Category Archives: Ratings

Gastropoda, Ratings, Snails and Slugs

Banded Wood Snail | Cepaea nemoralis

BANDED WOOD SNAIL
California Pest Rating for
Banded Wood Snail  |  Cepaea nemoralis
Gastropoda: Helicidae  
Pest Rating: A
PEST RATING PROFILE
Initiating Event:

Cepaea nemoralis is frequently intercepted by CDFA. A pest rating proposal is required to support its permanent pest rating.

History & Status:

Background: Cepaea nemoralis, known as the banded wood snail, is the most common species of land snail in Europe and has been introduced to North America. This snail is commonly found in urban areas, where it inhabits gardens and abandoned lots. They feed on dead and living plant material, carrion, fungi, moss, and insects1.

          Cepaea nemoralis has a yellow, pink, or brown shell. The shell contains five dark bands. Banded wood snails are hermaphrodites, but cross fertilization occurs (each snail fertilizes the other). They often mate multiple times prior to egg-laying and can store sperm for up to 15 months. Eggs are buried in moist soil, hatching after about three weeks. The snails reach maturity in four years and may live as  long as five to nine years 1, 4.

Worldwide Distribution: Banded wood snails are distributed throughout much of Europe, extending to Poland.  This snail was introduced into North America during the nineteenth century, and it is currently found in Virginia, New York, Ontario, and Massachusetts1, 2.

Official Control: Banded wood snail is listed as a harmful organism in Canada, Israel, Japan, and Taiwan6.

California Distribution: Banded wood snails have never been found in the environment of California.

California Interceptions: Between January 2000 and August 2017, banded wood snails have been intercepted 20 times.  These interceptions include border station inspections and high risk pest exclusion activities.

The risk Cepaea nemoralis (Banded wood snail) would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:
  1. Climate/Host Interaction: Banded wood snails can feed on a variety of live and dead plants and dead animals and insects, including remains of ants, beetles, spiders, mites, springtails, and aphids. Banded wood snails may establish in larger, but limited, warm agricultural and metropolitan areas of California. It receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California:

  • Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.
  •  Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.
  • High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2. Known Pest Host Range: Banded wood snails are highly polyphagous and are known to feed on a wide variety of live and dead plants and animals. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest.

  • Low (1) has a very limited host range.
  • Medium (2) has a moderate host range.
  • High (3) has a wide host range.

3. Pest Dispersal Potential: Banded wood snails are obligately outcrossing hermaphrodites, with both individuals exchanging sperm during mating, and both individuals able to lay eggs afterward. On average, they lay 30-80 eggs that hatch in 15-20 days. Breeding takes place from April through October. The snail’s foot is used to create a cavity in the soil where the eggs are deposited1, 4. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest.

  • Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.
  • Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.
  • High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential

4. Economic Impact: The banded wood snail is not expected to lower crop yields. It could reduce the value of nursery stock by disfiguring plants with its presence and increase crop production costs in nurseries and orchards. The banded wood snail is a potential vector of Angiostrongylus vasorum, the French heartworm (a disease of wild and domestic canids) 3. It receives a High (3) in this category. Economic Impact: B, C, E: Environmental Score: 3

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could lower crop yield.
B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).
C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).
D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.
E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.
F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.
G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

  • Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.
  • Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.
  • High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5. Environmental Impact: If introduced, the banded wood snail is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. It might trigger new chemical treatments in orchards and nurseries and by residents who find infested plants unsightly. It is not expected to significantly impact cultural practices, home/urban gardening, or ornamental plantings. It receives a Medium (2) in this category.

Environmental Impact: A, D:  Environmental Impact: Score: 2

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.
B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.
C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.
D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.
E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

  • Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.
  • Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.
  • High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.
Consequences of Introduction to California for Cepaea nemoralis(Banded wood snails): High (13) 
  • Low = 5-8 points
  • Medium = 9-12 points
  • High = 13-15 points

Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: The banded wood snail has never been found in the environment in California and receives a Not Established (0) in this category

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.

Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.
Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).
Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.
 High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: Medium (13)

Uncertainty:

Banded wood snails are commonly intercepted. There have been no formal surveys for this snail in the state. It is therefore possible that it could be present in some locations in California. 

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Banded wood snail is not known to occur in California and might cause significant economic and environmental impacts if it were to become established here. Currently, an “A” rating is justified.

References:
  1. Animal Diversity Web. Accessed September 7, 2017. http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cepaea_nemoralis/

2. Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed September 7, 2017.
http://eol.org/pages/449909/details#overview

3. G.A. Conboy. 2000. Canine Angiostrongylosis (French Heartworm). Accessed September 7, 2017.
http://www.ivis.org/advances/Parasit_Bowman/conboy_angiostrongylosis/ivis.pdf

4. Maggie Whitson. 2005. Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science, 66(2):82-88. Accessed September 7, 2017. 
http://stoppinginvasives.com/dotAsset/e2bbc1b0-81c5-42b1-b9e4-8123952c6c02.pdf

5. Pest and Damage Record Database, California Department of Food and   Agriculture, Plant Health and Pest Prevention Services.
http://phpps.cdfa.ca.gov/user/frmLogon2.asp

6. USDA phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). Accessed September 7, 2017.
https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/pcit/

Author:

Javaid Iqbal,  California Department of Food and Agriculture; 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA 95814; Tel. (916) 403-6695; plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Responsible Party:

Jason Leathers; California Department of Food and Agriculture; 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA 95814; Tel. (916) 654-1211; plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Pest Rating: A

Posted by dk

A-Rated, Weeds

Alligatorweed | Alternanthera philoxeroides

California Pest Rating for
white flower with green leaves
Alligatorweed | Alternanthera philoxeroides
Family:  Amaranthaceae
Pest Rating: A | Proposed Seed Rating: R
PEST RATING PROFILE
Initiating Event:

There was a recent find of alligatorweed in Solano County; this is the first detection in northern California in many years.

History & Status:

Background: Alligatorweed is a perennial herb with horizontal to ascending stems to 1 m long, rooting at the nodes. The flowers are small and borne in small heads with white floral bracts. Like many aquatic emergent, it has distinctive submerged and emersed forms. The submerged form has hollow, floating, emergent and submerged stems. Terrestrial plants have solid stems. Typically, plants grow rooted in soil in shallow water and form dense, interwoven floating mats that extend over the surface of deeper water. Mats can become quite dense and nearly impenetrable. The floating mats can break away and follow currents to colonize new sites. Mats disrupt the natural ecology of a site by reducing light penetration and crowding out native species. Serious infestations can create anoxic, disease-promoting, and mosquito-breeding conditions.

Worldwide Distribution: This weed is found in wet, disturbed areas. It is also a weed of rice and sugar cane fields in tropical and subtropical regions. Native to southern Asia, alligatorweed is now found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. It is considered an invasive species in Australia, China, New Zealand, and Thailand. Alligatorweed has been introduced throughout the southeastern United States from Virginia to Texas.

Official Control: Alligatorweed has had a CDFA rating of A as a pest in California for decades. The population in Los Angeles County has been managed intermittently over the years by the county, but it still persists.  It has official status as a weed in Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Florida, South Carolina, and Texas.

California Distribution:  Alligatorweed occurs in several southern California counties. It also has been detected in Contra Costa and Kings Counties, where it is eradicated. There was a recent find of 2 colonies in southern Solano County.

California Interceptions: Alligatorweed has been sent to CDFA by land managers.

The risk Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligatorweed) poses to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction:

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Risk is Medium (2), as the plant occurs in wetlands such as the Delta and creeks and rivers, as well as irrigation canals and watering ponds. These habitats are limited but widely distributed in California.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California:

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Most plants do not require any one host, but grow wherever ecological conditions are favorable. It receives a High (3) in this category.

Evaluate the host range of the pest.

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Risk is Medium (2). Alligatorweed can spread rapidly via water movement and on boats and equipment as stem fragments. It is also grown as an aquarium plant and occasionally discarded into waterways. Seeds evidently are not produced in the United States.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest.

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Risk is High (3), as the plant can lower crop yields in rice fields, trigger state or international quarantines, and force changes in cultural practices by blocking canals. It has spread widely in the southeast, and has proven difficult to eradicate both there and in California. Its mats can improve habitat for mosquito larvae, leading to larger mosquito populations.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below.

Economic Impact: A, C, D, E, G

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

Economic Impact Score: 3

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact: Risk is High (3) as alligatorweed could further invade the water systems of California, disrupt natural wetland communities and potentially lower biodiversity by invading wetlands. The dense growth impedes water movement, blocks the growth of native plants, and reduces available habitat for water birds and fish. Its invasion in the Delta and its tributaries could degrade habitat of rare species such as Mason’s lilaeopsis (Lilaeopsis masonii), Sacramento River Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha),  and Giant garter snake (Thamnophis gigas).  Its presence would trigger additional control measures.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

Environmental Impact: A, C, D

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Environmental Impact: Score: 3

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

Consequences of Introduction to California for Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligatorweed) : High (13)

-Low = 5-8 points

-Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Alligatorweed currently is known from 3-4 populations in northern and southern California. It receives a Medium (-2) in this category.

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included:

Score: -2

-Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

-Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

–Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

-High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: Medium (11)

Uncertainty:

Uncertainty is low, as alligatorweed has established in wetlands in California and other states. There is some uncertainty as to the actual distribution of this plant in California, as, like some other aquatic weeds, it is likely to be overlooked.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Conclusions of the harm(s) associated with this pest to California using all of the evidence presented above:

Proposed Rating: Despite its limited ability to disperse between watersheds, this is a potentially significant weed in California of both natural wetlands and irrigation canals. Because of its potential economic impacts, it deserves an A rating, as it has proven tenacious and is actively spreading.

References:

Baldwin, B. G., D. H. Goldman, D. J. Keil, R. Patterson, T. J. Rosatti, and D. H. Wilken, editors. 2012. The Jepson manual: vascular plants of California, second edition. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Consortium of California Herbaria. Accessed 10/3/2017:  ucjeps.berkeley.edu/consortium/

Florida Dept of Agriculture Weed of the Month: Alternanthera sessilis. Accessed 10/3/2017: http://www.freshfromflorida.com/Divisions-Offices/Plant-Industry/Plant-Industry-Publications/Weed-of-the-Month/April-2011-Alternanthera-Sessilis

Invasive Plant Atlas of the Mid-South. alligatorweed. Accessed 10/3/2017:    https://www.gri.msstate.edu/ipams/species.php?CName=Alligatorweed

Responsible Party:

Dean G. Kelch, Primary Botanist; California Department of Food and Agriculture; 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA 95814; Tel. (916) 403-6650. plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

*NOTE:

You must be registered and logged in to post a comment.  If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

Pest Rating: A | Proposed Seed Rating: R

Posted by ls

A-Rated, Ratings, Vertebrate Pests

Nutria | Myocastor coypus

California Pest Rating for
Nutria  |  Myocastor coypus
Pest Rating: A
PEST RATING PROFILE
Initiating Event

On March 30, 2017 a suspected Nutria (Myocastor coypus) was turned in to California Department of Fish and Wildlife staff in Merced County. It was confirmed by the local Department of Fish and Wildlife Services trapper.  The animal was found living in a managed wetland (duck hunting club) adjacent to the Grasslands Ecological Area in Merced County.

History & Status

Background: 

Nutria are large aquatic rodents that may easily be confused with the even larger North American Beaver (Castor Canadensis). Their long rat-like tail is the primary distinguishing characteristic when compared to the large paddle shaped tail of the beaver. Nutria are herbivores that may consume up to 25% of their body-weight per day, in addition they are wasteful feeders focusing on roots and tubers while discarding up to 90% of the plant matter they harvest. They may impact crops and landscape plantings in areas adjacent to water ways, damage water conveyance and storage structures, undermine roads and vector parasites and diseases to humans and livestock. Nutria are primarily nocturnal, though lack of predatory pressure or the influence of human feeding may cause an increase in daytime activity. Nutria are prolific breeders, females may have 2-3 liters per year with an average of 4-5 offspring per liter. Young become sexually active between four and six months of age. Nutria nest in dense vegetation and construct burrows for protection from cold temperatures. Burrows can range from 6-45 meters in length. Nutria have been found to cause significant damage to wetland and riparian habitats and are considered agricultural pests in many parts of the world. In the early 1900’s they were purposefully introduced in many parts of the world to supplement the trapping of furbearing animals for the fur trade. In nature, their populations are primarily limited by harsh winters, commercial trapping and large predators such as alligators or large snakes. Nutria have successfully established in brackish estuarine waters around the United States, however they are not capable of natural immigration in to California with its mountains, deserts and coastline borders.

map for predicted suitable habitat
Figure 1. Geographical extent of predicted suitable nutria habitat (based on 2003 – 2007 mechanistic model) in the contiguous United States compared to the status of nutria populations by state. (Sheffels 2013)

Worldwide Distribution: 

Native to South America. Nutria are a common invasive species in the Southeastern United States. Blamed for significant impacts and loss of wetlands in the Mississippi Delta as well as the Chesapeake Bay. They are widespread in the Pacific Northwest, including Oregon, Washington and Southern British Columbia. Nutria have been successfully introduced and established in every continent other than Australia and Antarctica (Chesapeake Bay Nutria Eradication Project 2016).

Official Control:

A bounty system has been used in the past in Louisiana. During the 2009-2010 trapping season the state of Louisiana paid a $5 per animal bounty on 445,963 Nutria harvested for a total of $2,229,815 (Coastwide Nutria Control Program).

When necessary USDA – Wildlife Services will control localized populations of Nutria.  In 2002 an eradication program was initiated in the state of Maryland. As of 2016 all known populations had been removed from the Delmarva Peninsula of the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland. Surveillance is currently ongoing to verify eradication (Chesapeake Bay Nutria Eradication Project 2016).

Washington State requires any trapped Nutria to be immediately euthanized and prohibits their movement (Washington Invasive Species Council 2016).

Nutria are Considered an agricultural pest in China. Nutria eradication is underway in Japan. They are known to be responsible for damage to fish ponds in Israel. Nutria are considered a pest in Western Europe but a valuable resource in Eastern Europe where fur has higher value. England initiated a trapping eradication in 1981 and declared eradication in 1989. There are numerous Nutria eradication programs in France. They are considered a pest in Germany due to damage to dams. Nutria are also considered a pest of rice production in Italy. (Carter and Leonard 2002)

California Distribution:

There are historical reports of Nutria from Elizabeth Lake, Stanislaus River and Los Angeles County. The first introduction to the United States occurred at Elizabeth Lake California in 1899 which failed due to breeding failures. The California Department of Food and Agriculture conducted an eradication program for a feral population of Nutria from the Stanislaus River during the 1960’s. Eradication was achieved by 1978 (National Wetlands Research Center 2015).

Recent modeling of Nutria distribution and climate change predict that California is highly suitable for Nutria establishment and spread. The mountainous terrain and disconnected hydrological units are the only barrier between Northern California and the Nutria infested waterways of Southern Oregon (Jarnevich et al. 2017).

California Interceptions:

One adult Nutria was trapped in a managed wetland (duck hunting club) adjacent to the Grasslands Ecological Area in Merced County. There are anecdotal reports of additional Nutria sightings from the duck club caretaker.

Consequences of Introduction

The risk Nutria would pose to California is evaluated below.

Problems associated with high Nutria populations fall into several categories: destruction of marsh habitat, destruction of water control structures such as dykes and levees, destruction of agricultural crops, and the fact that the animals can serve as repositories of a variety of diseases.

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score: 3

Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

Recent modeling data found that the majority of California could provide suitable habitat for Nutria. High elevations and deserts being the only limiting factors. Nutria could easily move throughout the inland waterways and irrigation networks.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score: 2

Low (1) has a very limited host range.

Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

High (3) has a wide host range.

Nutria are an aquatic species. Distribution would be limited to areas adjacent to waterways. Rivers, streams, estuaries and irrigation canals would all be suitable habitat. The interconnected waterways throughout the Sacramento-San Joaquin River and Delta and irrigated lands are all susceptible to Nutria establishment.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score: 3

Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

Nutria could naturally disperse throughout the entire Sacramento-San Joaquin Bay-Delta watershed which covers over 75,000 square miles from Tehachapi to the Cascades Mountain Range. They could also establish around natural and man-made lakes, reservoirs, irrigation canals and other waterbodies.

