Category Archives: Hemiptera

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Macrohomotoma gladiata (Kuwayama) | Curtain Fig Psyllid

January 15, 2016 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Macrohomotoma gladiata (Kuwayama): Curtain Fig Psyllid

Hemiptera: Psyllidae

Pest Rating: B

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

On August 28, 2015 Dr. Alessandra Rung identified psyllids collected in a nursery in Orange County as Macrohomotoma cf. gladiata. A pest rating proposal is required to assign a permanent pest rating.

History & Status:

Background: Macrohomotoma gladiata is a psyllid that feeds on the new shoots of several varieties of ornamental Ficus trees¹. Adult psyllids lay eggs on new leaves of twigs and withered bracts¹. As the nymphs feed shoots become deformed, stop developing, and eventually die¹. Leaves become covered in white waxy secretions which facilitate the development of sooty-mold². The main hosts of the psyllid are curtain fig (Ficus microcarpa) and Cuban-laurel (Ficus retusa)¹. There are also questionable records from Indian banyan (Ficus benghalensis) and rusty-leaf fig (Ficus microphylla)¹.

Worldwide Distribution: Macrohomotoma gladiata is native to China, Taiwan, and Japan where it is not considered to be a pest¹. It was first found in Europe in the Balearic Islands in 2009 where it emerged as a pest and has since spread to mainland Spain (2010) and Italy (2011)¹. It has not previously been found in North or South America.

Official Control: Macrohomotoma gladiata is not known to be under official control in any other states or nations.

California Distribution: Macrohomotoma gladiata has been found at several residential and commercial properties in Anaheim, Orange County feeding on curtain fig (Ficus microcarpa).

California Interceptions: Macrohomotoma gladiata has been found in four nurseries in Orange County feeding on Ficus microcarpa.

The risk Macrohomotoma gladiata (curtain fig psyllid) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Ficus microcarpa is a popular ornamental that grows in USDA plant hardiness zones 9-11, corresponding with much of the San Joaquin Valley, Coastal, and Southern California. Macrohomotoma gladiata is expected to be able to establish throughout these regions wherever suitable host plants are found. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Macrohomotoma gladiata is only known to feed on several varieties of Ficus trees and receives a Low (1) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Psyllids have high reproductive rates and can disperse locally by flying. They may also be transported long distances when infested plants or leaves are moved or by hitchhiking on clothing, equipment, or animals. Macrohomotoma gladiata receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Ficus microcarpa plants are a valuable component of the nursery industry. If Macrohomotoma gladiata were to establish in the environment of California it is likely to lower nursery yields of these plants and increase production costs. Due to the absence of this psyllid from the entirety of North America there could be disruptions to markets for California produced Ficus microcarpa nursery stock. Macrohomotoma gladiata receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: If Macrohomotoma gladiata were to establish in the environment of California it is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. It is not likely to directly affect threatened or endangered species or disrupt critical habitats. Its presence is likely to trigger new chemical treatments in the nursery industry and by residents who find infested plants unsightly. Ficus microcarpa trees are widely grown as ornamentals in California and are likely to be significantly impacted by this pest. Macrohomotoma gladiata receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Macrohomotoma gladiata (Curtain Fig Psyllid): High (13)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Macrohomotoma gladiata has only been found in the environment of Orange County and receives a Low (-1) in this category.

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: Medium (12)

Uncertainty:

There have not been any recent surveys for this psyllid in California, so it may be more widespread. Over the last three years many new Ficus pests have been found in southern California including Ficus whitefly (Singhiella simplex), ficus eye-spot midge (Horidiplosis ficifolii), and Cuban-laurel thrips (Gynaikothrips uzeli). It is possible that new treatments that are already necessary for these other new pests will preclude some of the economic and environmental impacts from additional new pests such as Macrohomotoma gladiata. Alternatively, the psyllid might have a larger host range in California than has been documented elsewhere.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Macrohomotoma gladiata has been found in the environment of Orange County and is likely to have significant economic and environmental impacts as it expands its range in the state. A “B”-rating in justified.

References:

¹ Pedata, Paolo Alfonso, Daniel Burckhardt, and Donato Mancini. 2012. Severe infestations of the jumping plant-louse Macrohomotoma gladiata, a new species for Italy in urban Ficus plantations. Bulletin of Insectology 65(1): 95-98. http://www.bulletinofinsectology.org/pdfarticles/vol65-2012-095-098pedata.pdf

² Mifsud, D. and F. Porcelli. 2012. The psyllid Macrohomotoma gladiata Kuwayama, 1908 (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Homotomidae): a Ficus pest recently introduced in the EPPO region. EPPO Bulletin 42(1): 161-164. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2338.2012.02544.x/abstract

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦ Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment:

Consequences of Introduction: 1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦ Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦ Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦ Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦ Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating: B

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Tarophagus colocasiae (Matsumura) | Taro Planthopper

January 15, 2016 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Tarophagus colocasiae (Matsumura): Taro Planthopper

Hemiptera: Delphacidae

Pest Rating: B

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

Tarophagus colocasiae is commonly intercepted by California’s high risk programs. This planthopper is currently assigned a temporary rating of “Q” and is therefore in need of a permanent pest rating.

History & Status:

Background: Tarophagus colocasiae is a planthopper that is considered a serious pest of taro (Colocasia esculenta)¹. The planthopper feeds by sucking sap and/or xylem from the plant tissue¹. Feeding produces honeydew, sooty mold, and necrotic areas on leaves and discoloration of bark on stems¹. Heavy infestations may cause stunting and/or wilting of the taro plants. Taro planthopper is also reported to vector alomae and bobone diseases, which are caused by rhabdoviruses, between taro plants. The planthopper may spread long distances by the movement of infested taro plants, leaves, or roots.

Worldwide Distribution: Tarophagus colocasiae is widespread in Southeast Asia and the Pacific islands¹. It has been present in Hawaii since at least 1930. The planthopper was confirmed to be present in Florida in June 2015 and is likely established in both Jamaica and Cuba⁴.

Official Control: Tarophagus colocasiae is not listed as a quarantine pest by any other states or nations². However, Tarophagus proserpina is listed as a quarantine pest by Japan and Korea and that species may be a synonym of T. colocasiae.

California Distribution: Tarophagus colocasiae has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions: Between January 1, 2000 and January 6, 2015, Tarophagus colocasiae was intercepted 133 times on consignments from Hawaii. 127 of the interceptions were on taro. The remainder were on betel leaf (1), ginger (1), galanga (2), and sweet potato (2).

The risk Tarophagus colocasiae (taro planthopper) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Taro grows in USDA plant hardiness zones 8 through 11 and is grown in gardens and small-scale commercial farms in Fresno and Sacramento California³. Tarophagus colocasiae is expected to be able to establish wherever these plants are grown. It receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Tarophagus colocasiae is only known to feed on taro and related aroids. It receives a Low (1) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Taro planthoppers may be moved long distances when infested taro plants, leaves, or roots are moved. However, their wings do not fully develop and they are not considered to be good fliers. Planthoppers have high reproductive rates. Tarophagus colocasiae receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: If Tarophagus colocasiae were to establish in California it would be likely to lower the yield of commercial taro farms and gardens. The planthopper would also be likely to increase crop production costs. Taro leafhopper may also vector diseases between taro plants. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Tarophagus colocasiae is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. Taro planthopper is not expected to directly affect threatened or endangered species or disrupt critical habitats. The planthopper may trigger additional treatment programs by gardeners and growers of commercial taro. The planthopper may also significantly impact taro plants in home/urban gardens. Taro planthopper receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

Consequences of Introduction to California for Tarophagus colocasiae (Taro Planthopper): Medium(12)

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Tarophagus colocasiae has never been found in the environment of California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: Medium(12)

Uncertainty:

Tarophagus colocasiae is frequently intercepted. Presumably, the planthopper sometimes escapes detection and enters California. There have not been any formal surveys for the pest in the state, so it is possible that it may have established in some locations.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Tarophagus colocasiae has never been found in the environment of California. However, if it were to enter the state economic and environmental impacts would be limited to taro plants in home gardens and small-scale commercial farms. A “B” rating is justified.

