{"id":719,"date":"2015-04-07T13:14:39","date_gmt":"2015-04-07T20:14:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=719"},"modified":"2022-05-16T09:38:32","modified_gmt":"2022-05-16T16:38:32","slug":"pseudaulacaspis-brimblecombei-williams-waratah-scale","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=719","title":{"rendered":"Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei Williams: Waratah Scale"},"content":{"rendered":"<h5 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>California Pest Rating for<\/strong><\/h5>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em>Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei<\/em><\/strong><strong> Williams: Waratah Scale<sup>1<\/sup><\/strong><\/h5>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Hemiptera: Diaspididae<\/strong><\/h5>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Pest\u00a0Rating: \u00a0A<\/strong><\/h5>\n<hr \/>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>PEST RATING PROFILE<\/strong><\/h5>\n<h5><strong>Initiating Event: <\/strong><\/h5>\n<p><em>Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei<\/em> is commonly intercepted by California\u2019s high risk programs and occasionally by dog teams.\u00a0 This armored scale insect is currently assigned a temporary rating of \u201cQ\u201d and is therefore in need of a permanent pest rating.<\/p>\n<h5>\u00a0<strong>History &amp; Status:<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Background<\/strong><\/span>:\u00a0 <em>Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei<\/em> is an armored scale insect that typically feeds on the underside of host plant leaves.\u00a0 It is considered a minor pest of macadamia nut production and ornamental proteas<sup>1<\/sup>.\u00a0 Known hosts include <strong>Agavaceae:<\/strong>\u00a0 cabbage tree (<em>Cordyline australis<\/em><sup>1<\/sup>), mountain cabbage tree (<em>Cordyline indivisa<\/em><sup>1<\/sup>); <strong>Iridaceae:<\/strong> New Zealand iris (<em>Libertia ixioides<\/em><sup>1<\/sup>), <em>Libertia<\/em> sp.<sup>1<\/sup>; <strong>Proteaceae:<\/strong> Chilean firetree (<em>Embothrium coccineum<\/em><sup>1<\/sup>), <em>Leucadendron<\/em> sp.<sup>4<\/sup>, <em>Leucospermum<\/em> sp.<sup>4<\/sup>, river lomatia (<em>Lomatia myricoides<\/em><sup>1<\/sup>), <em>Macadamia<\/em> sp.<sup>1,2<\/sup>, king protea (<em>Protea cynaroides<\/em><sup>4<\/sup>), oleanderleaf protea (<em>Protea nerifolia<\/em><sup>1<\/sup>), <em>Protea protea<\/em><sup>4<\/sup>, <em>Protea<\/em> sp.<sup>4<\/sup>, Gippsland waratah (<em>Telopea oreades<\/em><sup>1<\/sup>), waratah (<em>Telopea speciosissima<\/em><sup>1,2<\/sup>), <em>Telopea<\/em> sp.<sup>1<\/sup>; <strong>Rutaceae:<\/strong> wharangi (<em>Melicope ternata<\/em><sup>1<\/sup>); <strong>Xanthorrhoeaceae:<\/strong> New Zealand flax (<em>Phormium tenax<\/em><sup>4<\/sup>).<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Worldwide Distribution<\/strong><\/span>: <em>Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei<\/em> is native to Australia<sup>2<\/sup>.\u00a0 From there it has spread to New Zealand<sup>2<\/sup> and has been found in greenhouses in Europe<sup>3<\/sup>.\u00a0 Interceptions also show that it is present in some plant nurseries and cut flower production sites in Hawaii.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Official Control<\/strong><\/span>: <em>Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei<\/em> is not known to be under official control in any other states or nations.\u00a0 However, all species of <em>Pseudaulacaspis<\/em> are listed as quarantine pests by Japan and the Republic of Korea<sup>5<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>California Distribution<\/strong><\/span>:\u00a0 <em>Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei<\/em> has never been found in the environment of California.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>California Interceptions<\/strong><\/span>:\u00a0 Between November 24, 2004 and January 5, 2015 <em>Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei<\/em> was intercepted 86 times on shipments of cut flowers and nursery stock from Hawaii.<\/p>\n<p>The risk <em>Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei<\/em> (waratah scale) would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n<h5>\u00a0<strong>Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p><strong>1) Climate\/Host Interaction:<\/strong> Host plants of <em>Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei<\/em> are commonly grown as ornamentals in coastal and southern California. The scale is expected to be able to establish wherever these are grown. Waratah scale receives a <span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong>Medium (2)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n<p>Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.\u00a0 Score:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>&#8211; Low (1)<\/strong> Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong>&#8211; Medium (2)<\/strong> may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.<\/span><br \/>\n<strong>&#8211; High (3)<\/strong> likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2) \u00a0Known Pest Host Range<\/strong>: <em>Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei<\/em> is known to feed on 18 species of plants in 5 families.\u00a0 It receives a <span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong>Medium (2)<\/strong> <\/span>in this category.<\/p>\n<p>Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>&#8211; Low (1)<\/strong> has a very limited host range.<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong>&#8211; Medium (2)<\/strong> has a moderate host range.<\/span><br \/>\n<strong>&#8211; High (3)<\/strong> has a wide host range.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3) Pest Dispersal Potential:<\/strong> Scale insects are capable of rapid reproduction and <em>Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei<\/em> has demonstrated a propensity to spread long distances on cut flowers and nursery stock.\u00a0 Crawlers may also spread locally by wind or by hitchhiking on clothing, equipment, or other animals.\u00a0 Waratah scale receives a <span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong>High (3)<\/strong> <\/span>in this category.<\/p>\n<p>Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>&#8211; Low (1)<\/strong> does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.