4) Economic Impact: Evaluate the likely economic impacts of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score: 3

Economic Impact: A, B, E, G

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

Economic Impact Score: 3

Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

Nutria have shown to damage rice and orchards/vineyards potentially lowering crop yield and causing losses.  There is also potential for them to disrupt water delivery to crops and spread contaminants impacting food safety.  They are known to vector liver flukes and other parasites to livestock, damage water conveyance and storage infrastructure.

5) Environmental Impact: Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below. Score: 3

Environmental Impact: A, B, C, D, E

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Environmental Impact Score: 3

Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

Nutria have contributed to massive wetland destruction and land loss. Nutria could feed directly on threatened or endangered wetland and riparian plants. Nutria have created eat-outs completely denuding vast areas of habitat, their burrowing activity also contributes to increased siltation of waterways which can impact fish habitat. Many areas of the United States currently have control and eradication programs targeting Nutria. In addition to being agricultural pests and damaging the environment Nutria have also impacted urban and residential landscaping, transmit parasites to animals and humans and become aggressive towards humans and pets.

Consequences of Introduction to California for Nutria:

Add up the total score and include it here. (14)

Low = 5-8 points

Medium = 9-12 points

High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included. (-1)

Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Nutria have successfully been eradicated from California in an area close to the current location of the detections. There is only one other documented introduction in 1899 which failed to establish. There are no PDR records of other encounters in the State.

Final Score

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: (13)

Uncertainty

It is important to separate out uncertainty from risk. Use this section to evaluate any uncertainty associated with the introduction of the pest to California.

The three primary limiting factors of Nutria populations are harsh winters, commercial trapping and large predator populations. California has very mild winters compared to other infested areas of the world. Fur trapping is a very insignificant activity in California due to social as well as regulatory constraints and low fur prices. California does not have large populations of predators nor predators large enough to effectively take Nutria. The Southeastern U.S. has alligators and the portions of Africa that have not been impacted have many different species of large carnivores.

Conclusion and Rating Justification

Proposed rating of A.

Nutria have proven to be a significant agricultural pest in other parts of the world with similar climates and cropping systems to California. Significantly impacted crops include rice, orchards and vineyards. In addition, Nutria are a known vector of ectoparasites and diseases. Livestock are particularly susceptible to liver flukes if exposed to water soiled by Nutria excrement (Menard et al.2000). Nutria have caused extensive damage to waterways, water storage and conveyance as well as adjacent rights-of-way. Of particular concern would be the thousands of miles of earthen canal, dikes and levees comprising much of the Central Valley irrigation infrastructure (Witmer et al. 2012).

Nutria have caused extreme environmental degradation to wetlands around the United States. Their feeding behavior can produce “eat outs” which eliminate the aquatic vegetation which contains wetland and marsh soils. The subsequent erosion is extremely damaging to wetlands. In addition, this erosion combined with their burrowing activity has the potential to damage fish habitat through increased siltation. In the Chesapeake Bay estuary one of the most heavily impacted habitat types is the Spartina sp. complex similar to much of the San Francisco Bay estuary.

Due to the documented negative impacts to agriculture and the environment of Nutria establishment and the high probability of eradication in California, a rating of A is justified.

References

Carter, Jacoby, and Billy P. Leonard. “A Review of the Literature on the Worldwide Distribution, Spread of, and Efforts to Eradicate the Coypu (Myocastor coypus).” Wildlife Society Bulletin (1973-2006), vol. 30, no. 1, 2002, pp. 162–175.  www.jstor.org/stable/3784650

Chesapeake Bay Nutria Eradication Project.  “U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Species of Concern Fact Sheet: Nutria.” (2016) Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force.  https://www.fws.gov/chesapeakenutriaproject/

Coastwide Nutria Control Program. “Home. Nutria Control Program” (2007) Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries.  http://www.nutria.com/site9.php

Jarnevich CS, Young NE, Sheffels TR, Carter J, Sytsma MD, Talbert C “Evaluating simplistic methods to understand current distributions and forecast distribution changes under climate change scenarios: an example with coypu (Myocastor coypus).” (2017) NeoBiota 32: 107-125. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.32.8884

Menard A; M. L’Hostis, G. Leray, S. Marchandeau, M. Pascal, N. Roudot, V. Michel and A. Chauvin “Inventory of Wild Rodents and Lagomorphs as Natural Hosts of Fasciola hepatica on a Farm Located in a Humid Area in Loire Atlantique (France)” (2000), Parasite, 7, 77-82 http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2000072077

National Wetlands Research Center. “Worldwide Distribution, Spread of, and Efforts to Eradicate the Nutria (Myocastor coypus).”(2015) United Stated Geological Survey (USGS). https://www.nwrc.usgs.gov/special/nutria/namerica.htm

Pasko, Susan and Anne Marie Eich, “Species of Concern Fact Sheet: Nutria” (2011) Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force.  https://www.anstaskforce.gov/spoc/nutria.php

Sheffels, Trevor Robert, “Status of Nutria (Myocastor coypus) Populations in the Pacific Northwest and Development of Associated Control and Management Strategies, with an Emphasis on Metropolitan Habitats” (2013).Dissertations and Thesis.Paper 665. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1664&context=open_access_etds

Washington Invasive Species Council. “Stop the Invasion. Nutria, Myocastor coypus” (2016) Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. http://www.invasivespecies.wa.gov/documents/priorities/NutriaFactSheet.pdf

Witmer, Gary; Sheffels, Trevor R.; and Kendrot, Stephen R., “The Introduction, Impacts, And Management of a Large, Invasive, Aquatic Rodent in The United States” (2012). USDA National Wildlife Research Center – Staff Publications. Paper 1215. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/1215/

Responsible Party:

David Kratville, Senior Environmental Scientist, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832. Phone: 916-262-1102, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

NOTE:

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Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Ratings

Vertebrate Pests

Vertebrate pests are any species of mammal, bird, reptile, amphibian, or fish that causes damage to agricultural, natural, or industrial resources, or to any other resource, and to the public health or safety. Vertebrate pests cause millions of dollars in damage to agricultural crops, transportation infrastructure, water conveyance and restoration lands each year. Vertebrate pests threaten the public health and the environment as vectors of diseases that could be transmitted to humans, livestock and wildlife.

PEST RATINGS:

Nutria |  Myocastor coypus
Pest Rating:  A

Fungi, Plant Pathogens, Ratings

Stemphylium solani G. F. Weber 1930

California Pest Rating for
Stemphylium solani G. F. Weber 1930
Pest Rating: A
PEST RATING PROFILE
Initiating Event:

On March 31, 2017, the CDFA Permits and Regulations Program requested a rating for Stemphylium solani.  Therefore, the associated risk and current status of S. solani in California are assessed here and a permanent rating is proposed.

History & Status:

Background:   Stemphylium solani is a fungal pathogen that causes Gray leaf spot disease in tomato, and Stemphylium leaf blight disease in cotton, garlic, and other hosts.  Gray leaf spot in tomato is actually caused by three species of Stemphylium, one being S. solani and the other two species: S. lycopersici (Enjoji) W. Yaman (syn. S. floridanum Hannon & G. F. Weber) and S. botryosum Wallr. f. sp. lycopersici Rotem, Y. Cohen, & I. Wahl.  Gray leaf spot is regarded one of the most destructive diseases of tomato in the southeastern United States and throughout the world wherever warm and humid conditions prevail (Jones & Pernezny, 2014).

Gray leaf spot disease has been reported from several countries worldwide including the United States (see ‘Worldwide Distribution’). In the United States, the disease was first observed in 1924 and by 1928 had spread throughout Florida causing widespread defoliation. Since then, the pathogen has been reported from several states but has never been reported from California.

Disease development:  The disease begins in infested seedbeds and transplant houses or field-transplanted seedlings, usually when the plants are in the first true-leaf stage of growth.  Cotyledons are not severely infected.   The pathogen is spread when infected seedlings are transplanted to fields.  Conidia (asexual spores) can be spread over extensive distances by wind. The teleomorph or sexual stage of S. solani is not known.  The disease is favored by warm temperatures (24-27°C) and high humidity. Spore germination and infection of plant are dependent on the presence of free moisture (dew or rain) (Jones & Pernezny, 2014).  Leaf wetness is considered more important than temperature in establishment of infection (Cerkauskas, 2005).  Stemphylium solani survives as a saprophyte on infected plant debris or on volunteer tomato, pepper, gladiolus, blue lupine, and other wild solanaceous plants.  In the southern state climates, the pathogen remains viable on tomato plants which are grown throughout the year (Jones & Pernezny, 2014).  The pathogen can be seedborne (Koike et al., 2007).

Dispersal and spread: Infected plants, seedlings, and plant debris.  Conidia may be wind-blown over extensive areas or by splashing water (Jones & Pernezny, 2014).

Hosts: Hosts of Stemphylium solani are included primarily in the plant family Solanaceae.  Numerous other plant families are also included with their associated hosts, including Amaryllidaceae (Allium sp.), Asteraceae (Lactuca sp.), and Malvaceae (Gossypium hirsutum).  Hosts include, Aegiceras corniculatum (black mangrove), Allium sativum (garlic), Aster sp. (aster), Basella rubra (Malabar spinach), Capsicum annuum (bell pepper), C. annuum var. annuum (cayenne pepper), C. frutescens (chili pepper), Carthamus sp. (distaff thistles), Cirsium sp. (thistle), Citrus sp. (citrus), Convolvulus arvensis (field bindweed), Cucumis sativus (cucumber), Dactylis glomerata (orchardgrass), Dianthus caryophyllus (carnation), Gossypium hirsutum (upland cotton), Ipomoea reptans (synonym: I. aquatica, swamp morning-glory), Kalanchoe blossfeldiana (flaming katy), Lactuca sativa (lettuce), Lupinus angustifolius (narrowleaf lupine), Lupinus sp. (lupine), Lycopersicon esculentum (synonym: L. lycopersicum, tomato), Lycopersicon sp., Pelargonium zonale (horse-shoe pelargonium), Physalis pubescens (husk tomato), Physalis sp. (groundcherry), Solanum gilo (gilo), S. lycocarpum (wolf apple), S. lycopersicum (garden tomato), S. melongena (aubergine/eggplant), S. melongena var. esculentum, S. pseudocapsicum (Jerusalem cherry), S. tuberosum (potato), Vicia faba (fava bean), Vigna sinensis (synonym: V. unguiculata, cowpea) (CABI, 2017; Farr & Rossman, 2017).

Symptoms:  Gray leaf spots or lesions are almost entirely limited to the leaf blades, but under favorable conditions, lesions may develop on petioles and on the more tender parts of growing stems.  Lesions on stems are linear and parallel to the stem.  Fruit symptoms have not been observed.  In infected tomatoes, symptoms of gray leaf spot are first exhibited as minute brownish-black specks on the lower leaves.  Randomly scattered circular to oblong spots develop on adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces without being restricted by leaf veins.  The spots may be surrounded by a narrow yellow halo and enlarge to about 2.1 mm in diameter while individual spots on the base of leaves may enlarge to twice that size or more in diameter and occasionally coalesce, thereby, killing large portions of the leaf blade. As the spots enlarge, the centers turn gray, eventually dry, crack, and fall out.  Frequently, at this stage entire leaves conspicuously turn yellow, especially if the infection is severe, and die rapidly, turning brown before dropping from the plants.  Seedbed infections result in marked defoliation without conspicuous yellowing (Jones & Pernezny, 2014; Damicone & Brandenberger, 2015).  In garlic, early symptoms of S. solani infection were observed as white spots (1-3 mm), which enlarged to sunken purple lesions, extending until the leaves withered (Zheng et al., 2008).

Damage Potential:  Gray leaf spot almost entirely affects leaves, and defoliation can be severe reducing available photosynthetic areas of infected plants thereby, resulting in reductions in plant development, quality, and fruit yields.  In China, garlic leaf blight caused by Stemphylium solani affected over 7,000 ha of field production and reduced yields up to 70% (Zheng et al., 2010).  During 1994 and 1995, a severe epidemic of leaf blight of cotton in Brazil resulted in yield losses up to 100% in some commercial fields (Mehta, 1998). Gray leaf spot disease limited tomato production in Venezuela and Malaysia (Cadeño & Carrero, 1997; Nasehi et al., 2012).   In California, processing tomatoes are grown in the warm and dry San Joaquin and Sacramento Valleys while fresh-market tomatoes are grown in the San Joaquin Valley, Central Valley, Central and Southern Coastal regions and the Imperial Valley.  It is less likely that S. solani will be able establish under warm and dry regions of the state’s tomato production acreages, as well as under the possible use of resistant varieties, protectant fungicides and cultural management strategies.  However, for tomato and other host plants under wet and warm climates, the pathogen may be able to establish within those regions.

Worldwide Distribution: Asia: Brunei Darussalam, China, Hong, Kong, Taiwan, Thailand, Korea, Malaysia; Africa: Libya, Mauritius, Senegal, Sudan, Tanzania; Europe: Greece, Spain; North America: Canada, USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, New Jersey, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia); South America: Brazil, Honduras, Venezuela; Central America and Caribbean: Cuba; Oceania: American Samoa (CABI, 2017; Cadeño & Carrero, 1997; Farr & Rossman, 2017).

Official Control: Presently, Stemphylium solani is on the Harmful Organisms list for Peru (USDA-PCIT, 2017).

California Distribution: Stemphylium solani has not been reported from California.

California Interceptions: None reported.

The risk Stemphylium solani would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction: 

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Although Stemphylium solani has a wide host range that includes several economically important agricultural crops in California as well as wild solanaceous plants, the pathogen is dependent on leaf wetness for plant infection and additionally on warm temperatures for disease development.  The disease is most severe under humid and overcast climate conditions that favor wet foliage mainly due to dew or rain.  These conditions would allow the pathogen to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.

Score: 2

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

2) Known Pest Host Range: Stemphylium solani has a wide host range of plants included primarily in the family Solanaceae. However, numerous other plant families are also included with their associated hosts.  Economically important crops include tomato, pepper, cotton, citrus, cucumber, lettuce, garlic, eggplant and others.  Several wild solanaceous host plants could allow build-up of fungal inoculum.

Evaluate the host range of the pest.

Score: 3

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Conidia are produced in abundance and readily dispersed by wind and splashing water. Also, the pathogen is spread through infected plants, seedlings, plant debris, and seed.

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest.

Score: 3

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

4) Economic Impact: Stemphylium solani causes gray leaf spot in tomato and peppers as well as leaf blight in other hosts. Leaves are almost always entirely affected by the disease and defoliation can be severe reducing available photosynthetic areas of plants thereby, resulting in reductions in plant development, quality, and fruit yields.  If not controlled, significant reductions in crop yield and markets could occur.  Use of fungicides and cultural management practices could increase costs of crop production.

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below.

Economic Impact: A, B, C, D

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

Economic Impact Score: 3

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

5) Environmental Impact:  The pathogen could significantly affect home/urban gardening of agricultural crops and ornamental hosts.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.

Environmental Impact: E

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Environmental Impact Score: 2

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

Consequences of Introduction to California for Stemphylium solani: High (13)

Add up the total score and include it here.

-Low = 5-8 points

-Medium = 9-12 points

–High = 13-15 points

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.

Evaluation is ‘Not established’ in California.

Score: (0)

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

-Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

-Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

-High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Final Score:

7) The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: (Score)

Final Score:  Score of Consequences of Introduction – Score of Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information = 13

Uncertainty:  

None.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Based on the evidence provided above the proposed rating for Stemphylium, solani is A.

References:

CABI, 2017.  Stemphylium solani (gray leaf spot) basic datasheet.  Crop Protection Compendium. http://www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/51531

Cerkauskas, R.  2005.  Tomato diseases, Gray leaf spot, Stemphylium solani, S. lycopersici found worldwide in warm climates.  AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center Fact Sheet.  AVRDC Publication 05-634.

Cadeño, L., and C. Carrero.  1997.  First report of tomato gray leaf spot caused by Stemphylium solani in the Andes Region of Venezuela.  Plant Disease 81: 1332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.11.1332B

Damicone, J. P., and L. Brandenberger.  2015.  Common diseases of tomatoes Part 1.  Diseases caused by fungi.  Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service EPP-7625.

Farr, D. F., and A. Y. Rossman.  2017.  Fungal Databases, U. S. National Fungus Collections, ARS, USDA. Retrieved April 3, 2017, from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/

Jones, J. P., and K. L. Pernezny.  2014.  Gray Leaf Spot.  In Compendium of Tomato Disease and Pests Second Edition.  Ed. J. B. Jones, T. A. Zitter, T. M. Momol, and S. A. Miller, APS Press. The American Phytopathological Society.  29-30 p.

