{"id":5666,"date":"2018-07-27T14:58:14","date_gmt":"2018-07-27T21:58:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=5666"},"modified":"2024-04-26T10:44:53","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T17:44:53","slug":"meloidogyne-floridensis-handoo-et-al-2004","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=5666","title":{"rendered":"Meloidogyne floridensis Handoo et al., 2004"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating for\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h5>\n
Meloidogyne floridensis <\/em><\/strong>Handoo et al.,<\/em> 2004 <\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pest Rating: A<\/strong><\/h5>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

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PEST RATING PROFILE<\/h3>\n

Initiating Event:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h5>\n

On March 8 and 29, and April 19, 2018, unidentified root knot nematode female and juvenile specimens and galled Prunus<\/em> sp. roots were sent by A. Westpahl, University of California, Parlier, CA, to S. A. Subbotin, Nematology Lab, CDFA, for identification of the nematode species. After several molecular tests, S. A. Subbotin determined the identity of the species as M. floridensis<\/em> \u2013 a root knot nematode species not known to be present in California and quarantine actionable. The root samples had been collected from an almond orchard in Merced County.\u00a0 Consequently, the field was visited by J. Chitambar, CDFA, S. A. Subbotin, A. Westpahl, and D. Doll, UC Cooperative Extension Merced County.\u00a0 Official root and rhizosphere soil samples from apparently stunted and non-stunted 2-3-year-old almond scion on Hansen and non-stunted 8-9-year-old Nemaguard rootstock plantings, were collected from an estimated 3-acres of the infested orchard by J. Chitambar and S. A. Subbotin.\u00a0 The samples were processed for nematode diagnosis at the CDFA Nematology Lab in Sacramento.\u00a0 On July 18, 2018, S. A. Subbotin identified the root knot nematode species, M. floridensis<\/em>, in galled roots and associated rhizosphere soil samples collected from the stunted plants as well as the older plantings.\u00a0 The risk of infestation of M. floridensis<\/em> in California is assessed and a permanent rating is herein proposed.<\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background:<\/u>\u00a0<\/strong> Meloidogyne floridensis<\/em> was first detected in 1966 in Gainesville, Florida, as an unnamed root knot nematode species parasitizing M. incognita<\/em> and M. javanica –<\/em> root knot nematode-resistant Nemaguard and Okinawa peach rootstocks (Sharpe et al.,<\/em> 1969) and later Nemared peach rootstock (Sherman et al.,<\/em> 1991).\u00a0 At that time, the unnamed species was referred to as the \u2018Nemaguard type root knot nematode\u2019, \u2018a new nematode\u2019 and a \u2018biotype of root knot nematode\u2019 (Sharpe et al.,<\/em> 1969; Sherman et al.,<\/em> 1981; Young and Sherman, 1977).\u00a0 Then in 1982, this nematode was characterized as race 3 of M. incognita<\/em> (Sherman & Lyrene, 1983), however, subsequent morphological, molecular and host range studies proved this species to differ from M. incognita<\/em> race 3 and other species (Nyczepir et al.,<\/em> 1998), and in 2004, Handoo et al.<\/em> described it as a new species, M. floridensis<\/em> and proposed the common name, \u2018peach root knot nematode\u2019.<\/p>\n

The peach root knot nematode is one of the most important root knot nematode species because it can overcome resistance in plants by reproducing in high-value crops carrying genes for resistance against the main Meloidogyne<\/em> spp., thereby causing substantial reduction in crop growth and yields.\u00a0 In 2005, M. floridensis<\/em> was reported for the first time in field-grown tomato in Florida (Church, 2005).<\/p>\n

Since its original detection, M. floridensis<\/em> has only been reported in Florida, infecting different crops, peaches, and weed species in 12 counties (Brito et al.,<\/em> 2015).\u00a0 During 2015 to 2017, and in support of a survey conducted in Florida, Subbotin molecularly identified M. floridensis<\/em> in nematode samples collected from nine peach orchards in six counties.\u00a0 These results added four new counties to the previously reported 12 counties, thereby indicating an increased distribution of the peach root knot nematode to 16 counties over a relatively short duration (S. A.<\/em> Subbotin, Senior Plant Nematologist, CDFA: personal communication<\/em>).\u00a0 The recent 2018 detection marks its first official and limited detection within California and outside the State of Florida. An earlier incident occurred in 2011 when M. floridensis <\/em>was detected in a tomato soil and root sample submitted to, and diagnosed by a nematologist at the University of California, Davis.\u00a0 The sample had originated from a commercial tomato field in Kern County. However, on further investigation by CDFA, the crop had been destroyed by the grower and the field was left fallow without any vegetation before being planted to a non-host.\u00a0 Consequently, and after repeated sampling of the field, CDFA did not find any plant parasitic nematodes and the presence of M. floridensis<\/em> was not substantiated nor has it ever been reported in California.<\/p>\n