References:

¹CABI Plantwise Knowledge Bank. http://www.plantwise.org/KnowledgeBank/Datasheet.aspx?dsid=52786

² USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

³Robinson, Ramona and Cara Allen. 2014. Taro root (Colocasia escuelenta) reported naturalizing in California. California Department of Parks and Recreation. http://www.cal-ipc.org/symposia/archive/pdf/2014/Poster2014_Robison.pdf

⁴ Halbert, Susan E. and Charles R. Bartlett. The taro planthopper, Tarophagus colocasiae (Matsumura), a new delphacid planthopper in Florida. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Pest Alert. http://www.freshfromflorida.com/Divisions-Offices/Plant-Industry/Plant-Industry-Publications/Pest-Alerts/Tarophagus-colocasiae

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Comment Format:

♦ Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s) being commented on, as shown below.

Example Comment:

Consequences of Introduction: 1. Climate/Host Interaction: [Your comment that relates to “Climate/Host Interaction” here.]

♦ Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.

♦ Comments may not be posted if they:

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to the pest rating proposal;

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic, sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal material;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination;

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.

♦ Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.

♦ Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the website to be viewed, not just submitted.

Pest Rating: B

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Acutaspis agavis (Townsend & Cockerell): Agave scale

October 21, 2015 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Acutaspis agavis (Townsend & Cockerell): Agave scale

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Pest Rating: B

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

On March 21, 2014, Dr. Gillian Watson identified the armored scale Acutaspis agavis from a sample collected from plants growing outdoors at a school in La Jolla, San Diego County. A heavy infestation was reported at the site on the adaxial leaf surfaces of Agave tequilana. Tissue dieback was reported on the most infested leaves and there was no evidence of parasitism or predation. The insect is currently Q-rated, so a pest rating proposal is needed to determine future direction.

History & Status:

Background: Acutaspis agavis is host specific to Agave spp. The primary pathway for spread of the scale is likely the movement of infested agave plants.

Worldwide Distribution: Acutaspis agavis is probably native to Mexico. It has also been reported from Costa Rica, Venezuela, and Trinidad and Tobago. In the United States it has been found in Arizona, Florida, and Texas.

Official Control: Acutaspis agavis is not known to be under official control in any other states or nations.

California Distribution: Acutaspis agavis is only known from an incursion at a school in La Jolla.

California Interceptions: The only instance of an Acutaspis agavis detection in a regulatory situation was in a nursery in El Cajon in 2012.

The risk Acutaspis agavis (Agave scale) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Agave are commonly grown as ornamental plants in California and the scale is expected to be able to establish wherever they are grown. Acutaspis agavis receives a High(3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Acutaspis agavis is specific to Agave The scale receives a Low(1) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Evidence suggests that Acutaspis agavis has two generations per year²and each female is presumably capable of laying hundreds of eggs. Adult female armored scales are immobile, but populations may be transported long distances through commerce in infested plants. Acutaspis agavis receives a High(3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Acutaspis agavis has the potential to increase production costs of Agave plants in the nursery industry. The scale is not expected to lower crop yield, trigger lost markets, alter cultural practices, vector other organisms, injure animals, or interfere with water supplies. Agave scale receives a Low(1) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Acutaspis agavis has the potential to trigger new chemical treatments in the nursery industry and by residents who find infested plants unsightly. Agave plants are popular and widely grown, especially in southern California. In the absence of natural enemies agave scale has the potential to significantly impact these cultural practices. Agave scale is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. The scale is also not expected to affect threatened or endangered species or disrupt critical habitats. Agave scale receives a High(3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Acutaspis agavis (Agave scale): Medium(11)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points

–Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Acutaspis agavis is only known from an incursion at a school in La Jolla. It is unknown if the scale has spread to other agave plants in the area. Agave scale receives a Low(-1) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: Medium(10)

Uncertainty:

Agave plants are popular landscape plants, especially in southern California. There have been no surveys for Acutaspis agavis and it may be present in other locations.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Economic impacts of Acutaspis agavis should be limited to possible increases in production costs of agave plants in the nursery industry. However, the entry of agave scale into California may have significant environmental impacts due to the popularity of the plant and the absence of its natural enemies. A B-rating is justified.

References:

¹Systematic Entomology Laboratory. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/catalogs/diaspidi/Acutaspisagavis.htm

²Salas-Araiza, M.D., R.W. Jones, G. Montesinos-Silva, E. Salazar-Solis, L.A. Parra-Negrete, O. Martinez-Jaime, R. Ramirez-Malagon, and S. Flores-Mejia. 2008. Population dynamics of the agave scale, Acutaspis agavis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), on Agave tequilana var. azul (Agavaceae) in Central Mexico. Southwestern Entomologist 33(4):289-298. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3958/0147-1724-33.4.289

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Pest Rating: B

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Ferrisia dasylirii (Cockerell): Mealybug

September 25, 2015 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Ferrisia dasylirii (Cockerell): Mealybug

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

Pest Rating: C

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

From 1953 to 2012, Ferrisia dasylirii was incorrectly considered a synonym of B-rated Ferrisia virgata. A recent revision corrected this and resurrected F. dasylirii as a valid species¹. On August 28, 2014 Dr. Gillian Watson notified me that she had examined specimens in the California State Collection of Arthropods and confirmed that F. dasylirii is present in the state. Because this mealybug is not on CDFA’s pest rating list, a pest rating proposal is needed to determine future direction.

History & Status:

Background: Ferrisia dasylirii is a polyphagous mealybug that feeds on a wide variety of plants, including many ornamentals and some crops. It may be spread long distances by commerce in infested plants or plant products.

Worldwide Distribution: Ferrisia dasylirii appears to be of Neotropical origin. It is found from the United States south to Chile². It is also found in Hawaii and several Caribbean islands².

Official Control: Ferrisia virgata is considered a quarantine pest by Israel, Japan, and New Zealand³. It is likely that these trading partners will also consider the newly resurrected F. dasylirii as a quarantine pest if it is intercepted.

California Distribution: Specimens of Ferrisia dasylirii in the state collection indicate that the mealybug is present in the environment of Alameda County (1962), Imperial County (1993, 2003), Los Angeles County (2000), San Bernardino County (1978, 1979, 1982), San Diego County (1978), and San Joaquin County (1980, 1995).

California Interceptions: From August 19, 2014 to August 26, 2015 Ferrisia dasylirii was intercepted 24 times by California’s high risk programs and dog teams on fruit and plants shipped from Florida, Hawaii, Michigan, Mississippi, and within California.

The risk Ferrisia dasylirii would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Ferrisia dasylirii is polyphagous and suitable host plants are grown throughout California. It receives a High(3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.
– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.
– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Ferrisia dasylirii feeds on a wide variety of plants in at least 29 families². It receives a High(3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.
– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.
– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Mealybugs reproduce rapidly and can spread locally by crawling or by wind. They may move long distances rapidly by hitchhiking on clothing, animals, or equipment or by the movement of infested plants or plant products. Ferrisia dasylirii receives a High(3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.
– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.
– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Ferrisia dasylirii has been present in California since at least 1962 and has not emerged as a significant pest. Several trading partners might consider this mealybug to be a quarantine pest and its presence on plants or plant products could have trade impacts. No other economic impacts are expected. Ferrisia dasylirii receives a Low(1) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.
B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).
C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).
D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.
E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.
F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.
G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.
– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.
– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Ferrisia dasylirii has been present in California since at least 1962 and has not had significant economic impacts. It receives a Low(1) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.
B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.
C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.
D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.
E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.
– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.
– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Ferrisia dasylirii: Medium(11)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

– Low = 5-8 points
– Medium = 9-12 points
– High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Records in the state collection indicate that Ferrisia dasylirii is widespread in the environment of California. The mealybug receives a High(-3) in this category.

– Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.
– Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).
– Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.
– High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: Low(8)

Uncertainty:

There is significant genetic variability within Ferrisia dasylirii¹. It is possible that some lineages could be cryptic species that are not present in California.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Ferrisia dasylirii is widespread in the environment and is not having significant economic or environmental impacts. A “C” rating is justified.

References:

¹Kaydan, M.B. and P.J. Gullan. 2012. A taxonomic revision of the mealybug genus Ferrisia Fullaway (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), with descriptions of eight new species and a new genus. Zootaxa 3543: 1-65. http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/list/2012/3543.html

²SEL Catalog. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/catalogs/pseudoco/Ferrisiadasylirii.htm

³USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Pest Rating: C

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Hemiberlesia ithacae (Ferris): Hemlock Scale – Synonym: Abgrallaspis ithacae

September 21, 2015 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Hemiberlesia ithacae (Ferris): Hemlock Scale

Synonym: Abgrallaspis ithacae

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Pest Rating: B

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

On December 11, 2013 an official with Santa Cruz County contacted CDFA with questions regarding the risk associated with Abgrallaspis ithacae (Hemlock Scale). The current destruction of large numbers of Christmas wreaths due to the presence of the scale is considered punitive by some merchants. The insect is currently Q-rated, so a pest rating proposal is needed to determine future direction.

History & Status:

Background:

Hemlock scale feeds on the undersides of the needles of several species of trees. The scale is only known to feed on Canada balsam fir (Abies canadensis), grand fir (Abies grandis), Colorado blue spruce (Picea pungens), douglas fir (Pseudotsuga taxifolia), eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla). Hemlock scale has two generations per year and overwinters as second-instars.

Worldwide Distribution: Hemlock scale is native to North America. It is confirmed to be in Indiana, Maryland, New York, and Virginia². It is also reported from Connecticut, Georgia, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and West Virginia². There are also published records from Idaho, Montana, Washington, and Oregon; however, these records are reported to be incorrect².

Official Control: Hemlock scale is not known to be under official control in any states or nations.

California Distribution: Hemlock scale has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions: Hemlock scale is often intercepted on shipments of Christmas wreaths, trees, and plants.

The risk hemlock scale (Abgrallaspis ithacae) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Hosts of hemlock scale are restricted to the cooler parts of California but may also be grown elsewhere as ornamentals. The scale receives a Medium(2) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

2) Known Pest Host Range: Hemlock scale feeds on trees in four genera in one plant family. The scale receives a Low(1) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.
– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.
– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Armored scales can reproduce rapidly and may be transported long distances through the trade of nursery stock. However, females have limited mobility so the trade in plant parts that are not for planting is not high risk for introducing the scale. It is likely that infested Christmas trees and wreaths will be disposed of as green waste, some of which may end up as mulch. However, the limited host range of this scale reduces the likelihood that the mulch will end up in close proximity to living host plants. Furthermore, hemlock scale overwinters as second instars. It is likely that cut trees and wreaths shipped in late fall and early winter will dry out before spring, reducing their viability as host material and eliminating the possibility of overwintering second instars completing development. Hemlock scale receives a Medium(2) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

4) Economic Impact: Heavy infestations of hemlock scale are reported to cause early leaf drop, dieback of branches, and defoliation of trees². This reduces vigor and severe infestations result in death of trees³. This has the potential to lower yield and crop value and increase production costs at Christmas tree farms and some forests. Hemlock scale receives a Medium(2) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.
– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.
– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Hemlock scale is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. The scale is not known to feed on any plants in genera that contain threatened or endangered species in California. Hemlock scale is not expected to disrupt critical habitats. The scale could trigger some additional official or private treatment programs in Christmas tree farms or forests^2,3. The scale is not expected to significantly impact cultural practices, home/urban gardening, or ornamental plantings. Hemlock scale receives a Medium(2) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.
– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.
– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

Consequences of Introduction to California for Hemlock Scale (Abgrallaspis ithacae): Medium(9)

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points
–Medium = 9-12 points
–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Hemlock scale has not been found in the environment of California. It receives a Not established(0) in this category.

-Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.
–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).
–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.
–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

7) The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: Medium(9)

Uncertainty:

It is possible that hemlock scale could jump to new hosts in California. It is also possible that hemlock scale may be managed by existing IPM programs in Christmas tree farms.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Hemlock scale may have limited economic impacts to Christmas tree farms and forests. The environmental impacts of the scale are expected to be limited to possible chemical treatments of the scale in Christmas tree farms and managed forests. A “B”-rating is justified.

References:

¹http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/catalogs/diaspidi/Hemiberlesiaithacae.htm

²Miller, D.R. 2005. Armored Scale Insect Pests of Trees and Shrubs (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Cornell University. Ithaca, NY. p.44 http://books.google.com/books?id=PhgyeCnpklMC&pg=PA431&lpg=PA431&dq=Abgrallaspis+ithacae&source=bl&ots=ia9_oV2z0q&sig=1OK5e-3tkeZEbU_xzIWJNG4LQiU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=E0eqUsHxGYTmoAShzICIAw&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=Abgrallaspis%20ithacae&f=false

³Suomi, D.A. Scale insects on ornamentals. Washington State University Extension. http://cru.cahe.wsu.edu/CEPUBLICATIONS/EB1552E/EB1552E.PDF

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Final Pest Rating: B

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei Williams: Waratah Scale

April 7, 2015 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei Williams: Waratah Scale¹

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Pest Rating: A

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei is commonly intercepted by California’s high risk programs and occasionally by dog teams. This armored scale insect is currently assigned a temporary rating of “Q” and is therefore in need of a permanent pest rating.

History & Status:

Background: Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei is an armored scale insect that typically feeds on the underside of host plant leaves. It is considered a minor pest of macadamia nut production and ornamental proteas¹. Known hosts include Agavaceae: cabbage tree (Cordyline australis¹), mountain cabbage tree (Cordyline indivisa¹); Iridaceae: New Zealand iris (Libertia ixioides¹), Libertia sp.¹; Proteaceae: Chilean firetree (Embothrium coccineum¹), Leucadendron sp.⁴, Leucospermum sp.⁴, river lomatia (Lomatia myricoides¹), Macadamia sp.^1,2, king protea (Protea cynaroides⁴), oleanderleaf protea (Protea nerifolia¹), Protea protea⁴, Protea sp.⁴, Gippsland waratah (Telopea oreades¹), waratah (Telopea speciosissima^1,2), Telopea sp.¹; Rutaceae: wharangi (Melicope ternata¹); Xanthorrhoeaceae: New Zealand flax (Phormium tenax⁴).

Worldwide Distribution: Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei is native to Australia². From there it has spread to New Zealand² and has been found in greenhouses in Europe³. Interceptions also show that it is present in some plant nurseries and cut flower production sites in Hawaii.

Official Control: Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei is not known to be under official control in any other states or nations. However, all species of Pseudaulacaspis are listed as quarantine pests by Japan and the Republic of Korea⁵.