Koike, S. T., P. Gladders, and A. O. Paulus.  2007.  Stemphylium solani, S. lycopersici – gray leaf spot.  In Vegetables diseases a color handbook.  Academic Press, an imprint of Elsevier, Burlington, San Diego.  211-212 p.

Mehta, Y. R.  1998.  Severe outbreak of Stemphylium leaf blight, a new disease of cotton in Brazil. Plant Disease, 82: 333-336.

Nasehi, A., J. B. Kadir, M. A. Zainal Abidin, M. Y. Wong, and F. Mahmodi.  First report of tomato gray leaf spot disease caused by Stemphylium solani in Malaysia.  Plant Disease 96: 1226.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-12-0223-PDN

USDA PCIT.  2017.  USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System. April 3, 2017, 1:17:10 pm CDT.  https://pcit.aphis.usda.gov/PExD/faces/ReportHarmOrgs.jsp.

Zheng, L., J. B. HUANG, and T. HSIANG.  2008.  First report of leaf blight of garlic (Allium sativum) caused by Stemphylium solani in China. Plant Pathology 57: 380.

Zheng, L., L. V. Rujing, J. Huang, D. Jiang, X. Liu, and T. Hsiang.  2010.  Integrated control of garlic leaf blight caused by Stemphylium solani in China.  Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 32: 135-145.

Responsible Party:

John J. Chitambar, Primary Plant Pathologist/Nematologist, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832. Phone: 916-262-1110, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

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Pest Rating: A

Posted by ls

Fungi, Plant Pathogens, Ratings

Pseudocercospora purpurea (Cooke) Deighton 1976

California Pest Rating for
Pseudocercospora purpurea (Cooke) Deighton 1976
Pest Rating: B
PEST RATING PROFILE
Initiating Event:

On November 17, 2016, USDA APHIS PPQ inquired if CDFA had conducted a pest risk assessment of the fungal pathogen, Pseudocercospora purpurea on avocados in California.  Subsequently, the risk of infestation of P. purpurea in California is evaluated and a permanent rating is herein proposed.

History & Status:

Background:  Pseudocercospora purpurea is a fungal plant pathogen that causes Pseudocercospora (Cercospora) spot (blotch) disease exhibiting leaf and fruit spot symptoms in Persea spp., including avocado (P. americana) plants. The pathogen was originally known as Cercospora purpurea. In South Africa, the disease is known as black spot or Cercospora spot and is the most serious pre-harvest disease affecting all cultivars of avocado, particularly, cv. Fuerte (Crous et al., 2000; Pohronezny et al., 1994).  The disease occurs in warm, humid and rainy climates and is found in southeastern USA, South America, northern Australia, Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean (CABI, 2016; Menge & Ploetz, 2003).  The pathogen has not been reported from California.

Disease cycle:  Initial inoculum of conidia (asexual spores) mostly comes from infected leaves.  New shoot tissues are infected wherever this disease occurs.  The pathogen penetrates host tissue either directly or through wounds. Conidia are easily detached and blown by wind often over long distances.  On landing on surfaces of a plant host, conidia require water or heavy dew to germinate and penetrate the host.  In South Africa, the pathogen remains latent for about 3 months after penetration.  Infected plants produce conidiophores (specialized hypha) that arise from the plant surface in clusters through stomata and form conidia successively.  Substomatal stroma (compact mycelial structure) may form from which conidiophores develop.  Fruit are susceptible when developed to a quarter to three-quarter of their full size.  Very small fruit (< 4 cm diameter) and those at or near maturity are almost immune.  Disease development is severe during warm, rainy weather when fruit are about a quarter size (Agrios, 2005; Menge & Ploetz, 2003; Pohronezny et al., 1994).  High relative humidity is necessary for conidial germination and plant infection.  The pathogen can overwinter as mycelium (stromata) in old infected leaves (Agrios, 2005).  

Dispersal and spread: Wind, rain, irrigation water, infected nursery plants, infected leaves, insects (Menge & Ploetz, 2003).

Hosts: Avocado is the main host; Persea spp. in the family Lauraceae, namely, P. americana (syn. P. gratissima, avocado), P. borbonia (redbay), P. drymifolia (Mexican avocado), P. palustris (swamp bay), and Persea sp. (Farr & Rossman, 2016).

Symptoms: Symptoms occur on leaves, stems, and fruit (Pohronezny et al., 1994).  On leaves, lesions initially appear as small (1-5 mm) angular, purple to purplish brown flecks or spots near leaf margins.  Over time, chlorotic halos surround older spots and are visible on both leaf surfaces.  The fungus sporulates under high humid conditions, appearing as gray, felty mycelial growths in the center of lesions. Individual lesions may coalesce forming larger regions of necrotic tissue.  Leaves become curled, deformed and may fall.

On fruit, lesions initiate as small flecks which later become slightly sunken, expand or coalesce becoming somewhat circular, and turn brown to brownish black in color.  Fissures or cracks usually develop in fruit lesions and serve as avenues for infection by other pathogens.  In certain cases, if the disease is temporarily arrested, the lesions appear as minute, raised, shiny, black specks associated with the corking of lenticels.  While blotch is usually confined to the rind of fruit, in advanced cases, the flesh may be invaded.  Once defoliation occurs, fruit may turn chlorotic, shrivel and drop.  Dark brown to black, 2-10 mm lesions may also form on green twigs and fruit pedicels (Pohronezny et al., 1994; Menge & Ploetz, 2003).

Damage Potential:  Pseudocercospora spot (blotch) is one of the most common diseases of avocado in Florida (Pohronezny et al., 1994).  Losses in avocado production may be severe and have been reported to be up to 69% in non-sprayed orchards in South Africa (Pohronezny et al., 1994; Menge & Ploetz, 2003).  Photosynthetic area can be reduced due to leaf spotting.  In severe infections, leaf wilt and drop may be expected.  In California, avocado production is a major industry producing 75% and 92% of the nation’s avocado fruit supplies (Lazicki et al., 2016).  Therefore, losses due to this pathogen is of particular concern.

Worldwide Distribution: Pseudocercospora purpurea is widespread in subtropical and tropical regions.  Asia:  India, Japan, Philippines; Africa: Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Kenya, South Africa; North America: Bermuda, Mexico, USA; Central America and Caribbean: Dominica, El Salvador, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, United States Virgin Islands; South America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; Oceania: Australia, Palau (CABI, 2016; Farr & Rossman, 2016).

In the USA, the pathogen has been found in the states of Florida, Georgia, and Mississippi (CABI, 2016).

Official Control:  Presently, Cercospora purpurea (syn. Pseudocercospora purpurea) is on the ‘Harmful Organism Lists’ for Namibia and South Africa and P. purpurea is on the ‘Harmful Organism Lists’ for French Polynesia and New Caledonia (USDA PCIT, 2016).

California Distribution: Pseudocercospora purpurea has not been reported from California.  The pathogen is not known to be established in California.

California Interceptions:  None reported.

The risk Pseudocercospora purpurea would pose to California is evaluated below.

Consequences of Introduction: 

1) Climate/Host Interaction: Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California:

Score: 2

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.

Risk is Medium (2): In California, Pseudocercospora purpurea may be able to establish on avocado, under high moisture and warm climate conditions.  In the State, avocados are grown mostly along the southern coast (Lazicki et al., 2016).

2) Known Pest Host Range: Evaluate the host range of the pest.

Score: 1

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.

– High (3) has a wide host range.

Risk is Low (1):  The host range for Pseudocercospora purpurea is limited to Persea spp. with avocado being the main host.

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest.

Score: 3

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.

Risk is High (3):  Pseudocercospora purpurea has high reproductive potential resulting in the successive production of conidia which are mainly dependent on wind, rain, and infected plants for dispersal and spread.

4) Economic Impact: Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below:

A. The pest could lower crop yield.

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.

Score: 3

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.

Risk is High (3):  Infected host plants with leaf and fruit spot symptoms caused by Pseudocercospora spot (blotch) disease could lower value and yield of commercially produced avocado plants as well as affect nursery productions resulting in loss of markets.

5) Environmental Impact: Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below:

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.

Score the pest for Environmental Impact:

Score: 2

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.

Risk is Medium (2):  The pathogen could significantly impact avocado plants grown for fruit and aesthetic value in private residential and public environments.

Consequences of Introduction to California for Pseudocercospora purpurea:

Add up the total score and include it here:

-Low = 5-8 point

–Medium = 9-12 point

-High = 13-15 points

Total points obtained on evaluation of consequences of introduction to California = 11

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information: Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.

Score: 0

–Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.

-Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate/host area (region).

-Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

-High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate/host areas.

Evaluation is not established (0):  Pseudocercospora purpurea is not established in California.

Final Score:

7) The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score:

Final Score:  Score of Consequences of Introduction – Score of Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information = 11

Uncertainty:  

None.

Conclusion and Rating Justification:

Based on the evidence provided above the proposed rating for Pseudocercospora purpurea is B.

References:

Agrios, G. N.  2005.  Plant Pathology (Fifth Edition).  Elsevier Academic Press, USA.  922 p.

CABI.  2016.  Pseudocercospora purpurea (spot blotch) (basic) datasheet.  Crop Protection Compendium.  http://www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/12266 .

Crous, P.W., A. J. L. Phillips, A. P. and Baxter.  2000.  Phytopathogenic fungi from South Africa. University of Stellenbosch, Department of Plant Pathology Press, 358 pages (referenced by Farr & Rossman, 2016).

Farr, D. F., & A. Y. Rossman.  2016.  Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA.  Retrieved August 18, 2016, from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/.

Lazicki, P., D. Geisseler, and W. R. Horwath.  2016.  Avocado production in California. https://apps1.cdfa.ca.gov/FertilizerResearch/docs/Avocado_Production_CA.pdf. (Last updated April, 2016.)

Menge, J. A., and R. C. Ploetz.  2003.  Disease of Avocado.  In Diseases of Tropical Fruit Crops, Edited by R. C. Ploetz, CABI Publishing, CAB International, UK, USA, 527 p.

Pohronezny, K. L., G. W. Simone, and J. Kotzé.  1994.  Pseudocercospora spot (blotch).  In Compendium of Tropical Fruit Diseases, Edited by R. C. Ploetz, G. A. Zentmeyer, W. T. Nishijima, K. G. Rohrbach, and H. D. Ohr, APS Press, The American Phytopathological Society, 79-80 p.

Responsible Party:

John J. Chitambar, Primary Plant Pathologist/Nematologist, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832. Phone: 916-262-1110, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.

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Pest Rating: B

Posted by ls

Ratings

Insects, Mites & Earthworms

Insects and mites are related in that their skeletons are on the outside (Phyllum: Arthropoda), but differ in that adult insects have six legs and adult mites have eight.  Both groups can be beneficial, neutral or destructive to their environment.  Like nematodes, they can cause yearly losses in the billions of dollars for agricultural crops around the world.

PEST RATING PROPOSALS:

⇒ ACARI:
⇒ COLEOPTERA:
⇒ DIPTERA:
⇒ HEMIPTERA:

Brachynotocoris puncticornis Reuter: a bug
Current Pest Rating: Q
Proposed Pest Rating: C
Comment Period: 06/04/2024 through 07/19/2024 

⇒ HYMENOPTERA:

PEST RATINGS:

⇒ ACARI

Acalitus phloeocoptes (Nalepa): Plum bud gall mite
Pest Rating: B

Aceria nerii Channabasavana: an oleander mite
Pest Rating: C

Germander crinkle mite | Aculus teucrii (Nalepa)
Pest Rating: C

Ice plant mite | Aceria mesembryanae Smith-Meyer
Pest Rating: Q

Hoary cress gall mite | Aceria drabae (Nal.)
Pest Rating: D

Notallus nerii Keifer: an oleander mite
Pest Rating: C

Peacock Mite | Tuckerella sp.
Pest Rating: A

⇒ BLATTODEA

Three-lined Cockroach | Luridiblatta trivittata
Pest Rating: C

⇒ COLEOPTERA

Agrilus auroguttatus Schaeffer: Goldspotted oak borer
Pest Rating: B

Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire: Emerald ash borer
Pest Rating: A

Ambrosia Beetle | Euwallacea similis (Ferrari)
Pest Rating: A

Ambrosia Beetle |  Xylosandrus amputatus (Blandford)
Pest Rating: A

Anthonomus rubi (Herbst): strawberry blossom weevil
Pest Rating: A

Anomala orientalis (Waterhouse): Oriental beetle
Pest Rating: A

Banded Elm Bark Beetle | Scolytus schevyrewi Semenov
Pest Rating: C

A Bark Beetle | Pycnarthrum hispidum (Ferrari)
Pest Rating: C

Bark Beetle | Coccotrypes rutschuruensis Eggers
Pest Rating: A

Beetle | Anomala ausonia Erichson
Pest Rating: A

Beetle: Dactylotrypes longicollis (Wollaston)
Pest Rating: C

Beetle | Dyscinetus dubius (Olivier)
Pest Rating: A

Beetle | Semanotus sinoauster Gressitt
Pest Rating: A

Black Pine Bark Beetle | Hylastes ater (Paykull)
Pest Rating: A

Black Timber Bark Beetle | Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford)
Pest Rating: A

Black Twig Borer | Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff)
Pest Rating: A

Bruchus pisorum (L.), pea seed beetle
Pest Rating: C

Callidiellum rufipenne (Motschulsky): cedar longhorn beetle
Pest Rating: A

Camphor Shot Borer | Cnestus mutilatus (Blandford)
Pest Rating: A

Carpophilus truncatus Murray: a sap beetle
Pest Rating: B

Ceratapion basicorne (Illiger): a weevil
Pest Rating: D

Cereal Leaf Beetle: Oulema melanopus (Linnaeus)
Pest Rating:  B

Chrysolina bankii (Fabricius): a leaf beetle
Pest Rating: C                    

Click Beetle | Conoderus posticus (Eschscholtz)
Pest Rating: A  

Coffee Bean Weevil | Araecerus fasciculatus
Pest Rating: B

Cyclorhipidion distinguendum (Eggers): an ambrosia beetle
Pest Rating: C

Diaprepes Root Weevil | Diaprepes abbreviatus
Pest Rating: B

Dwarf Siberian Pine Beetle | Dryocoetes pini
Pest Rating: A

Garden Chafer | Phyllopertha horticola (L.)
Pest Rating: A

Granulate Ambrosia Beetle | Xylosandrus crassiusculus Motschulsky
Pest Rating: A

Hylesinus cingulatus Blandford
Pest Rating: A

Hypothenemus eruditus Westwood
Pest Rating: B

Icosium tomentosum Ganglebauer: a longhorn beetle
Pest Rating: B

Japanese Pine Sawyer | Monochamus alternatus (Hope)
Pest Rating: A

Jewel Beetle | Actenodes auronotatus (Gory & Laporte)
Pest Rating: A

Lilioceris lilii (Scopoli): lily leaf beetle
Pest Rating: A

Longhorned Beetle | Acalolepta aesthetica (Olliff)
Pest Rating: A

Longhorned Beetle | Arhopalus pinetorum (Wollaston)
Pest Rating: A

Longhorned Beetle | Plagionotus arcuatus (Linnaeus)
Pest Rating: A

Mediterranean pine engraver | Orthotomicus erosus (Wollaston)
Pest Rating: C

New Guinea Sugarcane Weevil | Rhabdoscelus obscurus (Boisduval)
Pest Rating: A

Olive Bark Beetle | Phloeotribus scarabaeoides (Bernard)
Pest Rating: B

Palmetto weevil | Rhynchophorus cruentatus (Fabricius)
Pest Rating: A

Paropsis atomaria Olivier: leaf beetle
Pest Rating: B                    

Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer: Euwallacea sp. nr. fornicatus
Pest Rating:  B

Protaetia fusca (Herbst): a flower chafer
Pest Rating: A                    

Red-Black False Blister Beetle: Ananca bicolor (Fairmaire)
Pest Rating:  B

Redneck Longhorn Beetle | Aromia bungii
Pest Rating: A

Rice Beetle | Dyscinetus morator (Fabricius)
Pest Rating: A

Sap Beetle:  Brachypeplus basalis (Erichson)
Pest Rating:  B

Scarab Beetle | Gymnetis stellata (Latreille)
Pest Rating: A

Scolytid Weevil: Pagiocerus frontalis (Fabricius)
Pest Rating:  B

Seed Beetle | Bruchidius terrenus
Pest Rating:  B

Slender-banded Pine Cone Longhorn Beetle | Chlorophorus strobilicola Champion
Pest Rating: A

