{"id":710,"date":"2015-04-07T13:10:16","date_gmt":"2015-04-07T20:10:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=710"},"modified":"2022-05-16T09:35:36","modified_gmt":"2022-05-16T16:35:36","slug":"gymnaspis-aechmeae-newstead-fly-speck-scale","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=710","title":{"rendered":"Gymnaspis aechmeae Newstead: Fly Speck Scale"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating for<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Gymnaspis aechmeae<\/em><\/strong> Newstead: Fly Speck Scale<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Hemiptera: Diaspididae<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pest\u00a0Rating: B<\/strong><\/h5>\n
\n
PEST RATING PROFILE<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Initiating Event: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

On October 28, 2013 Dr. Gillian Watson identified fly speck scale, Gymnaspis aechmeae<\/em>, from a sample of bromeliad plants submitted from a resident\u2019s greenhouse in Orange County (PDR\u00a0 300P06040190).\u00a0 Stephen Brown recommended that the scale be run through the draft pest rating process.<\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background:<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Known colloquially in Australia as \u201cthe scourge of the bromeliads, 4<\/sup>\u201d fly speck scale is considered to be a serious pest of the plants1,2,4,5,6<\/sup>.\u00a0\u00a0 Known hosts include up to 35 species of Bromeliaceae:\u00a0 Acanthostachys<\/em> sp., Acanthostachys strobilacea<\/em>, Aechmea angustifolia<\/em>, A. aquilega<\/em>, A. bracteata<\/em>7<\/sup>,\u00a0 Aechmea chantini<\/em>, A. nidularioides<\/em>, A. pubescens<\/em>, Aechmea<\/em> sp., Ananas comosus<\/em>, A. sativus<\/em>, Ananas<\/em> sp., Aregelia<\/em> sp., Billbergia nutans<\/em>, B. leopoldi<\/em>, B. pyramidalis<\/em>7<\/sup>, B. saundersii<\/em>, Billbergia<\/em> sp, Bromelia serra<\/em>, B.pinguin<\/em>2<\/sup>, Bromelia<\/em> sp., Hogenbergia erythrostachya<\/em>, H. stellata<\/em>7<\/sup>,\u00a0 Hogenbergia<\/em> sp., Karatas amazonica<\/em>, Karatas<\/em> sp., Neoregelia<\/em> sp., Nidularium princeps<\/em>, Nidularium<\/em> sp., Pitcairnia<\/em> sp., Quesnelia<\/em> sp., Quesnelia wittmackiana<\/em>, Tillandsia<\/em> sp., Vriesea<\/em> sp., Vriesia platzmanni<\/em>.\u00a0 Other occasional hosts include Monstera<\/em> sp. (Araceae), Asparagus sprengeri<\/em> (Asparagaceae), Caraguata weilbachii<\/em> and Chlorophytum<\/em> sp. (Liliaceae), Villarsia officinalis<\/em> (Menyanthaceae), and Cymbidium<\/em> sp. (Orchidaceae)1<\/sup>.\u00a0 Fly speck scale can be dispersed long distances in the trade of live plants.<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution:<\/span> <\/strong>The native range of fly speck scale is uncertain.\u00a0 It was first discovered on Aechmea aquilegia<\/em> at Kew Gardens, London, in 18971<\/sup>.\u00a0 It was found in Spain by 19061<\/sup>, Argentina by 19071<\/sup>, and Florida in 19175<\/sup>.\u00a0 It has since been found in Brazil, Costa Rica, Puerto Rico, Cuba2<\/sup>, Hawaii, Japan3<\/sup>, Australia4,6<\/sup>, and in many European nations1<\/sup>.\u00a0 Within the United States it has also been found in additional eastern and southern states (Alabama, District of Columbia, Florida, Louisiana, Maryland, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania and West Virginia) and Colorado8<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Official Control:<\/strong><\/span> Fly speck scale is listed as a quarantine pest in Japan and the Republic of Korea9<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

California Distribution:<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Fly speck scale has never been found outdoors in California.<\/p>\n

California Interceptions:\u00a0<\/strong><\/span> Fly speck scale was found once in a nursery in San Diego county in 2012 (PDR 1422842).<\/p>\n

The risk fly speck scale (Gymnaspis aechmeae<\/em>) would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

1) \u00a0Climate\/Host Interaction<\/strong>: Known outdoor habitats of fly speck scale correspond with tropical, humid environments. The scale is not likely to establish outdoors in California.\u00a0 However, bromeliads are produced and kept in greenhouses and the scale is likely to establish in these environments.\u00a0 Fly speck scale receives a Low(1)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.\u00a0 Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.<\/span>
\n–\u00a0Medium (2)<\/strong> may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.
\n– High (3)<\/strong> likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/p>\n