California Distribution: Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions: Between November 24, 2004 and January 5, 2015 Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei was intercepted 86 times on shipments of cut flowers and nursery stock from Hawaii.

The risk Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei (waratah scale) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Host plants of Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei are commonly grown as ornamentals in coastal and southern California. The scale is expected to be able to establish wherever these are grown. Waratah scale receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.
– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.
– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei is known to feed on 18 species of plants in 5 families. It receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.
– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.
– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Scale insects are capable of rapid reproduction and Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei has demonstrated a propensity to spread long distances on cut flowers and nursery stock. Crawlers may also spread locally by wind or by hitchhiking on clothing, equipment, or other animals. Waratah scale receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.
– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.
– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei is considered a minor pest of macadamia nut production and ornamental proteas¹. There are a few commercial growers of macadamia nuts in southern California who may find their yields reduced by this insect. Proteas are also common in the nursery industry and growers may find their yields reduced as unsightly infested plants may be destroyed. The establishment of waratah scale in California may also increase crop production costs by both macadamia nut and protea producers. California producers of cut flowers and nursery stock may experience disruptions in trade as both Japan and Korea consider species of Pseudaulacaspis quarantine pests⁵. Waratah scale receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.
– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.
– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. The scale is not expected to directly affect any threatened or endangered species or disrupt any critical habitats. Waratah scale may trigger new private treatment programs by producers of macadamia nuts and ornamental proteas and by residents who find infested ornamental plants unsightly. Proteas are common ornamental plants and could be significantly impacted by this insect. Waratah scale receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.
– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.
– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei (Waratah scale): High (13)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

– Low = 5-8 points
– Medium = 9-12 points
– High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei has never been found in the environment of California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

– Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.
– Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).
– Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.
– High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (13)

Uncertainty:

Recent surveys for mealybugs on proteas growing in the environment of coastal and southern California would have been likely to detect populations of Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei but did not find the insect. Nevertheless, based on the large number of interceptions it is likely that some of the scale insects remained undetected and entered California. It is possible that some of these scales could have established in limited areas of California.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei has never been found in the environment of California and is likely to have significant economic impacts to the nursery, cut flower, and macadamia nut industries in California. Waratah scale may also have significant environmental impacts by triggering new chemical treatments and damaging ornamental plantings. An “A” rating is justified.

References:

¹SEL Catalog query results: http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/catalogs/diaspidi/Pseudaulacaspisbrimblecombei.htm

²Miller, Dug, Yair Ben-Dov, Gary Gibson, and Nate Hardy. ScaleNet. http://scalenet.info/validname/Pseudaulacaspis/brimblecombei/

³Malumphy, C. and A.J. Halstead. 2012. First incursions in Europe of four Australasian species of armoured scale insect (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). British Journal of Entomology and Natural History 25(4): 193-197. http://www.cabi.org/isc/abstract/20123419544

⁴California Department of Food & Agriculture Pest Detection Record Database

⁵USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Pinnaspis uniloba (Kuwana): Unilobed Scale

April 7, 2015 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Pinnaspis uniloba (Kuwana): Unilobed Scale

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Pest Rating: B

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

Pinnaspis uniloba is occasionally intercepted by CDFA and presently has a temporary rating of “Q”. A pest rating proposal is required to assign a permanent pest rating.

History & Status:

Background: Pinnaspis uniloba is an armored scale insect that feeds on a variety of plants. Known hosts include: Apocynaceae: Alyxia sp^1,2, maile (Alyxia olivaeformis^1,2); Fabaceae: Bauhinia racemosa^1,2; Magnoliaceae: Michelia sp.^1,2; Oleaceae: Osmanthus sp.^1,2, sweet olive (Osmanthus fragrans^1,2), fortune’s tea olive (Osmanthus fortunei^1,2); Rutaceae: bael fruit (Aegle marmelos^1,2); Theaceae: Adinandra sp.^1,2, Adinandra milletti^1,2, Adinandra ryukyuensis², Japanese camellia (Camellia japonica^1,2), Cleyera japonica^1,2, Cleyera ochnacea^1,2, Eurya japonica^1,2, Thea japonica^1,2. Pinnaspis uniloba may be transported long distances when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved.

Worldwide Distribution: Pinnaspis uniloba is probably native to Asia. It has been reported in China^1,2, India^1,2, Japan^1,2, and South Korea². From there it has spread to the Hawaiian Islands.

Official Control: Pinnaspis uniloba is not known to be under official control in any other states or nations³.

California Distribution: Pinnaspis uniloba has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions: Pinnaspis uniloba has been intercepted 92 times on plants and fresh plant material from Hawaii. Many of these interceptions have occurred on Maile (Alyxia sp.) leaf leis.

The risk Pinnaspis uniloba (unilobed scale) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

Climate/Host Interaction: A few of the host plants of Pinnaspis uniloba are widely grown as ornamentals in California and the scale may be expected to establish everywhere they are grown. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

2) Known Pest Host Range: Pinnaspis uniloba is known to feed on 16 species of plants in six families. It receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.
– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.
– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Pinnaspis uniloba has only one generation per year. Armored scales may be transported long distances when infested plants are moved and may be dispersed locally by crawling, wind, or by hitchhiking on clothing, equipment, or animals. Pinnaspis uniloba receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

4) Economic Impact: Pinnaspis uniloba is not expected to lower any crop yields. It may reduce the value of some nursery stock by disfiguring plants with its presence. It is not expected to disrupt markets, change cultural practices, vector other organisms, injure animals, or interfere with water supplies. Pinnaspis uniloba receives a Low (1) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.
– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.
– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Pinnaspis uniloba is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. It is not expected to directly affect threatened or endangered species or disrupt critical habitats. It might trigger chemical treatments in the nursery industry and by residents who find infested ornamentals unsightly. It is not expected to significantly impact cultural practices, home/urban gardening, or ornamental plantings. Pinnaspis uniloba receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.
– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.
– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Pinnaspis uniloba (Unilobed Scale): Medium (10)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

– Low = 5-8 points
– Medium = 9-12 points
– High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Pinnaspis uniloba has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: Medium (10)

Uncertainty:

Pinnaspis uniloba is currently not known to be present anywhere in North or South America. It is possible that some states or nations could impose new trade restrictions if it were to become abundant in California.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Pinnaspis uniloba has never been found in California. It is expected to have limited impacts if it were to enter the state. The scale is most often intercepted on leis and, because of its limited host range, is unlikely to encounter suitable host material when it enters the state via this pathway. A “B” rating is justified.

References:

¹ Miller, Dug, Yair Ben-Dov, Gary Gibson, and Nate Hardy. ScaleNet. http://scalenet.info/validname/Pinnaspis/uniloba/

² SEL Catalog. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/catalogs/diaspidi/Pinnaspisuniloba.htm

³ USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Pest Rating: B

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Pseudococcus elisae Borchsenius: Banana Mealybug

April 7, 2015 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Pseudococcus elisae Borchsenius: Banana Mealybug

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

Pest Rating: A

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

Pseudococcus elisae is frequently intercepted by CDFA and requires a pest rating proposal to support its pest rating.

History & Status:

Background: Pseudococcus elisae is a polyphagous Neotropical mealybug that feeds on a variety of cultivated plants, but most often on banana and other Musaceae¹. Known hosts include: Annonaceae: sugar apple (Annona squamosa¹); Araceae: Aglaonema spp.¹, Dieffenbachia spp.¹; Musaceae: Musa spp.¹, latundan banana (Musa sapientum¹), plantain (Musa paradisiaca¹); Rubiaceae: robusta coffee (Coffea canephora¹), arabica coffee (Coffea arabica¹), Ixora spp.¹; Rutaceae: key lime (Citrus aurantifolia¹). Pseudococcus elisae may be transported long distances when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved.