Small Hive Beetle (SHB): Aethina tumida Murray
Pest Rating: B

Small Spruce Bark Beetle | Polygraphus poligraphus (L.)
Pest Rating: A

South American Palm Weevil | Rhynchophorus palmarum (Linnaeus)
Pest Rating: B

Sri Lankan weevil | Myllocerus undecimpustulatus undatus
Pest Rating:  A

Strangulate Weevil | Trochorhopalus strangulatus (Gyllenhal)
Pest Rating: A

Sugarcane Beetle | Euetheola humilis rugiceps (LeConte)
Pest Rating: A

Sybra alternans Wiedemann: longhorn beetle
Pest Rating: A

Taiwan Slender Longhorned Beetle: Stenhomalus taiwanus Matsushita
Pest Rating: A

Trichoferus campestris (Faldermann): velvet longhorn beetle
Pest Rating: B

Trypodendron signatum (Fabricius)
Pest Rating: A

Twobanded Japanese Weevil | Pseudocneorhinus bifasciatus (Roelofs)
Pest Rating: A

Weevil | Dryophthorus homoeorhynchus Perkins
Pest Rating: C

Weevil | Oxydema longula (Boheman)
Pest Rating: C

West Indian Sugarcane Weevil | Metamasius hemipterus (L.)
Pest Rating:  C 

Xyleborus monographus (Fabricius): Mediterranean oak borer
Pest Rating:  B

Xyleborus pfeilii (Ratzeburg): an ambrosia beetle
Pest Rating: C                              

⇒ DIPTERA

Allium Leafminer: Phytomyza gymnostoma Loew
Pest Rating: A

Apple Leaf Gall Midge: Dasineura mali (Kieffer)
Pest Rating:  A

Daylily Leafminer: Ophiomyia kwansonis Sasakawa
Pest Rating:  B

European Pine Resin Midge | Cecidomyia pini (DeGeer)
Pest Rating: A

Ginger Maggot: Eumerus figurans (Walker)
Pest Rating:  B

Lamprolonchaea smaragdi Walker: a fly
Pest Rating: C                    

An Ornamental Fig Pest: Horidiplosis ficifolii Harris
Pest Rating:  B 

Resseliella citrifrugis Jiang: Citrus fruit midge
Pest Rating: A

Resseliella maxima Gagné: soybean gall midge
Pest Rating: A 

Silba adipata McAlpine: black fig fly
Pest Rating: B

Striped Vinegar Fly: Zaprionus indianus Gupta
Pest Rating: B

Tomato leaf miner | Liriomyza bryoniae (Kaltenbach)
Pest Rating: A

⇒ HAPLOTAXIDA

Perionyx excavatus (Perrier): blue worm
Pest Rating: C

⇒ HEMIPTERA

Agave Mealybugs: Paracoccus gillianae and Pseudococcus inconstans (formerly variabilis and sp. A)
Pest Rating: C

Agave Scale:  Acutaspis agavis (Townsend & Cockerell)
Pest Rating: B

Alazon Mealybug | Dysmicoccus grassii (Leonardi)
Pest Rating:  A

Aleuroclava aucubae (Kuwana): a whitefly
Pest Rating: C

Aleurotulus anthuricola Nakahara: anthurium whitefly
Pest Rating: C 

Annona/Gray Pineapple Mealybug | Dysmicoccus neobrevipes
 Pest Rating: A   

Aphalara itadori (Shinji): a psyllid
 Pest Rating: D

Aphis punicae Passerini: pomegranate aphid
Pest Rating: A

Armored Scale | Melanaspis leivasi (Costa Lima)
Pest Rating: A  

Aspidiotus excisus Green: Aglaonema scale
Pest Rating: A 

Aspidiella hartii (Cockerell): a scale
Pest Rating: A

Aspidiella sacchari (Cockerell): sugarcane scale
Pest Rating: A

Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi: Cycad Aulacaspis scale
Pest Rating: B

Acizzia conspicua (Tuthill): a psyllid
Pest Rating: C

Balsam Woolly Adelgid |  Adelges piceae
Pest Rating: B

Bamboo pit scale | Bambusaspis miliaris (Boisduval)
Pest Rating: B

Banana Mealybug:  Pseudococcus elisae Borchsenius
Pest Rating:  A

Barber Giant Mealybug | Puto barberi (Cockerell)
Pest Rating: A

Bondar’s Nesting Whitefly: Paraleyrodes bondari Peracchi
Pest Rating:  A

Boxwood Scale: Pinnaspis buxi (Bouché)
Pest Rating: A

Bougainvillea Mealybug: Phenacoccus peruvianus Granara de Willink
Pest Rating: B

Bronze Bug: Thaumastocoris peregrinus Carpintero and Dellapé
Pest Rating: B

A Burrowing Bug | Rhytidoporus indentatus Uhler
Pest Rating: C

Centrocoris volxemi (Puton): leaf-footed bug
Pest Rating: A                    

Citrus Snow Scale:  Unaspis citri Comstock
Pest Rating:  A

Coccus viridis (Green): green scale
Pest Rating: B                    

Cotton Seed Bug |  Oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Costa)
Pest Rating: A

Crapemyrtle Scale: Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae
Pest Rating: A

Crenidorsum aroidephagus Martin & Aguiar: Aroid whitefly
Pest Rating: C                    

Curtain Fig Psyllid: Macrohomotoma gladiata
Pest Rating: B

Cycad Poliaspis Scale | Poliaspis media Maskell
Pest Rating: B

Dialeurodes kirkaldyi (Kotinsky): Arabian jasmine whitefly
Pest Rating: A

Dialeurodes schefflerae Hodges & Dooley: schefflera whitefly
Pest Rating: C                 

Duges wax scale | Ceroplastes dugesii Lichtenstein
Pest Rating: A

Dysmicoccus mackenziei Beardsley: McKenzie mealybug
Pest Rating: A                   

Elongate Hemlock Scale: Fiorinia externa Ferris
Pest Rating: A

False Trochanter Mealybug | Pseudococcus dolichomelos Gimpel and Miller
Pest Rating: A

Ficus Leaf-rolling Psyllid: Trioza brevigenae Mathur
Pest Rating: B

Fig Wax Scale | Ceroplastes rusci (L.)
Pest Rating:  A

Fiorinia japonica Kuwana: coniferous fiorinia scale
Pest Rating: B                  

Floridana Scale: Lindingaspis floridana Ferris
Pest Rating:  B

Florida Wax Scale | Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock
Pest Rating: A

Fly Speck Scale:  Gymnaspis aechmeae Newstead
Pest Rating:  B

Fromundus pygmaeus (Dallas): Oceanic burrower bug
Pest Rating: A                    

Garden Fleahopper: Halticus bractatus
Pest Rating: A

Geococcus coffeae Green: coffee root mealybug
Pest Rating: A                  

Gray Scale | Pseudoparlatoria ostreata Cockerell
Pest Rating: A

Graphocephala versuta (Say): versute sharpshooter
Pest Rating: B

Gray Sugarcane Mealybug | Trionymus boninsis (Kuwana)
Pest Rating: A

Harrisia Cactus Mealybug | Hypogeococcus pungens Granara de Willink
Pest Rating: A

Hemiberlesia diffinis (Newstead): a hard scale
Pest Rating: A

Hemlock Scale: Hemiberlesia ithacae (Ferris)
Synonym: Abgrallaspis ithacae
Pest Rating: B  

Herculeana Scale: Clavaspis herculeana
Pest Rating: A

Hoplocallis picta (Ferrari): an aphid
Pest Rating: B                    

Jack Beardsley mealybug: Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi
Pest Rating: A  

A Leafhopper | Paraulacizes irrorata (Fabricius)
Pest Rating: A

Laminicoccus pandani (Cockerell): a mealybug
Pest Rating: A                    

Lepidosaphes chinensis Chamberlin: Chinese mussel scale
Pest Rating: A

Lepidosaphes laterochitinosa Green: an armored scale
Pest Rating: A

Lepidosaphes tokionis (Kuwana): croton mussel scale
Pest Rating: A                 

Lesser Snow Scale: Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley)
Pest Rating: A

Longan Scale: Thysanofiorinia nephelii (Maskell)
Pest Rating:  B

Longistigma liquidambarus (Takahashi): giant sweetgum aphid
Pest Rating: B

Lychee scale | Thysanofiorinia leei Williams
Pest Rating: A

Magnolia White Scale: Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli (Cooley)
Pest Rating: A

Mango Scale | Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead
Pest Rating: A

Mango Scale: Radionaspis indica
Pest Rating: B

Mango Shield Scale: Milviscutulus mangiferae (Green)
Pest Rating: A

Masked Scale: Mycetaspis personata (Comstock)
Pest Rating: A

A Mealybug: Dysmicoccus texensis (Tinsley)
Pest Rating: A

Mealybug | Ferrisia dasylirii (Cockerell)
Pest Rating: C

A Mealybug | Nipaecoccus floridensis Beardsley
Pest Rating: A

Mealybug | Palmicultor browni (Williams)
Pest Rating: A

A Mealybug | Trionymus sasae (Kanda)
Pest Rating: A

Mealybug | Vryburgia succulentarum Williams
Pest Rating: A

Melanaspis corticosa (Brain): South African obscure scale
Pest Rating: A

Mining Scale: Howardia biclavis
Pest Rating: A

Miscanthicoccus miscanthi (Takahashi) – Miscanthus mealybug
Pest Rating: B

Nipaecoccus floridensis Beardsley: a mealybug
Pest Rating: B

Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead): Lebbeck mealybug
Pest Rating: A

Odermatt Mealybug | Pseudococcidae mealybug
Pest Rating: A

Oncometopia orbona (Fabricius): broad-headed sharpshooter
Pest Rating: A                    

Oriental Scale: Aonidiella orientalis
Pest Rating: A

Pacific Mealybug: Planococcus minor (Maskell) 
Pest Rating: A 

Palm Mealybug | Palmicultor palmarum (Ehrhorn)
Pest Rating: A  

Papaya Mealybug | Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink
Pest Rating: A

Pellaea stictica (Dallas): stinkbug
Pest Rating: C

Phalacrococcus howertoni Hodges & Hodgson: Croton Scale
Pest Rating: A

Phorodon cannabis Passerini: cannabis aphid
Pest Rating: C

Pink Hibiscus Mealybug | Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green)
Pest Rating:  A

Plant Bug | Rubrocuneocoris calvertae Henry
Pest Rating: A

A Planthopper:  Kallitaxila granulata (Stål)
Pest Rating:  A

Protea Mealybug:  Delottococcus confusus (De Lotto)
Pest Rating:  C  

Protea Mealybug: Paracoccus hakeae (Williams)
Synonym: Phenacoccus hakeae
Pest Rating:  C 

Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerell): camphor scale
Pest Rating:  A

Pseudischnaspis bowreyi (Cockerell): Bowrey scale
Pest Rating: A                  

Pseudococcus landoi (Balachowsky): Lando mealybug
Pest Rating: A

Pseudococcus lycopodii Beardsley: a mealybug
Pest Rating: C

Pulvinaria psidii Maskell: Green shield scale
Pest Rating: C

Pyrrhocoris apterus (L.): European firebug
Pest Rating: C

Red Streaked Leafhopper: Balclutha rubrostriata (Melichar)
Pest Rating: A

Red Wax Scale | Ceroplastes rubens Maskell
Pest Rating:  A

Remaudiereana nigriceps (Dallas): a bug
Pest Rating: A                    

Rhizoecus americanus (Hambleton): root mealybug
Pest Rating: A

Rhizoecus floridanus Hambleton: a root mealybug
Pest Rating: A

Root Mealybug: Ripersiella hibisci (Kawai & Takagi)
Pest Rating: A

Rufous Scale | Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan)
Pest Rating: A

Seed Bugs | Nysius spp.
Pest Rating: NR

A Seed Bug | Ochrimnus mimulus (Stål)
Pest Rating: A

Singhiella simplex (Sing): Ficus whitefly
Pest Rating: C                    

Soft scale | Coccus capparidis (Green)
Pest Rating: A                        

Soft scale | Coccus moestus De Lotto
 Pest Rating: A                        

Soft Scale | Kilifia americana Ben-Dov
Pest Rating: A

Spanish Moss Orthezia: Graminorthezia tillandsiae (Morrison)
Pest Rating: C

Spiraling Whitefly: Aleurodicus dispersus Russell
Pest Rating: A

Spotted Lanternfly:  Lycorma delicatula White
Pest Rating:  A

Stellate Scale: Ceroplastes stellifer
Synonym: Vinsonia stellifera
Pest Rating: A

Stink Bug | Kalkadoona pallida (Van Duzee)
Pest Rating: A

Striped mealybug | Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell)
Pest Rating: A

Taro Planthopper: Tarophagus colocasiae
Pest Rating: B

Tea Scale of Camellia | Fiorinia phantasma Cockerell & Robinson
Pest Rating: A

Thysanococcus pandani Stickney: Pandanus Halimococcia
Pest Rating: A

Toumeyella liriodendri (Gmelin): tuliptree scale
Pest Rating: C

Trilobe Scale: Pseudaonida trilobitiformis (Green)
Hemiptera: Diaspididae
Pest Rating: A

Tropical Palm Scale | Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerell)
Pest Rating: A

Toumeyella parvicornis (Cockerell): pine tortoise scale
Pest Rating: B                                      

Two-lined Spittlebug | Prosapia bicincta (Say)
Pest Rating: A

Unaspis yanonensis (Kuwana): arrowhead scale
Pest Rating: A

Unilobed Scale:  Pinnaspis uniloba (Kuwana)
Pest Rating:  B

Waratah Scale: Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei Williams
Pest Rating:  A

Whitefly | Aleurotrachelus anonae Corbett
Pest Rating: A

White Fly: Asiothrixus antidesmae (Takahashi)
Pest Rating: A

White Peach Scale: Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni)
Pest Rating: A

White Prunicola Scale | Pseudaulacaspis prunicola (Maskell)
Pest Rating: A

⇒ HYMENOPTERA 

Anagyrus callidus Triapitsyn, Andreason & Perring Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae
Pest Rating:  D

An Ant:  Ochetellus glaber (Mayr)
Pest Rating:  A

An Ant | Pheidole dentigula
Pest Rating: A

Anoplolepis gracilipes (Fr. Smith): Long-legged ant
Pest Rating: A

Asian Needle Ant | Brachyponera chinensis
Pest Rating: A

Bigheaded Ant: Pheidole megacephala
Pest Rating:  A

Compact Carpenter Ant | Camponotus planatus
Pest Rating: A

Difficult White-Footed Ant  |  Technomyrmex difficilis Forel
Pest Rating: A

Erythrina gall wasp: Quadrastichus erythrinae
Pest Rating: B

Eucalyptus Gall Wasp: Ophelimus maskelli (Ashmead)
Pest Rating: C

Florida Carpenter Ant | Camponotus floridanus (Buckley)
Pest Rating: A  

Flower Ant | Monomorium floricola
Pest Rating: A

Ganaspis brasiliensis (Ihering) (G 1 lineage): parasitoid wasp
Pest Rating: D

Little Fire Ant: Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger)
Pest Rating: A

Long-legged Ant: Anoplolepsis longipes
Pest Rating: A

Modoc Carpenter Ant: Camponotus modoc Wheeler
Pest Rating: C

Native Ant: Formica francoeuri Bolton
Pest Rating: C

Parasitoid wasp | Jaliscoa hunteri (Crawford)
Pest Rating: D

Psyllaephagus euphyllurae (Masi): a parasitoid wasp 
Pest Rating: D

Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius): Tropical fire ant
Pest Rating: A

Spathius galinae Belokobylskij and Strazanac: a parasitoid wasp
Pest Rating: D

Stingless Bee: Plebeia frontalis (Friese)
Pest Rating: B

Tawny Crazy Ant | Nylanderia fulva
Pest Rating: A

Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang: a parasitoid wasp
Pest Rating: D