Development and life cycle: Meloidogyne floridensis <\/em>is a root knot nematode species with a life cycle and feeding behavior similar to other root knot nematode species.\u00a0 It is an obligate, sedentary endoparasite that feeds within host plant roots.\u00a0 Adult females embedded in host roots produce eggs within a mass either on the surface of, or within roots.\u00a0 The first stage juvenile develops within the egg and molts to develop into the second stage.\u00a0 The second-stage juveniles (J2) are the infective stage that hatch from eggs, migrate in rhizosphere soil to host roots, re-infest the roots or are attracted to other nearby host roots which are then penetrated.\u00a0 Within roots, J2 establish a specialized feeding site or giant plant cells that are formed at the head end of the nematode in response to its feeding.\u00a0 The second stage juveniles become sedentary while feeding at the specialized site, increase in size and undergo two more molts and non-feeding stages before developing into mature adult females or males and completing the life cycle.\u00a0 Reproduction is by mitotic parthenogenesis.\u00a0 Generally, the life cycle for root knot nematodes may take about 30 days at 25-28\u00b0C and longer at lower temperatures.<\/p>\n

Dispersal and spread<\/em>:\u00a0 Infected roots, bare root propagative material, infested soils, root debris, and irrigation water.<\/p>\n

Hosts:<\/em> Meloidogyne floridensis<\/em> infects peach (Prunus persica<\/em>) as well as other agricultural and ornamental crops and weeds.<\/p>\n

Agricultural crops include<\/u>: basil (Ocimum basilicum<\/em> cv. Genovese), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris<\/em>), corn (Zea mays<\/em> cvs. Dixie 18 and Mp 710), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum<\/em>), cucumber (Cucumis sativus<\/em>), dill (Anethum graveolens<\/em>), eggplant (Solanum melongena<\/em>), gourd (Cucurbita pepo<\/em>), green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris<\/em> cvs. Fortex and Heavyweight II), lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus<\/em> cv. Big Mama), mustard (Brassica juncea<\/em> cv. Florida Broadleaf), pepper (Capsicum annuum<\/em> cvs. California Wonder, Charleston Bell), snapbean (Phaseolus<\/em> sp.), squash (Cucurbita moschata<\/em> cv. Yellow Crookneck), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris<\/em> cvs. Alota, Bobcat, Mandella and Trinita), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum<\/em> cv. NC 95), tomato (Solanum lycopersicon<\/em> cvs. Florida 47, Rutgers, Solar Set, and tomato hybrid Crista), vetch (Vicia sativa<\/em>), and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus<\/em>) (Brito et al.,<\/em> 2008, 2010; Cetintas et al.,<\/em> 2007; Church, 2005; Esmenjaud, 2009; Mendes and Dickson, 2010a, 2010b; Kokalis-Burelle and Nyczepir, 2004; Stanley et al., <\/em>2006; 2009).<\/p>\n

Ornamental plant hosts include<\/u>: calendula (Calendula officinalis<\/em> cv. Oktoberfest), dracaena (Dracaena<\/em> sp.), hibiscus (Hibiscus<\/em> sp.), impatiens (Impatiens wallerana<\/em>), snapdragon (Phaseolus<\/em> sp.), and verbena (Verbena rigida<\/em>) (Brito et al.,<\/em> 2010; Mendes and Dickson, 2010b; Kokalis-Burelle and Nyczepir, 2004).<\/p>\n

Weed hosts (under greenhouse conditions) include:<\/u> amaranth (Amaranthus spinosus<\/em>); American pokeweed (Phytolacca americana<\/em>), barnyard grass (Echinochloa muricata<\/em>), cyprusvine (Ipomoea quamoclit<\/em>), dichondra (Dichondra repens<\/em>), English watercress (Nasturtium officinale<\/em>), molinillo (Leonotis nepetaefolia<\/em>), morning glory (Ipomoea triloba and I. violacea<\/em>), rape (Brassica napus<\/em>), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus<\/em>), spurge nettle (Cnidoscolus stimulosus<\/em>), velvet leaf (Abutilon theophrasti<\/em>), wild mustard (Brassica kaber<\/em>), wild cucumber (Cucumis anguria<\/em>), and zebrina (Zebrina <\/em>pendula<\/em>) (Kaur et al.,<\/em> 2007, Stanley et al.,<\/em> 2006).<\/p>\n

