Pest Rating for

Formica francoeuri Bolton: Native Ant

Hymenoptera: Formicidae

Pest Rating: C

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

History & Status:

Consequences of Introduction:

Consequences of Introduction to California for Formica francoeuri (native ant): Low (6).

Final Score:

Uncertainty:

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

References:

Responsible Party:

PEST RATING: C

California Pest Rating for

Plebeia frontalis (Friese): Stingless Bee

Hymenoptera: Apidae

Pest Rating: B

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

History & Status:

Consequences of Introduction:

Consequences of Introduction to California for Plebeia frontalis: Medium (11)

Final Score:

Uncertainty:

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

References:

Responsible Party:

Pest Rating: B

California Pest Rating for

Ferrisia dasylirii (Cockerell): Mealybug

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

Pest Rating: C

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

History & Status:

Consequences of Introduction:

Consequences of Introduction to California for Ferrisia dasylirii: Medium(11)

Final Score:

Uncertainty:

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

References:

Responsible Party:

Pest Rating: C

California Pest Rating for

Hemiberlesia ithacae (Ferris): Hemlock Scale

Synonym: Abgrallaspis ithacae Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Pest Rating: B

PEST RATING PROFILE

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Acutaspis agavis (Agave scale): Medium(11)**

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Dactylotrypes longicollis: Medium (10)**

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Formica francoeuri (native ant): Low (6).**

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Plebeia frontalis: Medium (11)**

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Ferrisia dasylirii: Medium(11)**

Synonym: Abgrallaspis ithacae

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei Williams: Waratah Scale¹

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei (Waratah scale): High (13)**

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Pinnaspis uniloba (Unilobed Scale): Medium (10)**

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Pseudococcus elisae: Medium (11)**