Trissolcus japonicus (Ashmead): Samurai wasp
Pest Rating: D

Vespa mandarinia Smith: Northern giant hornet
Pest Rating: A

Vespa velutina Lepeletier: yellow-legged hornet
Pest Rating: A

⇒ LEPIDOPTERA

Agonopterix alstroemeriana (Clerck): a moth
Pest Rating: D

Arcola malloi (Pastrana): Alligatorweed stem borer moth
Pest Rating: D

Azalea Leafminer | Caloptilia azaleella (Brants)
Pest Rating: C

Banana Moth |  Opogona sacchari (Bojer)
Pest Rating: C

Barred Fruit-tree Tortrix | Pandemis cerasana Hübner
Pest Rating:  A

Carnation tortrix  |  Cacoecimorpha pronubana (Hübner)
Pest Rating: A  

Cherry Bark Tortrix | Enarmonia formosana (Scopoli)
Pest Rating:  A

Choreutis cf. emplecta (Turner): a moth
Pest Rating:  C

Cotton Bollworm | Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)
Pest Rating: A

Cucumber Moth | Diaphania indica (Saunders)
Pest Rating: A

Cydalima perspectalis (Walker): box tree moth
Pest Rating: A

Dichomeris acuminatus (Staudinger): alfalfa leaftier
Pest Rating: B                   

Eastern Tent Caterpillar |  Malacosoma americanum (Fabricius)
Pest Rating: A

Epiphyas postvittana (Walker): light brown apple moth (LBAM)
Pest Rating: C

Erythrina Twigborer: Terastia meticulosalis Guenée
Pest Rating:  B

Golden twin-spot moth: Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper)
Pest Rating: A

Green Garden Looper | Chrysodeixis eriosoma (Doubleday)
Pest Rating:  A

Grey Tortrix | Cnephasia stephensiana Doubleday
Pest Rating: A

Harrisina metallica Stretch: western grapeleaf skeletonizer
Synonym: Harrisina brillians Barnes and McDunnough
Pest Rating: C                    

Leek Moth | Acrolepiopsis assectella (Zeller)
Pest Rating: A                        

Southern Armyworm: Spodoptera eridania (Stoll)
Pest Rating: A

Tomato Leafminer: Tuta absoluta (Meyrick)
Pest Rating: A  

Winter Moth | Operophtera brumata (L.)
Pest Rating:  A

⇒ ORTHOPTERA:

Gryllus locorojo Weissman & Gray, 2012 (Crazy Red Field Cricket)
Pest Rating:  D

⇒ PHASMATODEA

Carausius morosus (Sinéty): Indian walking stick 
Pest Rating: C                        

⇒ THYSANOPTERA 

Arorathrips mexicanus (Crawford): a thrips
Synonym: Chirothrips mexicanus Crawford
Pest Rating:  C

Androthrips ramachandrai Karny: a thrips
Pest Rating:  C

Bamboo Orchid Thrips: Dichromothrips smithi (Zimmerman)
Pest Rating:  A

Banana-silvering Thrips: Hercinothrips bicinctus (Bagnall)
Pest Rating: B

Biltothrips minutus (Bhatti)
Pest Rating: A

Black Vine Thrips: Retithrips syriacus (Mayet)
Pest Rating: A

Chilli Thrips:  Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood
Pest Rating: B

Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom): common blossom thrips
Pest Rating: B

Frankliniella tritici (Fitch): eastern flower thrips(Trybom): common blossom thrips
Pest Rating: B                    

Gorse Thrips | Sericothrips staphylinus Haliday
Pest Rating: D

Japanese Flower Thrips | Thrips setosus
Pest Rating:  A 

Kelly’s Citrus Thrips: Pezothrips kellyanus (Bagnall)
Pest Rating: A

Klambothrips myopori Mound & Morris: thrips
Pest Rating: C                    

Lord Howe Island Thrips | Dendrothrips howei Mound
Pest Rating: B 

Melon Thrips: Thrips palmi (Karny)
Pest Rating:  A

Rose Thrips | Thrips fuscipennis
Pest Rating:  A

A Thrips | Coremothrips pallidus Hood
Pest Rating: A

Thrips | Indusiothrips seshadrii Priesner
Pest Rating: A

Thrips maculicollis (Hood): a thrips 
Pest Rating: A                    

Thrips orientalis (Bagnall): a thrips
Pest Rating: A                    

Thrips | Trichromothrips priesneri (Bhatti)
Pest Rating: A

Weeping Ficus Thrips: Gynaikothrips uzeli (Zimmermann)
Pest Rating:  B

EARTHWORMS | ANNELIDA

Amynthas agrestis (Goto & Hatai): Jumping worm
Pest Rating: B

Ratings

Nematodes

(Plant Parasitic Nematodes)

Nematodes (also called ‘roundworms’) are relatively small, multicellular, worm-like animals. They are found in almost every environmental niche imaginable, living free in soil, marine and freshwater habitats while feeding on bacteria, fungi, and nematodes, or as parasites of humans, insects, fish, larger animals and plants.

Plant parasitic nematodes are abundant in many soils and may be feed on roots and other below ground plant tissue as external feeders while living outside a plant or penetrate and enter plant tissue to live and feed internally causing damage to plants. While most species of plant parasitic nematodes feed on below ground plant tissue, a relatively fewer number may inhabit and feed on above ground tissue. Billions of dollars in losses to agricultural crops due to damages caused by plant parasitic nematodes occur worldwide every year. California’s agricultural industry could lose several hundred million dollars annually in crop losses if certain plant parasitic nematodes not known to occur or of limited occurrence in California would become widespread within the State.

PEST RATINGS:

⇒ NEMATODES:
Meloidogyne minor Karssen et al. 2004
Current Pest Rating: None
Proposed Pest Rating: A
Comment Period: 07/19/2024 through 09/02/2024
⇒ Nematodes:

Anguina agrostis (Steinbuch, 1799) Filipjev, 1936 Bent grass seed gall nematode
Pest Rating: B

Anguina funesta
Pest Rating: A

Anguina pacificae Cid del Prado Vera & Maggenti 1984 Pacific shoot-gall nematode
Pest Rating: C

Anguina tritici | Wheat Seed gall nematode
Pest Rating: A 

Aphelenchoides besseyi Christie, 1942 (Allen, 1952) Strawberry summer crimp nematode
Pest Rating: A

Aphelenchoides fragariae (Ritzema – Bos, 1891) Christie, 1932 Strawberry crimp nematode, Strawberry spring dwarf nematode, Foliar nematode
Pest Rating: C

Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi (Schwartz, 1911) Steiner & Buhrer 1932
Pest Rating: C                                          

Asian Citrus Root-knot Nematodes
Pest Rating:  A

Belonolaimus longicaudatus Rau, 1958 Sting nematode
Pest Rating: A

Bitylenchus maximus (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1986 Stunt nematode
Pest Rating: C

Bursaphelenchus coccophilus
Pest Rating: A

Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Bruhrer, 1934) Nickle, 1970 Pine wilt disease
Pest Rating: C

Cactodera cacti (Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941 Krall & Krall, 1978 Cactus cyst nematode)
Pest Rating: A

Criconemoides (syn. Criconemella De Grisse and Loof 1965), Taylor 1936
Pest Rating: C 

Ditylenchus destructor Thourne, 1945
Pest Rating: A

Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn, 1857) Filipjev, 1936
Pest Rating: C

Dolichodorus heterocephalus Cobb, 1914 Cobb’s awl nematode
Pest Rating: A

Globodera pallida (Stone 1973) Behrens Pale cyst nematode
Pest Rating: A

Globodera rostochiensis Wollenweber 1923 Golden nematode
Pest Rating: A 

Helicotylenchus spp.
Pest Rating: C

Helicotylenchus multicinctus
Pest Rating:  B

Hemicriconemoides chitwoodi Esser, 1960 Sheathoid nematode
Pest Rating: C 

Hemicriconemoides spp. Chitwood & Birchfield, 1957 Sheathoid nematodes
Pest Rating: C

Hemicycliophora arenaria
Pest Rating: B 

Heterodera australis Subbotin, Sturhan, Rumpenhorst & Moens, 2002 Australian cereal cyst nematode
Pest Rating: A

Heterodera avenae Wollenweber, 1924 European cereal cyst nematode
Pest Rating: A

Heterodera carotae Jones, 1950
Pest Rating: B

Heterodera ciceri Vovlas, Greco & Di Vito, 1985 Chickpea cyst nematode
Pest Rating: A

Heterodera cruciferae Franklin, 1945 Cabbage cyst nematode
Pest Rating: C

Heterodera fici Kirjanova, 1954 Fig cyst nematode
Pest Rating: C

Heterodera filipjevi (Madzhidov, 1981) Stelter, 1984 Filipjev’s cereal cyst nematode
Pest Rating: A

Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, 1952 Soybean cyst nematode
Pest Rating: A

Heterodera mani Mathews, 1971 Rye grass cyst nematode
Pest Rating: B

Heterodera schachtii A. Schmidt, 1871 Sugarbeet cyst nematode            Pest Rating: C

 Heterodera sturhani Subbotin 2015 Sturhan cereal cyst nematode 
 Pest Rating: A

Heterodera trifolii Goffart, 1932 clover cyst nematode
Pest Rating: C

Heterodera ustinovi Kirjanova, 1969 Ustinov’s grass cyst nematode
Pest Rating: A

Hirschmanniella belli Sher 1968
Pest Rating: C

Hirschmanniella diversa Sher 1968
Pest Rating: C

Hoplolaimus galeatus (Cobb, 1913) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekh Lance nematode
Pest Rating: A

Longidorus africanus Merny, 1966 Needle nematode
Pest Rating: C

Longidorus elongatus: Needle nematode
Pest Rating:  B

Longidorus orientalis Loof, 1982 Needle nematode
Pest Rating: C

Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood, 1949 Peanut root-knot nematode
Pest Rating: C

 Meloidogyne artiellia Franklin (1961) British root-knot nematode
Pest Rating: A 

Meloidogyne chitwoodi Golden, O’Bannon, Santo & Finley, 1980 Columbia root-knot nematode
Pest Rating: B                                          

Meloidogyne enterolobii Yang and Eisenback, 1983.
Pest Rating: A

Meloidogyne fallax Karssen, 1996 False Columbia root-knot nematode
Pest Rating: A

Meloidogyne floridensis Handoo et al., 2004
Pest Rating: A

Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood, 1949 Northern Root-Knot Nematode
Pest Rating: C 

Meloidogyne haplanaria Eisenback et al. 2003 Texas peanut root-knot nematode
Pest Rating: A

Meloidogyne hispanica Hirschmann 1986 Seville root-knot nematode
Pest Rating: A

Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood 1949 Southern root-knot nematode
Pest Rating: C

Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood, 1949 Javanese root-knot nematode
Pest Rating: C

Meloidogyne mali Itoh, Oshima & Ichinohe 1969 apple root-knot nematode
Pest Rating: A

Meloidogyne marylandi Jepson and Golden, 1987
Pest Rating: C

Meloidogyne naasi Franklin 1965 Barley root knot nematode
Pest Rating: B

Meloidogyne paranaensis Carneiro et al. 1996 Parana coffee root-knot nematode
Pest Rating: A

Merlinius spp. (Allen 1955) Siddiqi, 1970
Pest Rating: C 

Mesocriconema (Macroposthonia) xenoplax (Raski) Loof & de Grisse 1989 ring nematode
Pest Rating: C

Nanidorus spp. Siddiqi, 1974 Stubby root nematode
Pest Rating: C

Paratrichodorus minor (Colbran, 1956) Siddiqi, 1974
Pest Rating: C  

Paratrichodorus porosus (Allen, 1957) Siddiqi, 1974
Pest Rating: C 

Paratrichodorus spp. (Siddiqi 1974) and Trichodorus spp. (Cobb 1913)
Pest Rating: C

Paratylenchus spp. Micoletzky, 1922
Pest Rating: C

Pratylenchus alleni 
Pest Rating:  A

Pratylenchus brachyurus (Godfrey, 1929) Filipjev & Schuurmans-Stekhoven, 1941 smooth-headed lesion nematode
Pest Rating: C

Pratylenchus coffeae 
Pest Rating: B

Pratylenchus crenatus Loof 1960 Root lesion nematode
Pest Rating: C

Pratylenchus hippeastri (Inserra et al., 2007) Amaryllis lesion nematode
Pest Rating: B

Pratylenchus neglectus
Pest Rating: C

Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb, 1917) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941 Cobb’s lesion nematode
Pest Rating: C

Pratylenchus scribneri Steiner, 1943 Scribner’s root-lesion nematode
Pest Rating: C 

Pratylenchus thornei
Pest Rating: C

Pratylenchus vulnus Allen & Jensen, 1951 walnut root lesion nematode
Pest Rating: C

Pratylenchus zeae Graham, 1951 Corn lesion nematode
Pest Rating: C

Punctodera punctata (Thorne, 1928) Mulvey & Stone, 1976
Pest Rating: C  

Quinisulcius spp. Siddiqi 1971
Pest Rating: C                          

Radopholus similis (Cobb, 1893) Thorne, 1949
Pest Rating: A

Rotylenchulus reniformis
Pest Rating: A

Rotylenchus robustus (de Man, 1876) Filipjev, 1936 Spiral nematode
Pest Rating: C

Scutellonema spp. Cobb, 1913
Pest Rating: C   

Tylenchorhynchus spp.
Pest Rating: C 

Tylenchulus semipenetrans (Cobb, 1913) Citrus nematode
Pest Rating: C

Xiphinema americanum Cobb, 1913 American dagger nematode
Pest Rating: C

Xiphinema bakeri Williams, 1961 Baker’s dagger nematode
Pest Rating: C

Xiphinema basiri Siddiqi, 1959 dagger nematode
Pest Rating: A

Xiphinema chambersi Thorne, 1939 Chambers’ dagger nematode
Pest Rating: B

Xiphinema diversicaudatum (Micoletzky, 1927), Thorne, 1939 European dagger nematode
Pest Rating: A

Xiphinema index
Pest Rating: B

Xiphinema setariae Luc 1958 (syn. Xiphinema vulgare Tarjan, 1964) dagger nematode 
Pest Rating: A

Ratings

Plant Pathogens

Plant diseases can be caused by several pathogenic microorganisms including fungi, bacteria, viruses, viroids, phytoplasmas and plant parasitic nematodes. In California, several plant pathogens have evolved with native plants and consequently, caused little damage. However, many other pathogens are either not present or have only been newly discovered within the State. Without effective regulations in place, exotic pathogens may gain entry into California from other global regions through imported contaminated plant and soil commodities, and detrimentally impact the State’s agriculture and natural environments.