2) \u00a0Known Pest Host Range:<\/strong> Fly speck scale is primarily a pest of bromeliads, but it has been found on 41 species in 6 plant families.\u00a0 The scale receives a Medium(2)<\/strong> <\/span>in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> has a very limited host range.
\n– Medium (2)<\/strong> has a moderate host range.<\/span>
\n– High (3)<\/strong> has a wide host range.<\/p>\n

3) \u00a0Pest Dispersal Potential:<\/strong> Fly speck scale has only 2 generations per year1<\/sup>, but can produce many first instar crawlers (rather than eggs) giving the species high reproductive potential.\u00a0 The crawlers are able to walk between plants6<\/sup>.\u00a0 Furthermore, they can be spread long distances when plants are traded, on clothing, or by wind6<\/sup>.\u00a0 Fly speck scale receives a High(3)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.
\n–\u00a0Medium (2)<\/strong> has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.
\n– High (3)<\/strong> has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

4) \u00a0Economic Impact:<\/strong> Bromeliads are produced in the nursery industry of California.\u00a0 Fly speck scale is likely to lower the value of this crop by disfiguring the plants with their unsightly presence.\u00a0 The scale may also increase crop production costs as nurseries are likely to treat infestations or to treat preventively.\u00a0 Fly speck scale is listed as a quarantine pest by Japan and Korea9<\/sup> so its presence in California could disrupt trade with those markets.\u00a0 Fly speck scale may also negatively change normal cultural practices in botanical gardens and nursery greenhouses.\u00a0 The scale is not expected to lower crop yield, trigger a loss of markets, vector other organisms, affect agriculturally important animals, or affect the water supply.\u00a0 Fly speck scale receives a High (3)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:<\/p>\n

A. \u00a0The pest could lower crop yield.
\nB. \u00a0The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).<\/span><\/strong>
\nC. \u00a0The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).<\/span><\/strong>
\nD. \u00a0The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.<\/span><\/strong>
\nE. \u00a0The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous o rganism.
\nF. \u00a0The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.
\nG. \u00a0The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.
\n– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes 2 of these impacts.
\n– High (3)<\/strong> causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

5) \u00a0Environmental Impact<\/strong>: The presence of Gymnaspis aechmeae<\/em> can be expected to trigger regular, preventive private chemical treatment of bromeliads to prevent unsightly plants4 <\/sup>and eradicate known infestations.\u00a0 Fly speck scale can also be expected to impact cultural practices in home\/urban gardening as bromeliad collectors institute quarantine treatments as they acquire new plants4<\/sup> and discard untreated, infested plants.\u00a0 The scale is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes.\u00a0 No hosts of the scale are listed as threatened or endangered species in California and the scale is not expected to affect critical habitats.\u00a0 Fly speck scale receives a High(3)<\/strong> <\/span>in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

A. \u00a0The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.
\nB. \u00a0The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.
\nC. \u00a0The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.
\nD. \u00a0The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/span><\/strong>
\nE. \u00a0The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> causes none of the above to occur.
\n– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes one of the above to occur.
\n– High (3)<\/strong> causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Fly Speck Scale (Gymnaspis aechmeae<\/em>):\u00a0 Medium (12)<\/span><\/strong><\/h5>\n

–Low<\/strong> = 5-8 points
\n–Medium<\/strong> = 9-12 points<\/span>
\n–High<\/strong> = 13-15 points<\/p>\n

6) \u00a0Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information:<\/strong> Fly speck scale is known only from a single incursion into California in a greenhouse in Orange County in 2013. It has not been found anywhere else since then.\u00a0 It receives a Not established(0) <\/strong><\/span>in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.<\/p>\n

–Not established (0)<\/strong> Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/span>
\n–Low (-1)<\/strong> Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).
\n–Medium (-2)<\/strong> Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.
\n–High (-3)<\/strong> Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

7) The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: Medium(12)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Uncertainty: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Bromeliad enthusiasts may trade plants frequently and order plants from infested areas via the Internet and mail services; the scale could have a much wider distribution in California.<\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

California\u2019s climate is expected to limit the distribution of fly speck scale to greenhouse environments.\u00a0 There, the introduction of the scale is expected to have a significant economic impact by decreasing the value of contaminated bromeliads and increasing production costs.\u00a0 Fly speck scale is also expected to have a significant environmental impact as it can be expected to trigger additional private chemical treatments as residents attempt to both eradicate and prevent infestations.\u00a0 It will also alter cultural practices as residents will quarantine newly acquired plants and dispose of plants that become unsightly.\u00a0 A \u201cB\u201d rating is justified for Gymnaspis aechmeae<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0References:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

1<\/sup>http:\/\/www.sel.barc.usda.gov\/catalogs\/diaspidi\/Gymnaspisaechmeae.htm<\/a><\/p>\n