Worldwide Distribution: Pseudococcus elisae is native to the Neotropical region. It is established in Mexico³, Guatemala³, Honduras³, Panama³, Colombia³, Ecuador³, Brazil³, Chile³, and Cuba³. It was confirmed to be established in Hawaii in 1984².

Official Control: Pseudococcus elisae is listed as a harmful organism by Chile, Japan, the Republic of Korea, and Paraguay⁴.

California Distribution: Pseudococcus elisae has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions: Between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2014 Pseudococcus elisae was intercepted by CDFA’s high risk programs, border stations, and dog teams 97 times. Interceptions have occurred on bananas, cut flowers, nursery stock, and other fresh plant parts.

The risk Pseudococcus elisae would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Pseudococcus elisae is a tropical species with a host range that includes some plants grown outdoors in the warmer regions of California (e.g. key lime, banana). If the mealybug were to enter the state it would likely be limited to regions where these host plants are available. It receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

2) Known Pest Host Range: Pseudococcus elisae is known to feed on 10 species of plants in 5 families. It receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.
– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.
– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Mealybugs are capable of rapid reproduction and can be transported long distances when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved. They may also disperse locally by crawling, wind, or by hitchhiking on clothing, equipment, or animals. Pseudococcus elisae receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

4) Economic Impact: Pseudococcus elisae may lower the value of nursery stock by disfiguring plants with its presence. Several of California’s trading partners consider the mealybug a harmful organism. It is possible that Pseudococcus elisae could disrupt markets for nursery stock and fresh fruit. The mealybug receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.
B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).
C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).
D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.
E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.
F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.
G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agri5) cultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.
– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.
– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Pseudococcus elisae is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. It is not expected to directly affect threatened or endangered species or disrupt critical habitats. It may trigger new treatment programs in the nursery industry and by residents who find infested plants unsightly. It is not expected to significantly impact cultural practices, home/urban gardening, or ornamental plantings. Pseudococcus elisae receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.
B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.
C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.
D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.
E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.
– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.
– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Pseudococcus elisae: Medium (11)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

– Low = 5-8 points
– Medium = 9-12 points
– High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Pseudococcus elisae has never been found in the environment of California and receives a Not established (0) in this category.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: Medium (11)

Uncertainty:

It is possible that the host range of Pseudococcus elisae could be greater than is presently known. It is also possible that most of the climate of California could be unsuitable for establishment of the species.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Pseudococcus elisae has never been found in California. If it were to enter the state significant economic impacts could be expected on the nursery and fruit industries. An “A” rating is justified.

References:

¹ Miller, Dug, Yair Ben-Dov, Gary Gibson, and Nate Hardy. ScaleNet. http://scalenet.info/validname/Pseudococcus/elisae/

²Beardsley, John W. 1986. Taxonomic Notes on Pseudococcus elisae Borchsenius, a Mealybug New to the Hawaiian Fauna (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Journal Series no. 2942 of the Hawaii Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resource. 26(1): 31-34. https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/11188/26_31-34.pdf?sequence=1

³CABI Invasive Species Compendium: Pseudococcus elisae (banana mealybug). http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/45085

⁴USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Kallitaxila granulata (Stål): A Planthopper

April 7, 2015 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Kallitaxila granulata (Stål): A Planthopper

Hemiptera: Tropiduchidae

Pest Rating: A

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

The planthopper Kallitaxila granulata is frequently intercepted by CDFA on shipments of plant products from Hawaii. This organism is presently assigned a temporary rating of “Q”. A pest rating proposal is needed to determine future actions on this pest.

History & Status:

Background: Kallitaxila granulata is a moderately polyphagous planthopper that feeds on at least 24 species of plants in at least 19 families. Adults lay eggs singly or in clusters along leaf veins, typically on the underside of leaves². Nymphs and adults both feed on leaves. Known hosts include: Apocynaceae: Plumeria acuminata (plumeria)²; Asparagaceae: Cordyline fruicosa (ti)²; Asteraceae: Wedelia sp.³; Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera sp. (honeysuckle)³; Cibotiaceae: Cibotium chamissoi (hapuu)²; Convovulaceae: Ipomoea triloba (Aiea morning glory)³; Euphorbiaceae: Aleurites moluccana (kukui)², Euphorbia heterophylla³; Fabaceae: Erythrina sandwicensis (wiliwili)³; Erythrina variegata (India coral bean)², Lablab purpureus (lablab beans)³; Gleicheniaceae: Dicranopteris linearis (uluhe)²; Lamiaceae: Vitex sp.³; Malvaceae: Thespesia populnea (milo tree)³; Moraceae: Ficus benjamina (weeping fig)³; Myrtaceae: Metrosideros polymorpha (ohia-lihua)²; Psidium guava (guava)²; Polygonaceae: Coccoloba uvifera (sea grape)³; Rubiaceae: Coffea sp. (coffee)³; Rutaceae: Citrus paradisi (grapefruit)², Citrus sp.³; Scrophulariaceae: Myoporum acuminatum³; Thymelaeaceae: Wikstroemia sp. (akia)³; Verbenaceae: Lantana montevidensis³, . The planthopper has the potential to spread long distances through commerce in infested plants and plant products.

Worldwide Distribution: Kallitaxila granulata is native to the Philippines. From there it spread to Christmas Island, the Cook Islands, Vietnam, China, and Hawaii⁴.

Official Control: Kallitaxila granulata is not known to be under official control in any states or nations.

California Distribution: Kallitaxila granulata has never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions: Kallitaxila granulata is frequently intercepted on shipments of plant products from Hawaii including basil, betel, curry, ginger, malangai, orchids, and ti¹.

The risk Kallitaxila granulata (a planthopper) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Some of the known hosts of Kallitaxila granulata are widely grown as ornamentals (e.g., Ficus benjamina) and crops (e.g., citrus) in California. The planthopper is likely to establish wherever hosts are grown. The insect receives a High(3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

2) Known Pest Host Range: Kallitaxila granulata is known to feed on at least 24 species of plants in 19 plant families. The host list for Kallitaxila granulata expanded greatly with its introduction to Hawaii. It is likely that the plant hopper would continue to colonize new plants if it established in California. This is likely to cause additional economic and/or environmental impacts that are not considered in this document. The planthopper receives a High(3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.
– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.
– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Planthoppers have high reproductive potential and may spread long distances through the movement of infested plants or plant products. Kallitaxila granulata receives a High(3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

4) Economic Impact: Kallitaxila granulata is not expected to lower crop yields. Because the planthopper has a limited distribution, its entry into California may disrupt some markets as it is likely to contaminate commodities with its presence. The planthopper may increase crop production costs, especially in the nursery industry, as growers treat to ensure clean plants. Kallitaxila granulata is not expected to negatively change cultural practices, vector pestiferous organisms, injure animals, or interfere with water supplies. The planthopper receives a Medium(2) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.
– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.
– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Kallitaxila granulata is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. No plants listed as threatened or endangered species in California are expected to be hosts for the plant hopper, nor is the plant hopper expected to disrupt critical habitats. The leaf hopper may trigger additional private treatment programs within the nursery industry as some growers may treat in order to maintain nursery stock cleanliness. The leaf hopper is not expected to impact cultural practices, home/urban gardening, or ornamental plantings. Kallitaxila granulata receives a Medium(2) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.
– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.
– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Kallitaxila granulata: High(13)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points
–Medium = 9-12 points
–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Kallitaxila granulata has not been found in the environment of California and receives a Not established(0) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.
–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).
–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.
–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High(13)

Uncertainty:

Kallitaxila granulata is frequently intercepted on shipments of plant products from Hawaii. Presumably, it has also been present on other shipments that were not intercepted and have entered the state. There have not been any formal surveys of California for this plant hopper. Therefore, it is likely that Kallitaxila granulata is either already present in parts of the state or that environmental conditions here are not conducive to establishment. The places where the planthopper is known to be established have humid tropical environments. The Mediterranean climate of California may not be suitable for the plant hopper.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Kallitaxila granulata has not yet been documented to cause significant economic or environmental impacts anywhere it has established. If the plant hopper were to enter California, economic impacts are expected to be limited to possible disruptions to host plant markets when the insect is found. Furthermore, production costs may increase in the nursery industry as new treatments could be triggered in order to maintain plant cleanliness. Environmental impacts are expected to be limited to these possible new chemical treatments. However, the plant hopper greatly expanded its host range when it was introduced to Hawaii. It is likely to continue to colonize new hosts in California. Due to potential economic and environmental impacts of the entry of Kallitaxila granulata into California, an “A”-rating is justified.