PEST RATING PROPOSALS:

⇒ BACTERIA:  
⇒ FUNGI:  

Ascochyta rabiei (Passerini) Labrousse chickpea blight
Current Pest Rating: None
Proposed Pest Rating: B
Comment Period: 06/26/2024 through 08/10/2024

Cronartium pini (Willd.) Jørst
(syn. Cronartium flaccidum (Alb. & Schwein.) G. Winter)
Current Pest Rating: None
Proposed Pest Rating: A
Comment Period: 07/19/2024 through 09/02/2024

Hymenoscyphus fraxineus (T. Kowalski) Baral, Queloz & Hosoya 2014 ash dieback
Current Pest Rating: None
Proposed Pest Rating: A
Comment Period: 05/31/2024 through 07/15/2024   

Phytophthora kernoviae Brasier, Beales & S.A. Kirk 2005
Current Pest Rating: None
Proposed Pest Rating: A
Comment Period: 06/04/2024 through 07/19/2024  

Seiridium cardinale (W.W. Wagener) B. Sutton & I.A.S. Gibson 1972 Cypress canker
Current Pest Rating: None
Proposed Pest Rating: C
Comment Period: 06/26/2024 through 08/10/2024

⇒ PHYTOPLASMAS: 
⇒ VIRUSES and VIROIDS:

Blueberry shock virus
Current Pest Rating: None
Proposed Pest Rating: B
Comment Period: 07/12/2024 through 08/26/2024

⇒ BACTERIA:

Acidovorax cattleyae (Pavarino 1911) Schaad et al. 2009 Bacterial brown spot of orchid 
Pest Rating:  C 

Acidovorax citrulli
Pest Rating:  A 

Allorhizobium vitis (Ophel and Kerr 1990) Mousavi et al. 2016 Crown gall of grapevine
Pest Rating: C  

Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum
Pest Rating: B     

Clavibacter michiganensis corrig. (Smith 1910) Davis et al. 1984 emend. Nouioui et al. 2018 Bacterial canker of tomato
Pest Rating: B

Clavibacter sepedonicus (Spieckermann and Kotthoff 1914; Davis et al. 1984) Li et al. 2018 Potato ring rot
Pest Rating: A

Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Hedges) Collins & Jones (Hedges, 1922) Bacterial wilt of bean
Pest Rating: B     

Dickeya chrysanthemi (Burkholder et al., 1953) Samson et al., 2005 Bacterial wilt 
Pest Rating: C

Dickeya  fangzhongdai Tian, Zhao, Yuan, Yi, Fan, Xu, Hu, de Boer & Li 2016
Pest Rating: B

Erwinia amylovora (Burrill 1882) Winslow et al. 1920 Fire blight 
Pest Rating: C

Erwinia aphidicola Harada et al., 1997
Pest Rating: C

Erwinia persicina corrig. Hao et al. 1990 = [Erwinia nulandii Schuster et al. 1981] Brenner et al (1994)
Pest Rating: C  

Erwinia rhapontici (Millard 1924) Burkholder 1948
Pest Rating: B

Erwinia tracheiphila (Smith 1895) Bergey et al. 1923
Pest Rating: B

Lelliottia amnigena (Izard et al. 1981) Brady et al. 2013
Pest Rating: B

Lelliottia nimipressuralis (Carter 1945) Brady et al. 2013 Wetwood of Elm
Pest Rating: B

Pantoea ananatis (Serrano 1928) Mergaert et al. 1993 Fruitlet rot of pineapple
Pest Rating: C

Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii (Smith) Mergaert, Verdonck & Kersters 1993 Stewart’s wilt of corn
Pest Rating: B

Pectobacterium aroidearum Nabhan et al. 2013
Pest Rating: C   

Pectobacterium atrosepticum (van Hall) Gardan et al. 2003 Blackleg of potato
Pest Rating: C 

Pectobacterium brasiliense (Portier et al. 2019) blackleg disease of potato; soft rot of potato
Pest Rating: B  

Pectobacterium carotovorum (Waldee 1945) Hauben et al. 1998 Bacterial soft rot
Pest Rating: C 

Pseudomonas cichorii (Swingle 1925) Stapp 1928 Bacterial blight of endive Varnish spot of lettuce
Pest Rating: C

Pseudomonas corrugata Roberts & Scarlett (1981), emend. Sutra et al. 1997 pith necrosis of tomato
Pest Rating: C

Pseudomonas mediterranea Catara, Sutra, Morineau, Achouak, Christen, & Gardan 2002 
Pest Rating: B

Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaeolicola (Burkholder 1926) Gardan et al. 1992
Pest Rating: B 

Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. glycinea (Coerper 1919) Gardan et al. 1992 Bacterial blight of soybean
Pest Rating: C

Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi (ex Smith 1908) Gardan et al. 1992 Olive knot/Oleander knot
Pest Rating: C

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae Takikawa, Serizawa, Ichikawa, Tsuyumu and Goto 1989 Bacterial canker of kiwifruit 
Pest Rating: A

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidifoliorum(Van Hall, 1904) Cunty et al., 2014 Bacterial spot of Kiwifruit
Pest Rating: C

Pseudomonas syringae pv. hibisci (ex Jones et al. 1986) Young et al. 1991
Pest Rating: C 

Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans (Smith & Bryan 1015) Young et al. 1978 Cucurbit angular leafspot
Pest Rating: B

Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi (Sackett 1916) Young et al. 1978 Bacterial blight of pea
Pest Rating: C

 Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae van Hall 1902 Bacterial canker and blast of stone and pome fruits & bacterial brown spot of beans
Pest Rating: C

Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Okabe) Young, Dye & Wilkie 1978 Bacterial speck of tomato
Pest Rating: C

Pseudomonas viridiflava (Burkholder 1930) Dowson 1939 Bacterial leaf blight of tomato
Pest Rating: C

Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3 biovar 2 (Smith 1896) Young et al. 1996 Brown rot of potato/ Southern wilt of geranium
Pest Rating: A

Rhizobium radiobacter (Beijerinck & van Delden 1902) Young et al. 2001 Crown gall
Pest Rating: C

Rhodococcus fascians
Pest Rating: C 

Spiroplasma citri Saglio et al.,1973 Stubborn disease of citrus
Pest Rating: C

Streptomyces scabiei(ex Thaxter 1892) Lambert & Loria, 1989
Pest Rating: C

Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni
Pest Rating:  B

Xanthomonas campestris pv. armoraciae (McCulloch) Dye 1978 Bacterial leaf spot of crucifers
Pest Rating:  C

Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Pammel 1895) Dowson 1939
Pest Rating:  B

Xanthomonas campestris pv. fici (Cavara 1905) Dye 1978 Leafspot and dieback of fig 
Pest Rating:  B

Xanthomonas citri pv. fuscans (Schaad et al.) Constantin, et al. 2016
Pest Rating: C

 Xanthomonas citri ssp. citri (Hasse, 1915) Constantin, Cleenwerck, Maes, Baeyen, Van Malderghem, De Vos, Cottyn 2016 Asiatic citrus canker
Pest Rating: A 

Xanthomonas dyei Young et al., 2010
Pest Rating: C 

Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. alfalfae (Riker et al.) Constantin et al. 2016 =Xanthomonas alfalfae (Riker et al.) Dowson Bacterial leaf spot of lucerne
Pest Rating: B

Xanthomonas hortorum pv. carotae Vauterin, Hoste, Kersters & Swings 1995 (syn = X. campestris pv. carotae) Bacterial blight of carrot
Pest Rating: C  

Xanthomonas hortorum pv. hederae (Arnaud 1920) Vauterin et al. 1995 Ivy leaf spot
Pest Rating: C

Xanthomonas hortorum pv. pelargonii (Brown 1923) Vauterin et al. 1995 Bacterial blight of geranium
Pest Rating: C

Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. phaseoli (Smith) Constantin et al. 2016
Pest Rating: C

Xanthomonas vesicatoria (Doidge) Dowson 1939 (Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper)
Pest Rating: C

Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca (Wells et al., 1987) Schaad et al. 2004
Pest Rating:  A

⇒ FUNGI:

Alternaria arborescens E.G. Simmons 1999
Pest Rating: C

Alternaria crassa (Sacc.) Rands 1917
Pest Rating: C

Alternaria embellisia Woudenberg & Crous 2013 Skin blotch and bulb canker of garlic
Pest Rating: C

Ascochyta aquileqiae
Pest Rating: C  

Athelia rolfsii(Curzi) C.C. Tu & Kimbr. 1978 Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. 1911 Southern blight
Pest Rating: C

Bipolaris cynodonis (Marignoni) Shoemaker 1959
Pest Rating: C

Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm) ARX 1961 Cherry leaf spot
Pest Rating: C

Botrytis cinerea Pers. (1794) gray mold
Pest Rating: C

Botrytis porri N.F. Buchw. 1949 ≡ Botryotinia porri (H.J.F. Beyma) Whetzel 1947 (E.J. Butler) E.J. Butler 1919 Coconut budrot garlic neck rot
Pest Rating: C

Bremia lactucae Regel 1843 downy mildew of lettuce
Pest Rating: C

Bretziella fagacearum (Bretz) Z.W. de Beer, Marinc., T.A. Duong & M.J. Wingf. 2017 Oak wilt
Pest Rating: A

Calonectria pseudonaviculata 
Pest Rating:  B

Calonectria pteridis
Pest Rating: B 

Campylocarpon fasciculare Schroers, Halleen & Crous 2004 Black foot disease
Pest Rating: C

Ceratobasidium cereale D. Murray & L. L. Burpee 1984 Yellow patch of turfgrass/sharp eye spot of cereals
Pest Rating: C

Cercospora coniogrammes
 Pest Rating:  B

Cercospora insulana Sacc. 1915
Pest Rating: C

Cercospora ruscicola
Pest Rating: B 

Coleophoma empetri
Pest Rating: B

Coleosporium montanum (Arthur & F. Kern) Mctaggart & Aime 2018 Pine needle rust/ Solidago rust
Pest Rating: C  

Coleosporium plumeriae Pat. 1902 Plumeria rust
Pest Rating: C

Coleosporium solidaginis (Schwein.) Thüm. 1878 Pine needle rust/ Solidago rust
Pest Rating: C

Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds ex Simmonds 1968 Black spot of strawberry
 Pest Rating: C 

Colletotrichum alienum B. Weir & P.R. Johnst. 2012
Pest Rating: B

Colletotrichum aotearoa B. Weir & P.R. Johnst. 2012
 Pest Rating: B

Colletotrichum aracearum
Pest Rating: B

Colletotrichum asianum
Pest Rating: B

Colletotrichum boninense 
Pest Rating: B

Colletotrichum camelliae Massee 1899 Tea anthracnose
Pest Rating: B

Colletotrichum chamaedoreae F. Liu, W.P. Wu & L. Cai 2022
Pest Rating: B  

Colletotrichum circinans (Berk.) Voglino 1921 onion smudge
Pest Rating: C  

Colletotrichum clidemiae B. Weir & P.R. Johnst. 2012
Pest Rating: B 

Colletotrichum cliviae
Pest Rating: B

Colletotrichum coccodes (Wallroth) S.J. Hughes 1958 Black dot of potato Tomato anthracnose
Pest Rating: C

Colletotrichum cordylinicola
Pest Rating: B

Colletotrichum cymbidiicola
Pest Rating: B

Colletotrichum fioriniae(Marcelino & Gouli) Pennycook 2017 Anthracnose Fruit and Crown Rot of Strawberry
Pest Rating: C

Colletotrichum fructicola
Pest Rating: B

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penzig) Penzig & Saccardo 1882
Pest Rating: C

Colletotrichum godetiae Neerg. 1950 Apple bitter rot; Anthracnose of avocado
Pest Rating: B

Colletotrichum grevilleae F. Liu, Damm, L. Cai & Crous 2013 Anthracnose of grevillea
Pest Rating: B

Colletotrichum henanense F. Liu & L. Cai 2015
Pest Rating: B

Colletotrichum jiangxiense F. Liu & L. Cai 2015 Anthracnose
Pest Rating: B

Colletotrichum karstii Yan L. Yang, Zuo Y. Liu, K.D. Hyde & L. Cai 2011
Pest Rating: C

Colletotrichum Liriopes (Damm, P. F. Cannon & Crous, 2009)
Pest Rating: B

Colletotrichum orbiculare 
Pest Rating:  B 

Colletotrichum orchidophilum (Damm, P. F. Cannon & Crous 2012)
Pest Rating: B 

Colletotrichum petchii
Pest Rating: B

Colletotrichum phormii (Henn.) D.F. Farr & Rossman 2006
Pest Rating: C

Colletotrichum plurivorum Damm, Alizadeh & Toy. Sato 2018 
Pest Rating: B 

Colletotrichum queenslandicum
Pest Rating: B

Colletotrichum sansevieriae
Pest Rating: B

Colletotrichum siamense
Pest Rating: B

Colletotrichum spaethianum
Pest Rating: B

Colletotrichum tabacum Böning 1932 (syn. C. tabaci) Tobacco anthracnose
Pest Rating: B 

Colletotrichum theobromicola
Pest Rating: B

Colletotrichum Tropicale Rojas, Rehner & Samuels 2010
Pest Rating: B

Colletotrichum truncatum (Schwein.) Andrus & W.D. Moore 1935 Soybean anthracnose
Pest Rating: B

Coniella granati (Sacc.) Petr. & Syd. 1927 [1926]
Pest Rating: C

Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) C. T. Wei 1950
Pest Rating: B

Cronartium quercuum (Berk.) Miyabe ex Shirai 1899
Pest Rating: C

Cronartium ribicola J. C. Fisch. 1872 white pine blister rust
Pest Rating: B 

Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) M.E. Barr 1978 ≡Endothia parasitica (Murrill) P.J. Anderson & H.W. Anderson 1912 Chestnut blight
Pest Rating: A

Cytospora chrysosperma (Pers.: Fr.) Fr. 1818 Cytospora canker of poplar
Pest Rating: C

Dactylonectria torresensis (A. Cabral, Rego & Crous) L. Lombard & Crous 2014 Black foot
Pest Rating: C

Diaporthe columnaris (D. F. Farr & Castl.) Udayanga & Castl. 2016
Pest Rating: C

Diaporthe foeniculina (Sacc.) Udayanga & Castl. 2014
Pest Rating: B

Diaporthe helianthi Munt.-Cvetk., Mihaljc. & M. Petrov 1981
Pest Rating: B

Diaporthe pseudomangiferae
Pest Rating: C 

Diaporthe pseudophoenicicola
Pest Rating: C 

Diaporthe rudis(Fr. : Fr.) Nitschke 1870
Pest Rating: C

Diaporthe sclerotioides (van Kesteren) Udayanga, Crous & Hyde 2012 Black root rot of cucumber
Pest Rating: B

Diaporthe vaccinii
Pest Rating: C

Didymella bryoniae
Pest Rating: B

Didymella fabae G.J. Jellis & Punith. 1991 (teleomorph) Ascochyta fabae Speg. 1899 (anamorph) = Ascochyta pisi var. fabae R. Sprague 1947 Ascochyta blight Leaf and pod spot of fava beans
Pest Rating: B

Diplodia bulgarica Phillips, Lopes & Bobev 2012
Pest Rating: B

Diplodia corticola A.J.L. Phillips, A. Alves & J. Luque 2004 (Botryosphaeria corticola)
Pest Rating: C

Diplodia malorum Fuckel 1870
Pest Rating: B

Diplodia seriata De Not. 1842 (≡ Botryosphaeria obtusa (Schwein.) Shoemaker 1964) 
Pest Rating: C

Elsinoë australis Bitanc. & Jenkins 1936 Sweet orange scab 
Pest Rating: A

Elsinoë perseae (Jenkins) Rossman & W.C. Allen
Pest Rating: A

Erysiphe aquilegiae
Pest Rating: C

Erysiphe convolvuli de Candolle 1805 (Braun 1995)
Pest Rating: C

Erysiphe elevata (Burrill) U. Braun & S. Takam 2000
Pest Rating: C

Erysiphe peckii (U. Braun) U. Braun & S. Takam. 2000
Pest Rating: B

Erisyphe pisi (de Candolle 1805) ex St-Amans Powdery mildew of peas
Pest Rating: C

Erysiphe quercicola S. Takam. & U. Braun 2007 Powdery mildew 
Pest Rating: C

Exosporium petersii (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) U. Braun 2014
Pest Rating: B

Fusarium brachygibbosum
Pest Rating: C

 Fusarium circinatum Nirenberg & O’Donnell 1998 (teleomorph Gibberella circinata) pitch canker of pine
Pest Rating: B

Fusarium concentricum Nirenberg & O’Donnell 1998 
Pest Rating: B 

Fusarium euwallaceae S. Freeman, Z. Mendel, T. Aoki & O’Donnell 2013
Pest Rating: B

Fusarium fujikuroi Nirenberg 1976 ≡ Gibberella fujikuroi (Sawada) S. Ito 1931 bakanae disease of rice
Pest Rating: C

Fusarium kuroshium (F. Na, J.D. Carrillo & A. Eskalen ex Sand.-Den. & Crous) O’Donnell, Geiser, Kasson, & T. Aoki 2020 
Pest Rating: B 

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. canariensis Mercier & Louvet 1973
Pest Rating: A

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae Winks & Williams
Pest Rating: C

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae Matuo & Motohashi, 196 Fusarium wilt of lettuce
Pest Rating: C

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. palmarum Elliott & al. 2010 Fusarium wilt of palm
Pest Rating: B 

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (G.G. Atk.) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen 1940 Fusarium wilt of cotton   
Pest Rating: C

Fusarium proliferatum (Matsush.) Nirenberg ex Gerlach & Nirenberg 1982 ≡ Cephalosporium proliferatum Matsush. 1971
Pest Rating: C

Fusarium solani f. sp. eumartii (C.W. Carp.) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen 1931) (≡ Neocosmospora falciformis (Carrión) L. Lombard & Crous 2015) (≡ Fusarium falciforme (Carrión) Summerb. & Schroers 2002) Fusarium foot rot
Pest Rating: C

Ganoderma adspersum
Pest Rating: B

Ganoderma brownii (Murrill) Gilb. 1961
Pest Rating: C

Geosmithia pallida
Pest Rating: C

Greeneria uvicola
Pest Rating: B

Gymnosporangium globosum (Farl.) Farl. 1886
Pest Rating: A

Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae Schwein. 1822 cedar-apple rust
Pest Rating: A