2<\/sup>Novoa, N.M., G.S. Hodges, M.V. Rubio, P.C. Bonnin, and P.H. Oliver.\u00a0 2010.\u00a0 Nuevos registros de insectos escamas (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) para Cuba.\u00a0 Fitosanidad 14(3):181-183<\/p>\n

3<\/sup>Mito, T. and T. Uesugi.\u00a0 2004.\u00a0 Invasive alien species in Japan:\u00a0 the status quo and the new regulation for prevention of their adverse effects.\u00a0 Global Environmental Research 8(2): 171-191.\u00a0 http:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CC0QFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airies.or.jp%2Fattach.php%2F6a6f75726e616c5f30382d32656e67%2Fsave%2F0%2F0%2F08_2-08.pdf&ei=YN9vUtC9IsqDiQLx2IDACg&usg=AFQjCNF_T2F8hHiHRH1hX2i0gqYjsDcT1g&bvm=bv.55123115,d.cGE<\/a><\/p>\n

4<\/sup>Bromelcairns. 2009 #2 and 2010#3.\u00a0 Bimonthly Newsletter of Cairns Bromeliad Society, Inc.\u00a0 P.O. Box 28 Cairns, Queensland, 4870 Australia.\u00a0 http:\/\/www.bromeliadsdownunder.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/03\/Bromelcairns-2009-Issue-4.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.bromeliadsdownunder.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/02\/Bromelcairns-2010-Issue-3.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

5<\/sup>Miller, D.R., G.L. Miller, G.S. Hodges, and J.A. Davidson. 2005.\u00a0 Introduced scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the United States and their impact on U.S. Agriculture.\u00a0 Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 107(1): 123-158. http:\/\/www.sel.barc.usda.gov\/coccoidea\/millermihoda2005.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

6<\/sup>Illawarra Bromeliad Society Inc. Club News.\u00a0 October 2012.\u00a0 92 Brighton Street, Bundeena, NSW 2230\u00a0 http:\/\/www.bromeliad.org.au\/news\/Ill1012.htm<\/a><\/p>\n

7<\/sup>Stephens, J.A.\u00a0 1965.\u00a0 Some thoughts on bromeliads.\u00a0 The Bromeliad Society Bulletin.\u00a0 Vol. XV(5). \u00a0http:\/\/journal.bsi.org\/V15\/5\/<\/a><\/p>\n

8 <\/sup>http:\/\/www.forestryimages.org\/browse\/detail.cfm?imgnum=5117097<\/a><\/p>\n

9<\/sup> USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD).\u00a0 https:\/\/pcit.aphis.usda.gov\/pcit\/<\/a><\/p>\n

Responsible Party:<\/h5>\n

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n

Pest\u00a0Rating: B<\/strong><\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating for Gymnaspis aechmeae Newstead: Fly Speck Scale Hemiptera: Diaspididae Pest\u00a0Rating: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: On October 28, 2013 Dr. Gillian Watson identified fly speck scale, Gymnaspis aechmeae, from a sample of bromeliad plants submitted from a resident\u2019s greenhouse in Orange County (PDR\u00a0 300P06040190).\u00a0 Stephen Brown recommended that the scale be … Continue reading Gymnaspis aechmeae Newstead: Fly Speck Scale<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[18,5],"tags":[104,122,121,186,52],"class_list":["post-710","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hemiptera","category-entomology","tag-diaspididae","tag-fly-speck-scale","tag-gymnaspis-aechmeae","tag-hemiptera","tag-insects-and-mites"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-bs","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":7442,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=7442","url_meta":{"origin":710,"position":0},"title":"Thysanofiorinia leei Williams: lychee scale Hemiptera: Diaspididae","author":"Kyle Beucke","date":"August 18, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating Profile for Thysanofiorinia leei Williams: lychee scale Hemiptera: DiaspididaePest Rating: A download pest rating Profile *NOTE: You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. 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Posted by tn","rel":"","context":"In "A-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"A-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=669"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":8622,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=8622","url_meta":{"origin":710,"position":2},"title":"Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead): Lebbeck mealybug","author":"Kyle Beucke","date":"July 1, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating Profile for Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead): Lebbeck mealybugPest Rating: A download pest rating profile *NOTE You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. 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If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. Posted by ka","rel":"","context":"In "A-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"A-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=669"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":5166,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=5166","url_meta":{"origin":710,"position":5},"title":"Gray Scale | Pseudoparlatoria ostreata","author":"Kyle Beucke","date":"April 19, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Gray Scale | Pseudoparlatoria ostreata Cockerell Hemiptera: Diaspididae Pest Rating: A \u00a0 PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: Pseudoparlatoria ostreata was reported to be established on the island of Oahu, Hawaii (J. 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