References:

¹Von Ellenrieder, Natalia. 2007. A planthopper (Kallitaxila granulata). California Plant Pest & Disease Report 23(1): 19. http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CCsQFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdfa.ca.gov%2Fplant%2FPPD%2FPDF%2Fkallitaxila_granulata.pdf&ei=kTe8U_3KDojPiwLM-IGACQ&usg=AFQjCNH2ilXv8591Cqo7A2UW721tVhR6fg&bvm=bv.70138588,d.cGE

²Yang, Pingjun, Andrei Alyokhn, and Russell Messing. 2001. Patterns of oviposition and parasitism of eggs of Kallitaxila granulata (Homoptera: Tropiduchidae), a newly invasive planthopper in Hawaii. Proc. Hawaiian Entomological Society 35: 77-83. http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/8104/9Yang.pdf?sequence=1

³Asche, Manfred. 2000. New state records of immigrant planthoppers in Hawaii (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea). Proc. Hawaiian Entomological Society 34: 185-187. http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/8409/Note2.pdf?sequence=1

⁴FLOW Hemiptera Database: http://hemiptera-databases.org/flow/?page=explorer&db=flow&lang=en&card=taxon&rank=species&id=9580

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Lycorma delicatula White: Spotted Lanternfly

April 7, 2015 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Lycorma delicatula White: Spotted Lanternfly

Hemiptera: Fulgoridae

Pest Rating: A

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

On October 30, 2014 Duane Schnabel distributed information from the National Plant Board that Lycorma delicatula has been found in four counties in Pennsylvania and may have been distributed to other states. A pest rating proposal is needed to determine future direction on this pest.

History & Status:

Background: Lycorma delicatula is a fulgorid hopper that is known to feed on at least 41 species of trees and herbs^1. The spotted lanternfly has one generation per year and overwinters as eggs in an ootheca¹. In Korea, eggs hatch in mid-May and nymphs begin sucking saps from young stems and leaves¹. Nymphs do not fly and are particularly polyphagous, feeding on almost any plant they encounter. Their feeding produces large quantities of fluid, which covers stems and leaves¹. Infestations can weaken plants and eventually kill them¹. Adult spotted lanternfly can fly but tends to spread by walking. By September, many of the adults have moved to preferred hosts, if they are available¹. The strongly preferred host for adult feeding is tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima) but they also prefer bee bee tree (Tetradium (=Evodia) daniellii) and Amur cork tree (Phellodendron amurense)¹. The insect will also feed on a wide variety of other plants including grapes (Vitis spp.) and stone fruit (Prunus spp.). Oothecae are typically deposited on trees with a smooth surface structure¹. The most likely pathway for long-distance spread of Lycorma delicatula is the movement of oothecae on infested nursery stock or possibly other objects.

Partial Host List: Betulaceae: Betula platyphylla¹ (Japanese white birch); Cornaceae: Cornus controversa¹ (wedding cake tree), C. kousa¹ (kousa dogwood), C. officinalis¹ (Japanese cornel); Elaeagnaceae: Elaeagnus umbellata¹ (Japanese silverberry); Juglandaceae: Juglans mandshurica¹ (Manchurian walnut); Meliaceae: Cedrela fissilis¹, Toona sinensis¹ (Chinese mahogany); Oleaceae: Syringa vulgaris¹ (lilac); Pinaceae: Pinus densiflora¹ (Japanese red pine); P. strobus¹ (eastern white pine); Rosaceae: Prunus serrulata¹ (Japanese cherry), P. yedoensis¹ (yoshino cherry); Rutaceae: Phellodendron amurense¹ (Amur cork tree), Tetradium daniellii¹ (bee bee tree); Salicaceae: Populus alba¹ (white poplar); Sapindaceae: Acer palmatum¹ (Japanese maple), Acer saccharinum¹ (silver maple); Simaroubaceae: Ailanthus altissima¹ (tree of heaven), Picrasma quassioides¹ (bitterwood); Ulmaceae: Zelkova serrata¹ (keyaki); Vitaceae: Parthenocissus quinquefolia¹ (Virginia creeper), Vitis amurensis¹ (Amur grape), Vitis vinifera¹ (grape vine).

Worldwide Distribution: Lycorma delicatula is native to the southern part of China and other subtropical regions of southeast Asia¹. It was not known to be invasive until it spread to Korea in 2006 and to Pennsylvania in 2014.

Official Control: Lycorma delicatula is not known to be under official control in any states or nations.

California Distribution: Lycorma delicatula has not been found in California.

California Interceptions: Lycorma delicatula has not been intercepted in California.

The risk Lycorma delicatula (spotted lanternfly) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Host plants are commonly grown in California and spotted lanternfly is likely to establish wherever they are found. Lycorma delicatula receives a High(3) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

2) Known Pest Host Range: Lycorma delicatula feeds on at least 41 species of plants in at least 14 families. These include multiple agriculturally important crops and common ornamentals in California. It receives a High(3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.
– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.
– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Lycorma delicatula has only one generation per year and tends to move by walking but oothecae may be dispersed long distances by the movement of infested nursery stock or other items. Spotted lanternfly receives a Medium(2) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

4) Economic Impact: Infestations of Lycorma delicatula may lower crop yields and increase production costs in economically important crops such as grape, stone fruit, and nursery stock. Since it entered Korea, the insect has caused considerable damage in vineyards. Although it is not yet under official control in any states or nations, the presence of this pest in agricultural commodities may cause trade disruptions due to its limited range in North America. Spotted lanternfly is not expected to change normal cultural practices, vector other organisms, or interfere with water supplies. Lycorma delicatula receives a High(3) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.
– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.
– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Spotted lanternfly is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities or change ecosystem processes. It is not expected to directly affect endangered species or disrupt critical habitats. It may trigger new treatments in vineyards and stone fruit orchards and by residents who find infested plants unsightly. Spotted lanternfly may also significantly affect home/urban gardening by feeding on grapes and trees. Lycorma delicatula receives a High(3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.
– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.
– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Lycorma delicatula (Spotted Lanternfly): High(14)**

Add up the total score and include it here.

–Low = 5-8 points
–Medium = 9-12 points
–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Lycorma delicatula has not been found in California and receives a Not established(0) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.
–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).
–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.
–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High(14)

Uncertainty:

There have been no formal surveys for Lycorma delicatula in California. It may already be present in some localities.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) has never been found in California and is likely to have significant economic and environmental impacts. An A-rating is justified.