Gymnosporangium yamadae Miyabe ex G. Yamada 1904
Pest Rating: A

Hemileia vastatrix Berk. & Broome (1869) Coffee leaf rust
Pest Rating: A

Ilyonectria capensis L. Lombard & Crous 2013 
Pest Rating: C

Kuehneola uredinis (Link) Arthur 1906 Rubus cane and leaf rust
Pest Rating: C

Kweilingia divina
Pest Rating:  A

Lachnellula willkommii (R. Hartig) Dennis 1962 ≡ Peziza willkommii Hartig 1874 European larch canker
Pest Rating: A

Leptosillia pistaciae (Voglmayr et al.) Voglmayr, comb. nov. 2019
Pest Rating:  B

Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goidanich 1947 charcoal rot
Pest Rating: C

Marasmiellus palmivorus
Pest Rating: C

Melampsoridium hiratsukanum: Alder Rust
Pest Rating: C

Monilinia fructicola (G. Winter) Honey 1928
Pest Rating: C

Monilinia fructigena Honey ex Whetzel 1945 Brown rot of fruit
Pest Rating: A

Neocercosporidium smilacis (Thüm.) U. Braun, C. Nakash., Videira & Crous 2017
Pest Rating: B 

Neofusicoccum mangiferae
Pest Rating: C

Neofusicoccum nonquaesitum Inderb, Trouillas, Bostock & Michailides 2010
Pest Rating: C

Ophiostoma ulmi (Buisman) Nannf. 1934 ≡Ceratocystis ulmi (Buisman) C. Moreau 1952 Dutch elm disease 
Pest Rating: C

Penicillium chrysogenum Thom 1910 
Pest Rating: C

Peronosclerospora philippinensis
Pest Rating: C

Peronospora belbahrii
Pest Rating: C  

Peronospora digitalidis
Pest Rating: C

Peronospora dipsaci Tul. 1854 ex de Bary 1863
Pest Rating: C

Peronospora mesembryanthemi Verwoerd 1924
Pest Rating: C

Peronospora sordida Berk. & Broome 1861
Pest Rating: B

Peronospora sparsa Berk. 1862 downy mildew of cane fruit; downy mildew of rose
Pest Rating: C

Phacidiopycnis tuberivora (H.T. Güssow & W.R. Foster) B. Sutton 1980
Pest Rating: B

Phakopsora cherimoliae (Lagerh.) Cummins 1941 Annona rust
Pest Rating:  A

Phakopsora phyllanthi
Pest Rating:  C

Phyllosticta ampelicida (Engelmann) van der Aa 1861
Pest Rating: B 

Phyllosticta citricarpa (McAlpine) Van der Aa 1973 (teleomorph Guignardia citricarpa Kiely 1948) Citrus black spot
Pest Rating: A

Phyllosticta sphaeropsoidea Ellis & Everh. 1883 Leaf blotch of buckeyes and horse chestnuts
Pest Rating: C

Phyllosticta yuccae
Pest Rating: C

Phymatotrichopsis omnivora (Duggar) Hennebert 1973
Pest Rating: A

Phytophthora acerina Ginetti, T. Jung, D.E.L. Cooke & Moricca (2014) 
Pest Rating: B

Phytophthora alni species complex (Brasier & S.A. Kirk, 2004) Husson, Ioos & Marçais, 2015, nothosp. nov. Alder Phytophthora
Pest Rating: A

Phytophthora Brassicae (De Cock & Man in ‘t Veld, 2002)
Pest Rating: B  

Phytophthora bishii Z.G. Abad, J.A. Abad & F.J. Louws, 2008
Pest Rating: B 

Phytophthora cactorum
Pest Rating: B

Phytophthora cambivora
Pest Rating: B

Phytophthora capsici Leonian 1922 Stem and fruit rot of peppers
Pest Rating: C

Phytophthora hedraiandra
Pest Rating: B

Phytophthora multivora P. M. Scott & T. Jung, 2009
Pest Rating: C

Phytophthora niederhauserii 
Pest Rating: B

Phytophthora occultans Man In’t Veld and Rosendahl (2015)
Pest Rating: B

Phytophthora palmivora (E.J. Butler) E.J. Butler 1919 Coconut budrot
Pest Rating: B

Phytophthora parvispora
Pest Rating: B

Phytophthora pini Leonian 1925
Pest Rating: C

Phytophthora pseudocryptogea Safaief., Mostowf., G.E. Hardy & T.I. Burgess 2015 
Pest Rating: B

Phytophthora pseudosyringae Jung et al. 2003
Pest Rating: C

Phytophthora quercetorum Y. Balci & S. Balci 2008
Pest Rating: B

Phytophthora quercina
Pest Rating: B

Phytophthora ramorum Werres, De Cock & Man in ‘t Veld 2001
Pest Rating: A

Phytophthora rubi (W.F. Wilcox & J.M. Duncan) Man in ‘t Veld 2007 ≡ Phytophthora fragariae var. rubi W.F. Wilcox & J.M. Duncan 1993 Raspberry root rot 
Pest Rating:  B

Phytophthora siskiyouensis
Pest Rating:  B

Phytophthora tentaculata
Pest Rating:  B

Phytophthora tropicalis Aragaki & J.Y. Uchida 2001
Pest Rating: B

Phytopythium vexans (de Bary) Abad, de Cock, Bala, Robideau, Lodhi & Lévesque 2014
Pest Rating:  C

Plasmopara constantinescui
Pest Rating:  B

Podosphaera caricae-papayae
Pest Rating:  B

Podosphaera xanthii
Pest Rating: C

Pseudocercospora fuligena(Roldan) Deighton 1976 Black leaf mold
Pest Rating:  A

Pseudocercospora myrticola
Pest Rating:  B

Pseudocercospora purpurea
Pest Rating: B

Pseudocercospora smilacicola
Pest Rating: B

Pseudocercospora theae (Cavara) Deighton 1987
Pest Rating: C

Pseudoidium hortensiae (Jørst.) U. Braun & R.T.A. Cook 2012 Hydrangea powdery mildew
Pest Rating: C

Pseudopezicula tracheiphila (Müller – Thurgau 1913 (Korf et. al, 1986) Rotbrenner (red fire) disease of grapevine
Pest Rating: B

Puccinia crepidus-japonicae
Pest Rating: D

Puccinia graminis Pers.: Pers. 1794 Stem rust of cereals 
Pest Rating: C

Puccinia horiana (Hennings 1901) Chrysanthemum white rust
Pest Rating: A

Puccinia kuehnii 
Pest Rating: C

Puccinia paullula (Sydow and Sydow 1913) Monstera Rust
Pest Rating: A

Puccinia pelargonii-zonalis Doidge 1926 Rust of pelargonium
Pest Rating:  C 

Puccinia pentstemonis Peck 1885 Penstemon rust
Pest Rating:  C 

Puccinia psidii: Myrtle Rust
Pest Rating:  C

Pucciniastrum actinidiae Hirats. f. 1952 Rust of kiwifruit
Pest Rating: A

Raffaelea lauricola T.C. Harr., Fraedrich & Aghayeva, 2008 Laurel Wilt
Pest Rating: A

Ramularia slaviicola
Pest Rating: C

Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.: Fr.) Vuill. 1902 Bulb rot
Pest Rating: C

Sarocladium oryzae
Pest Rating:  A

Sawadaea bicornis (Wallr.: Fr.) Miyabe 1937 Powdery mildew of maple
Pest Rating:  C

Sclerophthora rayssiae var. zeae
Pest Rating: C

Septocyta ruborum (Lib.) Petrak. 1967
Pest Rating: C

Septoria protearum
Pest Rating: B

Setophoma terrestris (H.N. Hansen) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley 2010 ≡ Phoma terrestris H.N. Hansen 1929, R.K. Saksena, Nand & A.K. Sarbhoy 1966 ≡ Pyrenochaeta terrestris (H.N. Hansen) Gorenz, J.C. Walker & Larson 1948 Pink root of onion/Red root rot of corn 
Pest Rating: B

Stemphylium solani 
Pest Rating: A

Stromatinia cepivora (Berk.) Whetzel 1945 ≡ Sclerotium cepivorum Berk. 1841 White rot of onion and garlic 
Pest Rating: B

Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Percival 1909 Potato wart 
Pest Rating: A

Synchytrium vaccinii Thomas 1889 Cranberry red gall
Pest Rating: A

Talaromyces flavus (Klöcker) Stolk & Samson 1972
Pest Rating: D

Thecaphora solani (Thirum & M.J. O’Brien) Mordue 1988 Potato smut
Pest Rating: A

Thekopsora minima
Pest Rating: C

Tilletia indica Mitra 1931 ≡ Neovossia indica (Mitra) Mundk. 1940 Karnal bunt/partial bunt of wheat
Pest Rating: A

Trametes versicolor (Linnaeus: Fries.)  Pilát 1920 [1921] turkey tails Pest Rating: C

Tranzschelia discolor` (Fuckel) Tranzschel & Litv., 1939 Synonym Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae var. discolor (Fuckel) Dunegan, 1938 Stone fruit rust  
Pest Rating: C

Tranzschelia mexicana
Pest Rating:  B

Tubakia californica Rooney-Latham & U. Braun 2018
Pest Rating:  C

Uromyces  asclepiadis Cooke 1877 milkweed rust
Pest Rating: A

Uromyces transversalis
Pest Rating: C

Ustilago esculenta Henn. 1895
Pest Rating: A

Ustilago maydis(DC.) Corda 1842 corn smut
Pest Rating: C

Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) G. Winter 1875 Apple Scab
Pest Rating: C  

⇒ PHYTOPLASMAS:

Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense Davis, Gillaspie, Vidaver & Harris 1997 Australian grapevine yellows
Pest Rating: A

Candidatus Phytoplasma palmae (Lethal yellowing of palm phytoplasma)  
Pest Rating: A  

Candidatus Phytoplasma phoenicium‘ Verdin et al., 2003 Almond witches’-broom phytoplasma
Pest Rating: A

Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni
(= Peach X-disease, Peach Rosette, Peach Red Suture, and Little Peach Phytoplasmas)
Pest Rating: C

Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum Seemüller & Schneider, 2004 European stone fruit yellows
Pest Rating: A

Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’ Seemüller & Schneider 2004 Pear decline phytoplasma Yellow leaf roll of peach
Pest Rating: B 

Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ Quaglino, Zhao, Casati, Bulgari, Bianco, Wei & Davis 2013 (stolbur phytoplasma/bois noir phytoplasma)
Pest Rating: A

Grapevine flavescence dorée phytoplasma
Pest Rating: A 

Texas Phoenix Palm Decline Phytoplasma
Pest Rating:  A  

⇒ VIRUSES and VIROIDS:    

Alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus
Pest Rating: C

Alstroemeria necrotic streak virus
Pest Rating: A  

Apple mosaic virus
Pest Rating: C

Arabis mosaic nepovirus
Pest Rating: A

Avocado sunblotch viroid
Pest Rating: C

Bamboo Mosaic Virus (BaMV)
Pest Rating: B

Barley yellow dwarf luteovirus
Pest Rating: C

Bean common mosaic virus
Pest Rating: C

Beet curly top virus
Pest Rating: C

Blackberry leaf mottle-associated virus
Pest Rating: C

Blueberry leaf mottle virus
Pest Rating: A

Blueberry scorch virus
Pest Rating: A 

Brugmansia latent virus
Pest Rating: Q

Canna yellow mottle virus
Pest Rating: C

Cherry rasp leaf virus – Flat apple associated virus
Pest Rating: C

Cherry virus A
Pest Rating: D

Citrus exocortis viroid
Pest Rating: C 

Citrus Leaf Blotch Virus
Pest Rating: B 

Citrus leprosis virus C (Leprosis of citrus)
Pest Rating: A

Citrus leprosis virus N (Leprosis of citrus)
Pest Rating: A

Citrus psorosis virus
Pest Rating: C

Citrus tatter leaf virus (a strain of Apple stem grooving virus)
Pest Rating: C

Citrus tristeza virus
Pest Rating: A

Citrus viroid V
Pest Rating: B

Citrus yellow mosaic virus
Pest Rating: A

Citrus yellow vein clearing virus
Pest Rating: A

Clover yellow vein virus
Pest Rating: C

Colombian Datura Virus
Pest Rating: C

Columnea latent viroid
Pest Rating: A

Cowpea mild mottle virus Angular mosaic of beans
Pest Rating: A

Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus
Pest Rating: A

Cucumber mosaic virus
Pest Rating: C

Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows luteovirus
Pest Rating: C

Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus
Pest Rating: B  

Cucurbit Yellow Stunting Disorder Virus
Pest Rating:  B

Dasheen mosaic virus
Pest Rating: C

Dracaena mottle virus
Pest Rating:  C

Fig mosaic virus
Pest Rating: C

Freesia Mosaic Virus
Pest Rating: B

Freesia Sneak Virus
Pest Rating:  B

Grapevine Pinot gris Virus (GPGV)
Pest Rating: B

Grapevine Red Blotch Associated Virus
Pest Rating: B

Hibiscus Latent Fort Pierce Virus (HLFPV)
Pest Rating: B  

Hop Latent Viroid
Pest Rating: C

Impatiens necrotic spot virus
Pest Rating: C

Lettuce mosaic potyvirus
Pest Rating: C 

Maize dwarf mosaic virus
Pest Rating: C 

Orchid fleck virus
Pest Rating: B

Papaya ringspot virus
Pest Rating: C

Peach rosette mosaic nepovirus
Pest Rating: B

Pea early-browning tobravirus
Pest Rating: B

Pea Seed-borne Mosaic Virus (PSbMV)
Pest Rating: B

Pelargonium zonate spot virus
Pest Rating: A

Pepino Mosaic Virus (PepMV)
Pest Rating:  B

Pepper mild mottle virus
Pest Rating: B

Plum bark necrosis stem pitting-associated virus
Pest Rating: C 

Potato leafroll virus
Pest Rating:  C

Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid
Pest Rating:  A 

Potato Virus X Potato interveinal mosaic
Pest Rating:  C

Prune dwarf ilarvirus Cherry ring mottle
Pest Rating: C

Prunus necrotic ringspot virus Cherry rugose mosaic
Pest Rating: C

Red clover vein mosaic virus
Pest Rating: B

Rose Rosette Emaravirus
Pest Rating: C

Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus
Pest Rating: C 

Southern bean mosaic virus
Pest Rating: B

Soybean mosaic virus
Pest Rating: C

Squash Vein Yellowing Virus
Pest Rating:  B

Tobacco Etch Virus
Pest Rating:  C

Tobacco mosaic tobamovirus 
Pest Rating:  C

Tobacco rattle virus
Pest Rating:  C

Tobacco ringspot nepovirus
Pest Rating:  A 

Tobacco streak virus
Pest Rating: C

Tomato  apical stunt viroid
Pest Rating: A

Tomato black ring nepovirus
Pest Rating: A 

Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus
Pest Rating: A

Tomato Chlorotic Dwarf Viroid
Pest Rating:  A

Tomato infectious chlorosis virus
Pest Rating: C

Tomato leaf curl New Dehli virus
Pest Rating: A

Tomato mosaic tobamovirus
Pest Rating: C

Tomato Mottle Mosaic Virus
Pest Rating:  B

Tomato necrotic spot ilaravirus
Pest Rating: C

Tomato ringspot virus
Pest Rating:  C

Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus
Pest Rating:  C 

Tomato  torrado virus
Pest Rating: A

Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus
Pest Rating:  B

Wasabi Mottle Tobamovirus
Pest Rating:  C

Watermelon chlorotic stunt virus
Pest Rating: B

Watermelon mosaic virus
Pest Rating:  C

Wheat streak mosaic virus
Pest Rating:  C

Zucchini yellow mosaic virus
Pest Rating: C

Ratings

Snails and Slugs

Snails and slugs are among the most bothersome pests in many gardens and landscapes. They feed on a variety of living plants and on decaying plant matter. They chew irregular holes with smooth edges in leaves and flowers and can clip succulent plant parts. They also can chew fruit and young plant bark.

The brown garden snail, Cornu aspersum (formerly Helix aspersa), is the most common snail causing problems in California gardens. It was introduced from France during the 1850s for use as food. Another troublesome snail is the white garden snail, Theba pisana.