<br \/>\n<strong>&#8211; Medium (2)<\/strong> has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong>&#8211; High (3)<\/strong> has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>4) Economic Impact:<\/strong> <em>Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei<\/em> is considered a minor pest of macadamia nut production and ornamental proteas<sup>1<\/sup>.\u00a0 There are a few commercial growers of macadamia nuts in southern California who may find their yields reduced by this insect.\u00a0 Proteas are also common in the nursery industry and growers may find their yields reduced as unsightly infested plants may be destroyed.\u00a0 The establishment of waratah scale in California may also increase crop production costs by both macadamia nut and protea producers.\u00a0 California producers of cut flowers and nursery stock may experience disruptions in trade as both Japan and Korea consider species of <em>Pseudaulacaspis<\/em> quarantine pests<sup>5<\/sup>.\u00a0 Waratah scale receives a <span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong>High (3)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n<p>Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong>A<\/strong>. The pest could lower crop yield.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong>B<\/strong>. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong>C<\/strong>. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).<\/span><br \/>\nD. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.<br \/>\nE. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<br \/>\nF. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<br \/>\nG. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>&#8211; Low (1)<\/strong> causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.<br \/>\n<strong>&#8211; Medium (2)<\/strong> causes 2 of these impacts.<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong>&#8211; High (3)<\/strong> causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>5) \u00a0Environmental Impact<\/strong>: <em>Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei<\/em> is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes.\u00a0 The scale is not expected to directly affect any threatened or endangered species or disrupt any critical habitats.\u00a0 Waratah scale may trigger new private treatment programs by producers of macadamia nuts and ornamental proteas and by residents who find infested ornamental plants unsightly.\u00a0 Proteas are common ornamental plants and could be significantly impacted by this insect.\u00a0 Waratah scale receives a <span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong>High (3)<\/strong> <\/span>in this category.<\/p>\n<p>Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<br \/>\nB. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<br \/>\nC. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong>D<\/strong>. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong>E<\/strong>. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>&#8211; Low (1)<\/strong> causes none of the above to occur.<br \/>\n<strong>&#8211; Medium (2)<\/strong> causes one of the above to occur.<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong>&#8211; High (3)<\/strong> causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n<h5><strong>Consequences of Introduction to California for <em>Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei<\/em> (Waratah scale):\u00a0 <span style=\"color: #008000;\">High (13)<\/span><\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>Add up the total score and include it here.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>&#8211; Low<\/strong> = 5-8 points<br \/>\n<strong>&#8211; Medium<\/strong> = 9-12 points<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong>&#8211; High<\/strong> = 13-15 points<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>6) \u00a0Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information<\/strong>: <em>Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei<\/em> has never been found in the environment of California and receives a<span style=\"color: #008000;\"> <strong>Not established (0)<\/strong> <\/span>in this category.<\/p>\n<p>Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong>&#8211; Not established (0)<\/strong> Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/span><br \/>\n<strong>&#8211; Low (-1)<\/strong> Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).<br \/>\n<strong>&#8211; Medium (-2)<\/strong> Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<br \/>\n<strong>&#8211; High (-3)<\/strong> Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n<h5>Final Score:<\/h5>\n<p>The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: <span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong>High (13)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h5><strong>Uncertainty: <\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>Recent surveys for mealybugs on proteas growing in the environment of coastal and southern California would have been likely to detect populations of <em>Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei<\/em> but did not find the insect.\u00a0 Nevertheless, based on the large number of interceptions it is likely that some of the scale insects remained undetected and entered California.\u00a0 It is possible that some of these scales could have established in limited areas of California.<\/p>\n<h5><strong>Conclusion and Rating Justification: <\/strong><\/h5>\n<p><em>Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei<\/em> has never been found in the environment of California and is likely to have significant economic impacts to the nursery, cut flower, and macadamia nut industries in California.\u00a0 Waratah scale may also have significant environmental impacts by triggering new chemical treatments and damaging ornamental plantings.\u00a0 An \u201cA\u201d rating is justified.<\/p>\n<h5>\u00a0<strong>References:<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p><sup>1<\/sup>SEL Catalog query results:\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.sel.barc.usda.gov\/catalogs\/diaspidi\/Pseudaulacaspisbrimblecombei.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.sel.barc.usda.gov\/catalogs\/diaspidi\/Pseudaulacaspisbrimblecombei.htm<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup>2<\/sup>Miller, Dug, Yair Ben-Dov, Gary Gibson, and Nate Hardy.