Symptoms<\/em>: Symptoms in plants induced by M. floridensis<\/em> are similar to those induced by other economically important root knot nematode species.\u00a0 Above ground symptoms include stunting, yellowing of leaves, wilting of plants, and canopy dieback.\u00a0 Field symptoms of affected plants may appear in patches, depending on the nematode population density.\u00a0 Below ground, swellings and galls are produced in young and major roots of infested plants.\u00a0 Root galls can harbor second to fourth stage juveniles, swollen adult females, and egg masses containing variable numbers of eggs.\u00a0 Second stage juveniles are the motile infective stage and can be found in roots and rhizosphere soil (Brito et al.,<\/em> 2015).<\/p>\n

Damage Potential: Meloidogyne floridensis<\/em> can break resistance in peach and other crops that are reported to be resistant to root knot nematodes namely tomato hybrid cv. Crista and corn cv. Mp 710 (Stanley et al.,<\/em> 2009).\u00a0 Peach rootstocks \u2018Nemaguard, \u2018Okinawa\u2019, \u2018Nemared\u2019, and \u2018Guardian\u2019 with resistance to the southern root knot nematode, M. incognita<\/em>, the Javanese root knot nematode, M. javanica, <\/em>and the northern root knot nematode, M. hapla<\/em>, are susceptible to the peach root knot nematode, M. floridensis<\/em> (Brito et al.,<\/em> 2015; Sherman and Lyrene, 1983). Small numbers of M. floridensis<\/em> have been found infecting root knot nematode resistant \u2018Flordaguard in Florida\u2019s commercial orchards (Brito and Stanley, 2011).\u00a0 Handoo et al.,<\/em> (2004) confirmed previous reports that none of the Amygdalus<\/em> subgenus (grouping of peach and almond) of the genus Prunus<\/em> provided suitable resistance to M. floridensis<\/em>.\u00a0 In California, the introduction, establishment, and spread of M. floridensis<\/em> is of concern as ninety percent of the peach industry in the state is planted on Nemaguard rootstock (Westerdahl and Duncan, 2015).\u00a0 Productions on hybrid rootstocks with parentage susceptible to M. floridensis<\/em> such as Hansen 536 (almond – \u2018Nemaguard\u2019 hybrid rootstock) detected in California, are also threatened by the nematode (see \u2018Initiating Event\u2019).\u00a0 Furthermore, reproduction of M. floridensis<\/em> on resistant peach cultivars and other host crops would challenge implementation of management strategies in infested regions especially with increased use of root knot resistance with the absence or restricted use of nematicides (Brito et al., <\/em>2015).<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong> Since its original detection, M. floridensis<\/em> has only been reported from Florida.\u00a0 The species has only recently been detected in an almond orchard in California (see \u2018Initiating Event\u2019).<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/u>:<\/strong> \u00a0Presently, Meloidogyne floridensis<\/em> is on the \u2018Harmful Organism List\u2019 for the Republic of Korea (USDA PCIT, 2018).<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong> Merced County (limited distribution).<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/u>:<\/strong>\u00a0 There are no records of the detection of Meloidogyne floridensis<\/em> in incoming shipments of plants and soil to California.<\/p>\n

The risk Meloidogyne floridensis<\/em> would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h5>\n

1) Climate\/Host Interaction:<\/strong> California has suitable climate and hosts for the introduction, establishment and spread of floridensis.<\/em> Already the detection of this species within a limited region of the State proves it ability to infest and establish in high-value crop production sites as for almond and peach. If left unchecked, other major crops, such as tomato, may also be affected.<\/p>\n

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.\u00a0 Score: 3<\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/span><\/p>\n

2) Known Pest Host Range:<\/strong> Meloidogyne floridensis<\/em> has a wide and diverse host range that includes peach, almond, several agricultural crops, ornamentals, and weed hosts.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the host range of the pest.<\/p>\n

Score: 3<\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has a wide host range.<\/span><\/p>\n