References:

¹Kim, Jae Geun, Eun-Hyuk Lee, Yeo-Min Seo, and Na-Yeon Kim. Cyclic Behavior of Lycorma delicatula (Insecta: Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) on Host Plants. J Insect Behav (2011) 24: 423-435. http://ag.udel.edu/delpha/7969.pdf

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Gymnaspis aechmeae Newstead: Fly Speck Scale

April 7, 2015 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Gymnaspis aechmeae Newstead: Fly Speck Scale

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Pest Rating: B

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

On October 28, 2013 Dr. Gillian Watson identified fly speck scale, Gymnaspis aechmeae, from a sample of bromeliad plants submitted from a resident’s greenhouse in Orange County (PDR 300P06040190). Stephen Brown recommended that the scale be run through the draft pest rating process.

History & Status:

Background: Known colloquially in Australia as “the scourge of the bromeliads,⁴” fly speck scale is considered to be a serious pest of the plants^1,2,4,5,6. Known hosts include up to 35 species of Bromeliaceae: Acanthostachys sp., Acanthostachys strobilacea, Aechmea angustifolia, A. aquilega, A. bracteata⁷, Aechmea chantini, A. nidularioides, A. pubescens, Aechmea sp., Ananas comosus, A. sativus, Ananas sp., Aregelia sp., Billbergia nutans, B. leopoldi, B. pyramidalis⁷, B. saundersii, Billbergia sp, Bromelia serra, B.pinguin², Bromelia sp., Hogenbergia erythrostachya, H. stellata⁷, Hogenbergia sp., Karatas amazonica, Karatas sp., Neoregelia sp., Nidularium princeps, Nidularium sp., Pitcairnia sp., Quesnelia sp., Quesnelia wittmackiana, Tillandsia sp., Vriesea sp., Vriesia platzmanni. Other occasional hosts include Monstera sp. (Araceae), Asparagus sprengeri (Asparagaceae), Caraguata weilbachii and Chlorophytum sp. (Liliaceae), Villarsia officinalis (Menyanthaceae), and Cymbidium sp. (Orchidaceae)¹. Fly speck scale can be dispersed long distances in the trade of live plants.

Worldwide Distribution: The native range of fly speck scale is uncertain. It was first discovered on Aechmea aquilegia at Kew Gardens, London, in 1897¹. It was found in Spain by 1906¹, Argentina by 1907¹, and Florida in 1917⁵. It has since been found in Brazil, Costa Rica, Puerto Rico, Cuba², Hawaii, Japan³, Australia^4,6, and in many European nations¹. Within the United States it has also been found in additional eastern and southern states (Alabama, District of Columbia, Florida, Louisiana, Maryland, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania and West Virginia) and Colorado⁸.

Official Control: Fly speck scale is listed as a quarantine pest in Japan and the Republic of Korea⁹.

California Distribution: Fly speck scale has never been found outdoors in California.

California Interceptions: Fly speck scale was found once in a nursery in San Diego county in 2012 (PDR 1422842).

The risk fly speck scale (Gymnaspis aechmeae) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Known outdoor habitats of fly speck scale correspond with tropical, humid environments. The scale is not likely to establish outdoors in California. However, bromeliads are produced and kept in greenhouses and the scale is likely to establish in these environments. Fly speck scale receives a Low(1) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

2) Known Pest Host Range: Fly speck scale is primarily a pest of bromeliads, but it has been found on 41 species in 6 plant families. The scale receives a Medium(2) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.
– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.
– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Fly speck scale has only 2 generations per year¹, but can produce many first instar crawlers (rather than eggs) giving the species high reproductive potential. The crawlers are able to walk between plants⁶. Furthermore, they can be spread long distances when plants are traded, on clothing, or by wind⁶. Fly speck scale receives a High(3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

4) Economic Impact: Bromeliads are produced in the nursery industry of California. Fly speck scale is likely to lower the value of this crop by disfiguring the plants with their unsightly presence. The scale may also increase crop production costs as nurseries are likely to treat infestations or to treat preventively. Fly speck scale is listed as a quarantine pest by Japan and Korea⁹ so its presence in California could disrupt trade with those markets. Fly speck scale may also negatively change normal cultural practices in botanical gardens and nursery greenhouses. The scale is not expected to lower crop yield, trigger a loss of markets, vector other organisms, affect agriculturally important animals, or affect the water supply. Fly speck scale receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.
B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).
C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).
D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.
E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous o rganism.
F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.
G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.
– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.
– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: The presence of Gymnaspis aechmeae can be expected to trigger regular, preventive private chemical treatment of bromeliads to prevent unsightly plants⁴and eradicate known infestations. Fly speck scale can also be expected to impact cultural practices in home/urban gardening as bromeliad collectors institute quarantine treatments as they acquire new plants⁴ and discard untreated, infested plants. The scale is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. No hosts of the scale are listed as threatened or endangered species in California and the scale is not expected to affect critical habitats. Fly speck scale receives a High(3) in this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.
B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.
C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.
D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.
E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.
– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.
– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Fly Speck Scale (Gymnaspis aechmeae): Medium (12)**

–Low = 5-8 points
–Medium = 9-12 points
–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Fly speck scale is known only from a single incursion into California in a greenhouse in Orange County in 2013. It has not been found anywhere else since then. It receives a Not established(0) in this category.

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.
–Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).
–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.
–High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

7) The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: Medium(12)

Uncertainty:

Bromeliad enthusiasts may trade plants frequently and order plants from infested areas via the Internet and mail services; the scale could have a much wider distribution in California.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

California’s climate is expected to limit the distribution of fly speck scale to greenhouse environments. There, the introduction of the scale is expected to have a significant economic impact by decreasing the value of contaminated bromeliads and increasing production costs. Fly speck scale is also expected to have a significant environmental impact as it can be expected to trigger additional private chemical treatments as residents attempt to both eradicate and prevent infestations. It will also alter cultural practices as residents will quarantine newly acquired plants and dispose of plants that become unsightly. A “B” rating is justified for Gymnaspis aechmeae.

References:

¹http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/catalogs/diaspidi/Gymnaspisaechmeae.htm

²Novoa, N.M., G.S. Hodges, M.V. Rubio, P.C. Bonnin, and P.H. Oliver. 2010. Nuevos registros de insectos escamas (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) para Cuba. Fitosanidad 14(3):181-183

³Mito, T. and T. Uesugi. 2004. Invasive alien species in Japan: the status quo and the new regulation for prevention of their adverse effects. Global Environmental Research 8(2): 171-191. http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CC0QFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airies.or.jp%2Fattach.php%2F6a6f75726e616c5f30382d32656e67%2Fsave%2F0%2F0%2F08_2-08.pdf&ei=YN9vUtC9IsqDiQLx2IDACg&usg=AFQjCNF_T2F8hHiHRH1hX2i0gqYjsDcT1g&bvm=bv.55123115,d.cGE

⁴Bromelcairns. 2009 #2 and 2010#3. Bimonthly Newsletter of Cairns Bromeliad Society, Inc. P.O. Box 28 Cairns, Queensland, 4870 Australia. http://www.bromeliadsdownunder.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Bromelcairns-2009-Issue-4.pdf

http://www.bromeliadsdownunder.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Bromelcairns-2010-Issue-3.pdf

⁵Miller, D.R., G.L. Miller, G.S. Hodges, and J.A. Davidson. 2005. Introduced scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the United States and their impact on U.S. Agriculture. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 107(1): 123-158. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/coccoidea/millermihoda2005.pdf

⁶Illawarra Bromeliad Society Inc. Club News. October 2012. 92 Brighton Street, Bundeena, NSW 2230 http://www.bromeliad.org.au/news/Ill1012.htm

⁷Stephens, J.A. 1965. Some thoughts on bromeliads. The Bromeliad Society Bulletin. Vol. XV(5). http://journal.bsi.org/V15/5/

⁸http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=5117097

⁹ USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Pest Rating: B

Posted by ls

Hemiptera, Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Paracoccus gillianae and Pseudococcus inconstans (formerly variabilis and sp. a): Agave Mealybugs

April 1, 2015 Jason Leathers

California Pest Rating for

Paracoccus gillianae and Pseudococcus inconstans (formerly variabilis and sp. A): Agave Mealybugs

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

Pest Rating: C

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

Two species of mealybugs have been found outdoors in California and are often found during nursery inspections of agave plants. The two insects, Paracoccus gillianae and the undescribed Pseudococcus sp. A (the A is for agave), are presently assigned a temporary rating of “Q”. A pest rating proposal is required to assign a permanent pest rating.