\u00a0 ScaleNet. <a href=\"http:\/\/scalenet.info\/validname\/Pseudaulacaspis\/brimblecombei\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/scalenet.info\/validname\/Pseudaulacaspis\/brimblecombei\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup>3<\/sup>Malumphy, C. and A.J. Halstead.\u00a0 2012.\u00a0 First incursions in Europe of four Australasian species of armoured scale insect (Hemiptera: Diaspididae).\u00a0 British Journal of Entomology and Natural History 25(4): 193-197.\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cabi.org\/isc\/abstract\/20123419544\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.cabi.org\/isc\/abstract\/20123419544<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup>4<\/sup>California Department of Food &amp; Agriculture Pest Detection Record Database<\/p>\n<p><sup>5<\/sup>USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance &amp; Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD).\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/pcit.aphis.usda.gov\/pcit\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pcit.aphis.usda.gov\/pcit\/<\/a><\/p>\n<h5>Responsible Party:<\/h5>\n<p>Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Pest\u00a0Rating: \u00a0A<\/strong><\/h3>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>California Pest Rating for Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei Williams: Waratah Scale1 Hemiptera: Diaspididae Pest\u00a0Rating: \u00a0A PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei is commonly intercepted by California\u2019s high risk programs and occasionally by dog teams.\u00a0 This armored scale insect is currently assigned a temporary rating of \u201cQ\u201d and is therefore in need of a permanent pest rating. &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=719\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei Williams: Waratah Scale<\/span> <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[18,5],"tags":[104,186,52,124,125],"class_list":["post-719","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hemiptera","category-entomology","tag-diaspididae","tag-hemiptera","tag-insects-and-mites","tag-pseudaulacaspis-brimblecombei","tag-waratah-scale"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-bB","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":5888,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=5888","url_meta":{"origin":719,"position":0},"title":"White Prunicola Scale | Pseudaulacaspis prunicola","author":"Kyle Beucke","date":"December 6, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Pseudaulacaspis prunicola (Maskell) | White prunicola scale Hemiptera: Diaspididae Pest Rating: A PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: In 2018, this scale was found in Solano County on Ligustrum sp. bonsai that had been purchased in Fresno County.\u00a0 This scale currently has a Q-rating.\u00a0 A permanent pest\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;A-Rated&quot;","block_context":{"text":"A-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=669"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2040,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2040","url_meta":{"origin":719,"position":1},"title":"Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli (Cooley): Magnolia White Scale","author":"Jason Leathers","date":"June 21, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli (Cooley): Magnolia White Scale Hemiptera: Diaspididae Pest\u00a0Rating: \u00a0A PEST RATING PROFILE \u00a0Initiating Event: Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli is frequently intercepted by CDFA and requires a pest rating proposal to support its pest rating. 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History & Status: Background:\u00a0 Pseudaulacaspis pentagona is a highly polyphagous armored scale\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Hemiptera&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Hemiptera","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=18"},"img":{"alt_text":"White Peach Scale | Psuedaulacaspis pentagona","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/1122023-WhitePeachScale-EricDay-Bugwood-1024x683.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":1954,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1954","url_meta":{"origin":719,"position":3},"title":"Insects, Mites &#038; Earthworms","author":"Admin","date":"May 13, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"Insects and mites are related in that their skeletons are on the outside (Phyllum: Arthropoda), but differ in that adult insects have six legs and adult mites have eight.\u00a0 Both groups can be beneficial, neutral or destructive to their environment.\u00a0 Like nematodes, they can cause yearly losses in the billions\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Ratings&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Ratings","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=333"},"img":{"alt_text":"Insects and Mites Banner","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/insects-and-mites-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/insects-and-mites-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/insects-and-mites-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/insects-and-mites-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":7442,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=7442","url_meta":{"origin":719,"position":4},"title":"Thysanofiorinia leei Williams: lychee scale Hemiptera: Diaspididae","author":"Kyle Beucke","date":"August 18, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating Profile for Thysanofiorinia leei Williams: lychee scale Hemiptera: DiaspididaePest Rating: A download pest rating Profile *NOTE: You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. Posted by ka","rel":"","context":"In &quot;A-Rated&quot;","block_context":{"text":"A-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=669"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":5742,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=5742","url_meta":{"origin":719,"position":5},"title":"Tropical Palm Scale | Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerell)","author":"Kyle Beucke","date":"August 22, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerell): Tropical palm scale Hemiptera: Diaspididae Pest Rating: A \u00a0 PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: A permanent pest rating proposal is required to support an official pest rating. 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