Several species of slugs also cause damage including the gray garden slug (Deroceras reticulatum, formerly Agriolimax meticulatus), the banded slug (Lehmannia poirieri), the three-band garden slug (L. valentiana), the tawny slug (Limacus flavus), and the greenhouse slug (Milax gagates).

Source (including image of tawny slug on ripe strawberry): UC IPM Online
Jack Kelly Clark, ANR Communication Services, principal photographer

PEST RATINGS:

⇒ GASTROPODA

Banded Wood Snail:  Cepaea nemoralis
Pest Rating: A

Chinese Slug: Meghimatium bilineatum (Benson)
Pest Rating: A

Lissachatina fulica (Bowdich): giant African snail
Pest Rating: A                    

A Semi-Slug: Parmarion martensi (Simroth)
Pest Rating: A

Veronicella cubensis (L. Pfeiffer): Leatherleaf slug
Pest Rating: A

⇒ SNAILS

Cuban Brown Snail:  Zachrysia provisoria (Pfeiffer)
Pest Rating:  A

A Hygromiid Snail: Xerotricha conspurcata (Draparnaud) 
Pest Rating:  B

Small Pointed Snail: Cochlicella barbara (Linnaeus)
Pest Rating:  B

Xerotricha conspurcata (Draparnaud)
Pest Rating: C  

Ratings

Weeds

Paragraph

Weeds are simply an unwanted plant in the wrong place, at the right time.  The weeds can directly and indirectly impact agricultural crops and are just as costly to the environment as any other unwanted species.

Weeds are simply an unwanted plant in the wrong place, at the right time.  The weeds can directly and indirectly impact agricultural crops and are just as costly to the environment as any other unwanted species.

PEST RATING PROPOSAL:

⇒ WEEDS:   

PEST RATINGS: 

Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) R. M. King and H. Rob.: croftonweed, thoroughwort, sticky snakerootAgeratina adenophora (Spreng.) R. M. King and H. Rob.: croftonweed, thoroughwort, sticky snakeroot
Pest Rating: B          

Algerian sea lavendar: Limonium ramosissimum
Pest Rating: B

Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara & Grande, garlic mustard, hedge-garlic
Pest Rating: A

Alligatorweed |  Alternanthera philoxeroides  
Pest Rating: A | Proposed Seed Rating: R

American eelgrass | Vallisneria americana Michx.
Pest Rating: D | Seed Rating: Not Rated

Asclepias curassavica L.: Tropical milkweed; bloodflower milkweed; Mexican milkweed; false ipecac
Pest Rating: B

Baby’s Breath | Gypsophila paniculata L.
Pest Rating: B |  Seed Rating: Not Rated

Balloon Plant |  Asclepias physocarpa
Pest Rating: C | Seed Rating: Not Rated

Banana waterlily: Nymphaea mexicana 
Pest Rating: C

Barbwire Russian Thistle |  Salsola gobicola
Pest Rating : B | Proposed  Seed Rating: R

Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott, kochia, Mexican fireweed, burningbush, summer cypress                                                                                                             
Pest Rating: C

Bearded creeper | Crupina vulgaris Pers. ex. Cass.
Pest Rating: A | Proposed  Seed Rating: P

Bermuda grass | Cynodon dactylon
 Pest Rating:  D  |  Proposed  Seed Rating:  None

Bitou bush | Chrysanthemoides monilifera
Pest Rating: A  |  Proposed  Seed Rating:  R

Blue panicgrass: Panicum antidotale 
Pest Rating: C

Branched broomrape | Orobanche ramosa L.
Pest Rating: A | Proposed Seed Rating: P

Buffel grass | Pennisetum ciliare
Pest Rating: D  |  Proposed  Seed Rating:  None

Capeweed | Arctotheca calendula (L.) Levyns
Pest Rating: A |  Proposed  Seed Rating: P

Cenchrus clandestinus (Hochst. ex Chiov.) Marrone: kikuyugrass          Pest Rating: C | Proposed Rating: C

Cenchrus echinatus L. (southern sandbur), C. spinifex Cav. (coast sandbur; field sandbur), C. longispinus (Hack.) Fernald (mat sandbur; longspine sandbur) Poales; Poaceae tribe Paniceae                                                               Pest Rating: B

Chamberbitter: Phyllanthus urinaria L.
Pest Rating: C |  Proposed  Seed Rating: R

Cheatgrass | Bromus tectorum
Pest Rating: C  |  Proposed  Seed Rating: None

Coco-Yam, Elephant Ear or Taro  |  Colocasia esculenta
Pest Rating: D |  Seed Rating: Not Rated

Common reed (Phragmites australis):

Phragmites australis cf. subsp. altissimus (non-native)
Pest Rating: C  | Proposed  Seed Rating: R

Phragmites australis subsp. americanus (native)
Pest Rating: D | Proposed  Seed Rating: None

Dagger-flower | Mantisalca salmantica (L.) Briq. & Cavill. 
Synonym: Centaurea salmantica L.
Pest Rating: A | Proposed  Seed Rating: P

Desert knapweed: Volutaria tubuliflora
Pest Rating: A | Seed Rating: R       

Dwarf poinsettia: Euphorbia cyathophora
Pest Rating: C   

Egyptian broomrape | Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers.
Pest Rating:  A  | Proposed  Seed Rating:  P

Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, water hyacinth, common water hyacinth, floating water hyacinth
Synonyms: Pontederia crassipes Mart., Eichhornia speciosa Kunth
Pest Rating: C

English Ivy, Irish Ivy & Algerian Ivy: Hedera spp. 
Pest Rating: None 

Euphorbia helioscopia L.: sun spurge
Pest Rating: B

European Frogbit | Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L.
Pest Rating: A |  Proposed  Seed Rating: P

European Mistletoe |  Viscum album L
Pest Rating: A | Proposed Seed Rating: R

European sea lavendar: Limonium duriusculum 
Pest Rating: B      

False Pickerel Weed | Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f.) C. Presl ex Kunth
Pest Rating: A |  Proposed Seed Rating: R

False Yellowhead | Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter
Pest Rating: A |  Proposed  Seed Rating: P

Field Bindweed | Convolvulus arvensis L.
Pest Rating: C | Proposed Seed Rating: R

Flowering-rush | Butomus umbellatus
Pest Rating:  B  |  Proposed  Seed Rating:  R

French broom: Genista monspessulana 
Pest Rating: C

Giant chickweed: Myosoton aquaticum 
Pest Rating: C

Giant Hogweed | Heracleum mantegazzianum
Pest Rating : A |  Proposed  Seed Rating: P

Giant Knotweeds:
Fallopia japonica, F. sachalinensis,
& F. X bohemica
Pest Rating: A | Proposed Seed Rating: R

Giant Ragweed | Ambrosia trifida L.
Pest Rating: B

Giant Reed |  Arundo donax
Pest Rating: B | Proposed Seed Rating: R

Goatsrue | Galega officinalis
Pest Rating:  A  | Proposed  Seed Rating:  P

Graceful Spurge | Euphorbia hypericifolia L.
Pest Rating: A | Seed Rating: Not Rated

Halogeton glomeratus (M. Bieb.) Ledeb., halogeton, saltlover                      Pest Rating: B

Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle, hydrilla                                                                     Pest Rating: A

Hypericum canariense L., Canary Island St. Johnswort
Pest Rating: B

Hypericum perforatum L., Klamathweed, common St. Johnswort
Pest Rating: C

Heartleaf nightshade: Solanum cardiophyllum
Pest Rating: C

Indian swampweed | Hygrophila polysperma (Roxb.) T. Anderson
Pest Rating: A | Proposed Seed Rating: P

Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn., tansy ragwort
Pest Rating: B

Japanese Hawkweed | Youngia japonica (L.) DC.
Pest Rating: B | Proposed Seed Rating: R

Japanese thistle: Cirsium japonicum 
Pest Rating: D

Jeweled distaff thistle | Carthamus oxyacantha
Pest Rating: B | Proposed Seed Rating: P

Jewels of Opar/Fameflower |  Talinum paniculatum
Pest Rating: C | Proposed Seed Rating: None

Jointed bulrush | Schoenoplectus articulatus (L.) Palla
Synonym: Scirpus articulatus L.
Pest Rating: D | Seed Rating: Not Rated

Jointvetch | Aeschynomene spp.
Pest Rating: A  |  Proposed  Seed Rating: P    

Kidneyleaf Mud Plantain | Heteranthera reniformis
Pest Rating: A |  Proposed  Seed Rating: P

Koenigia polystachya (Wall. ex Meisn.) T.M. Schust. & Reveal, Himalayan knotweed                                                                                         
Pest Rating: A

Laportea Canadensis
Pest Rating: D | Seed Rating: Not Rated     

Lathyrus nissolia L. grass vetchling, grass pea
Pest Rating: B

Lepidium coronopus  (L.) Al-Shehbaz, swinecress, greater swinecress, creeping wartcress
Pest Rating: B

Lily of the Valley Vine | Salpichroa origanifolia
Pest Rating: C  |  Proposed  Seed Rating:  R

Limnophila indica (L.) Druce, Indian marshweed
Pest Rating: B

Limnophila sessiliflora Blume, ambulia, Asian marshweed
Pest Rating: A 

Ludwigia peruviana (L.) H. Hara, Peruvian primrose-willow, Peruvian water-primrose
Pest Rating: A

Manchurian Wild Rice | Zizania latifolia
Pest Rating: A | Proposed Seed Rating: R

Mascarene Island leaf-flower: Phyllanthus tenellus 
Pest Rating:  C

Mexican pokeweed | Phytolacca heterotepala H. Walter
Pest Rating: A  |  Proposed Seed Rating: R

Misopates orontium (L.) Raf., lesser snapdragon, linear-leaved snapdragon, weasel’s-snout
Pest Rating: C

Myrtle Spurge | Euphorbia Myrsinites
Pest Rating: A | Proposed Seed Rating: R   

Nothoscordum gracile (Aiton) Stern, slender false garlic                        
Pest Rating: B

Oenothera sinuosa W.L. Wagner & Hoch, wavyleaf guara, wavyleaf beeblossom
Pest Rating: B

Old man’s beard | Clematis vitalba
Pest Rating: A |  Proposed  Seed Rating: P

Onopordum acanthium L., Scotch thistle; cotton thistle                   
Pest Rating: A

Orange Hawkweed | Hieracium aurantiacum
Pest Rating: B |  Proposed  Seed Rating: P  

Osteospermum calendulaceum L.f., stinking roger
Pest Rating: A

Parrotfeather Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc.
Pest Rating: C | Proposed  Seed Rating: R

Paterson’s curse | Echium plantagineum L.
Pest Rating:  A  |  Proposed  Seed Rating:  P

Physalis longifolia Nutt., smooth groundcherry, long leafed groundcherry  
Pest Rating: C

Physalis viscosa L., grape groundcherry, Physalis cinerascens (Dunal) Hitchc., starhair groundcherry                                                                              
Pest Rating: C

Pickerelweed | Pontederia cordata L
Pest Rating: D | Proposed Seed Rating: None

Pillpod spurge: Euphorbia hirta
Pest Rating: C 

Portuguese Broom | Cytisus striatus
Pest Rating: B |  Proposed  Seed Rating: P

Prickly Acacia | Vachellia nilotica
Pest Rating: A | Proposed Seed Rating: P 

Prosopis strombulifera (Lam.) Benth., creeping mesquite, Argentine screwbean
Pest Rating: A

Rorippa austriaca (Crantz) Besser, Austrian fieldcress, Austrian yellowcress 
Pest Rating: A

Rorippa sylvestris (L.) Besser, creeping yellowcress, creeping yellow fieldcress 
Pest Rating: B

Rubus bifrons Vest, Himalayan blackberry                                                      
Pest Rating: C

Ruby saltbush | Enchylaena tomentosa R. Br.
Pest Rating:  A |  Proposed  Seed Rating: R

Russian-thistle: Salsola tragus L.
Pest Rating:  C  | Proposed  Seed Rating:  R

Sahara Mustard | Brassica tournefortii
Pest Rating: C | Proposed Seed Rating: R   

Salsola paulsenii Litv., barbwire Russian-thistle
Pest Rating: C   

Salvia aethiopis L., Mediterranean sage
Pest Rating: B

Salvia virgata Jacq., wand sage, southern meadow sage
Pest Rating: B

Santa Maria feverfew | Parthenium hysterophorus L.
Pest Rating: A  |  Proposed  Seed Rating: P  

Scolymus hispanicus L., Golden thistle, Spanish salsify
Pest Rating: A  

Sea-myrtle: Baccharis halimifolia
Pest Rating: A

Senecio elegans L.: purple ragwort, red-purple ragwort, purple groundsel, wild cineraria 
Pest Rating: B

Senecio linearifolius A. Rich., fireweed groundsel, linear-leaved Australian fireweed
Pest Rating: B

Senecio squalidusL., Oxford ragwort
Pest Rating: B

Senegal tea plant | Gymnocoronis spilanthoides
Synonym: Alomia splanthoides
Pest Rating: A  |  Proposed  Seed Rating: P

Setaria faberi R. A. W. Herrm., giant foxtail, Chinese foxtail
Pest Rating: B

Shining cranesbill | Geranium lucidum L
Pest Rating:  A | Proposed  Seed Rating: R

Slender snakecotton | Froelichia gracilis (Hook.) Moq.
Pest Rating:  D | Proposed  Seed Rating: None

Slender Russian Thistle | Salsola collina Pallas
Pest Rating: A | Proposed Seed Rating: P

Smallflower Hawksbeard | Crepis pulchra
Pest Rating: C | Proposed Seed Rating: R

Smallspike false nettle | Boehmeria cylindrica
Pest Rating: C                                      

Snail Medic | Medicago scutellata (L.) Wilson
Pest Rating:  D | Seed Rating: Not Rated

Solanum carolinense L., horsenettle, Carolina horsenettle, bull nettle
Pest Rating: B

Solanum lanceolatum Cav., lance-leaf nightshade
Pest Rating: B

South American spongeplant | Limnobium laevigatum
Pest Rating: A | Proposed  Seed Rating: P

Spanish Heath | Erica lusitanica
Pest Rating: B |  Proposed  Seed Rating: R

Spanish Mercury | Mercurialis ambigua
Pest Rating: B  | Proposed  Seed Rating: R

Sweet broom: Genista x spachiana
Pest Rating: D

Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst.: athel tree
Pest Rating: B

Thlaspi arvense L., field pennycress, fanweed, stinkweed, Frenchweed      
Pest Rating: C

Tree of Heaven | Ailanthus altissima (Miller)
Pest Rating: C | Proposed Seed Rating: R

Tree Spurge | Euphorbia dendroides
Pest Rating:  B  | Proposed  Seed Rating:  R

Tripidium ravennae (L.) H. Scholz: Ravennagrass
Pest Rating: B

Tropical Whiteweed | Ageratum conyzoides L.
Pest Rating: C | Proposed Seed Rating: None

Turkey Berry | Solanum torvum
Pest Rating: C | Seed Rating: Not Rated

Vallisneria australis S.W.L. Jacobs and Les: Australian eelgrass, ribbonweed
Pest Rating: B

Virginia buttonweed: Diodia virginiana 
Pest Rating: C

Wall Fumitory | Fumaria muralis Sand W.D. J. Koch
Pest Rating: C | Seed Rating: Not Rated

Ward’s weed  |  Carrichtera annua
Pest Rating: A  |  Proposed  Seed Rating: R

Water-primrose: Ludwigia hexapetala 
Pest Rating:  C

Water spinach: Ipomoea aquatica
Pest Rating: C 

Water sprite: Ceratopteris thalictroides
Pest Rating: D

Wavy-leaved thistle: Cirsium undulatum
Pest Rating: D

West Indian Woodnettle |  Laportea aestuans
Pest Rating: C |  Seed Rating: Not Rated

White-margined nightshade: Solanum marginatum
Pest Rating: B

Whitesnow: Drymaria cordata
Pest Rating: C

Winged Water-Primrose | Ludwigia decurrens
Pest Rating: A  | Proposed  Seed Rating: P

Witchweed: Striga spp.
Pest Rating: A

Yellow-Flag Iris | Iris pseudacorus L.
Pest Rating: B | Proposed  Seed Rating: R

Yellow Floating-heart | Nymphoides peltata (Gmel.) Kuntze
Pest Rating: A  | Proposed  Seed Rating: R

Yellowspine thistle: Cirsium ochrocentrum 
Pest Rating: C