History & Status:

Background: Nothing is known of the biology of the agave mealybugs except that they appear to be mostly limited to agave in nurseries.

Worldwide Distribution: Unknown, possibly native to the southwestern United States or Mexico. The species appear to be moving about in the nursery trade. Specimens of Paracoccus gillianae have been collected in nurseries in seven counties in Florida and have been found outdoors at the Jacksonville Zoological Gardens in Duval County².

Official Control: The agave mealybugs are not known to be under official control anywhere in the world.

California Distribution: In California Pseudococcus sp. A was found outdoors in Los Angeles and Santa Barbara Counties in the 1980’s and 1990’s. It was found outdoors again in San Diego County in 2012 (PDRs 1326984 and 1401481). Paracoccus gillianae was found outdoors in Riverside County in 2012 (PDRs 1590291 and 1590292).

California Interceptions: Paracoccus gillianae and Pseudococcus sp. A have both been found in nurseries many times. USDA intercepted Paracoccus gillianae on plants from Mexico at Nogales in 1952 and San Diego in 1974. CDFA intercepted Paracoccus gillianae on plants that originated in Mexico in 2008 (PDR 1357956).

The risk agave mealybugs would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Agaves are popular in the nursery industry in California. Agave mealybugs are presumed likely to establish in residential areas where agaves are grown ornamentally and in desert ecosystems where native agaves grow. The agave mealybugs receive a Medium(2) rating for this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:

2) Known Pest Host Range: The agave mealybugs appear to feed primarily on agave plants (Agave spp.). There are also records from other plants in the Agavaceae: Pseudococcus sp. A on aloe (PDR 1554869) and Paracoccus gillianae on Hesperaloe sp. and Yucca sp. The agave mealybugs receive a Low (1) rating for this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.
– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.
– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Mealybugs can reproduce quickly but do not fly and therefore do not usually disperse far from their original host plant. However, mealybugs may be dispersed long distances by wind, by hitchhiking on animals or clothing, or by commerce in infested plants. The agave mealybugs receive a High (3) rating for this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.
– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.
– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: The agave mealybugs have never been documented to cause economic damage anywhere, but dense infestations are unsightly and have been seen killing patches of leaf. Pseudococcus sp. A. has been found on the agave produced commercially for tequila production in Mexico. However, they are not documented as economic pests in their native range. Some nurseries are treating their agaves to prevent contamination by the mealybugs, increasing production costs. The agave mealybugs receive a Low (1) rating for this category.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.
B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).
C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).
D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.
E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.
F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.
G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.
– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.
– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: A widespread establishment of the agave mealybugs may result in increased pesticide use by nurseries and residents. Nurseries in Santa Barbara County have had difficulty in eradicating infestations using topical insecticide treatments resulting in repeated applications to get them under control. Other nurseries are using systemic insecticides to prevent the mealybugs from showing up on their agaves¹. Therefore, if the rating were changed for the agave mealybugs it is expected to reduce pesticide use. There are no plants in the genera Agave, Aloe, Hesperaloe, or Yucca listed as threatened or endangered plants in California. There are no reports of agave mealybugs causing environmental damage anywhere in the world. The agave mealybugs receive a Low (1) rating for this category.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.
– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.
– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

Consequences of Introduction to California for Agave Mealybugs: Low (8)

Add up the total score and include it here.

-Low = 5-8 points
-Medium = 9-12 points
-High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Agave mealybugs have been found in the environment of Los Angeles and Santa Barbara Counties. They receive a Low (-1) in this category.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: Low (7)

Uncertainty:

It is possible that the agave mealybugs could have a wider host range than is known, resulting in greater consequences from establishment. It is also likely that the mealybugs have spread to other states where Agavaceae grow.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

The agave mealybugs Paracoccus gillianae and Pseudococcus sp. A have been found outdoors in California and appear to be established in the nursery system. They do not appear to be causing any economic damage (other than through their quarantine status). They are not expected to have significant environmental impacts to California. A C-rating is justified for these pests.

References:

¹http://www.xericworld.com/forums/showthread.php?t=2831

²Von Ellenrieder, Natalia and Ian C. Stocks. 2014. A new species of mealybug in the genus Paracoccus Ezzat & McConnell from North America (Insecta: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Zootaxa 3873(1):025-036.

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Pest Rating: C

Posted by ls

The CDFA's Plant Health and Pest Prevention Services Division grants the public opportunities to comment on proposed pest ratings. The following type of proposals are available for comment:

California Pest Rating for

Macrohomotoma gladiata (Kuwayama): Curtain Fig Psyllid

Hemiptera: Psyllidae

Pest Rating: B

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

History & Status:

Consequences of Introduction:

Consequences of Introduction to California for Macrohomotoma gladiata (Curtain Fig Psyllid): High (13)

Final Score:

Uncertainty:

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

References:

Responsible Party:

Comment Format:

Pest Rating: B

California Pest Rating for

Tarophagus colocasiae (Matsumura): Taro Planthopper

Hemiptera: Delphacidae

Pest Rating: B

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

History & Status:

Consequences of Introduction:

Final Score:

Uncertainty:

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

References:

Responsible Party:

Comment Format:

Pest Rating: B

California Pest Rating for

Acutaspis agavis (Townsend & Cockerell): Agave scale

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Pest Rating: B

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

History & Status:

Consequences of Introduction:

Consequences of Introduction to California for Acutaspis agavis (Agave scale): Medium(11)

Final Score:

Uncertainty:

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

References:

Responsible Party:

Pest Rating: B

California Pest Rating for

Ferrisia dasylirii (Cockerell): Mealybug

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

Pest Rating: C

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

History & Status:

Consequences of Introduction:

Consequences of Introduction to California for Ferrisia dasylirii: Medium(11)

Final Score:

Uncertainty:

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

References:

Responsible Party:

Pest Rating: C

California Pest Rating for

Hemiberlesia ithacae (Ferris): Hemlock Scale

Synonym: Abgrallaspis ithacae Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Pest Rating: B

PEST RATING PROFILE

Initiating Event:

History & Status:

Consequences of Introduction:

Consequences of Introduction to California for Hemlock Scale (Abgrallaspis ithacae): Medium(9)

Final Score:

Uncertainty:

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

References:

Responsible Party:

Final Pest Rating: B

California Pest Rating for

Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei Williams: Waratah Scale1

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Pest Rating: A

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Macrohomotoma gladiata (Curtain Fig Psyllid): High (13)**

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Acutaspis agavis (Agave scale): Medium(11)**

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Ferrisia dasylirii: Medium(11)**

Synonym: Abgrallaspis ithacae

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei Williams: Waratah Scale¹

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei (Waratah scale): High (13)**

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Pinnaspis uniloba (Unilobed Scale): Medium (10)**

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Pseudococcus elisae: Medium (11)**

**Consequences of Introduction to California for Kallitaxila granulata: High(13)**