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: <\/strong>Meloidogyne floridensis<\/em> has high reproduction.\u00a0 A single female floridensis<\/em> may produce several hundreds to over one thousand eggs in an egg mass, similar to other Meloidogyne<\/em> species.\u00a0 Dispersal is mainly passive through the movement of infected roots, planting stock, infested soils and irrigation water.\u00a0 The potential for spread is high.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest.<\/p>\n

Score: 3<\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

4) Economic Impact:<\/strong> floridensis<\/em> is able to break resistance in important crops carrying genes of resistance to the main Meloidogyne<\/em> spp. thereby causing substantial reduction in crop yields, crop value, loss of markets, including the likely imposition of quarantines by other states and countries against California. Peach rootstocks \u2018Nemaguard, \u2018Okinawa\u2019, \u2018Nemared\u2019, and \u2018Guardian\u2019 with resistance to the root knot nematode species widely distributed in California, are susceptible to M. floridensis. <\/em>In California, the introduction, establishment, and spread of M. floridensis<\/em> is of concern as ninety percent of the peach industry in the state is planted on Nemaguard rootstock. Productions on hybrid rootstocks with parentage susceptible to M. floridensis<\/em> such as Hansen 536 (almond – \u2018Nemaguard\u2019 hybrid rootstock) are also threatened by the nematode.\u00a0 Reproduction of M. floridensis<\/em> on resistant peach cultivars and other host crops would challenge implementation of management strategies in infested regions especially with increased use of root knot resistance with the absence or restricted use of nematicides.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

Economic Impact:<\/strong> A,<\/strong> B, C, D, G<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

A<\/strong>. The pest could lower crop yield.<\/span><\/p>\n

B<\/strong>. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).<\/span><\/p>\n

C<\/strong>. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).<\/span><\/p>\n

D<\/strong>. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.<\/span><\/p>\n

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/p>\n

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G<\/strong>. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/span><\/p>\n

Economic Impact Score<\/strong>: 3<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

5) Environmental Impact: <\/strong>Several ornamental plants are hosts of the peach root knot nematode.\u00a0 Home gardening and ornamental plantings may also be impacted and trigger additional official or private treatment programs.\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

Environment Impact:<\/strong> D,<\/strong> <\/span>E<\/span>\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/p>\n

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/p>\n

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/p>\n

D<\/strong>. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/span><\/p>\n

E<\/strong>. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/span><\/p>\n

Environmental Impact Score: 3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Meloidogyne floridensis<\/em>:<\/strong> 15<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n

Add up the total score and include it here. (Score)<\/p>\n

-Low = 5-8 points<\/p>\n

-Medium = 9-12 points<\/p>\n

–High<\/strong> = 13-15 points<\/span><\/p>\n

Total points obtained on evaluation of consequences of introduction to California = 15<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information:<\/strong> Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.<\/p>\n

Evaluation is<\/em><\/strong><\/span> Low (-1)<\/span>.<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>Presently, M. floridensis<\/em> has only been detected within a limited region of an almond orchard in Merced County.<\/p>\n

Score: -1<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

-Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/p>\n

–Low (-1)<\/strong> Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).<\/span><\/p>\n

-Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

-High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

7) The final score is<\/strong> the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: (Score)<\/p>\n

Final Score: <\/em><\/strong><\/span>\u00a0Score of Consequences of Introduction \u2013 Score of Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information = 14<\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Uncertainty: \u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

The presence and true distribution of M. floridensis<\/em> in California is not known.\u00a0 It is possible that the nematodes species may have entered the State undetected prior to 2005.\u00a0 This is largely because prior to 2005 Meloidogyne<\/em> spp. were not always identified by the CDFA Nematology Laboratory to species level, when detected in samples that originated outside and within California.\u00a0 However, since 2005, M. floridensis<\/em> has never been detected in regulatory samples generated through CDFA\u2019s nematode control and phytosanitary certification programs or through statewide nematode surveys of host plants grown in agricultural production sites and nurseries in California. Also, except for one unsubstantiated record, M. floridensis<\/em> has not been reported from California by other researchers\/nematologists. The status of M. floridensis<\/em> in non-cultivated and residential environments is not known.\u00a0 Those environments, as well as infested weed hosts, may serve as sources of inoculum for infestations of cultivated production sites.\u00a0 Identification to species level through DNA analysis is now essential for accurate identification of this species.\u00a0 <\/em><\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Based on the evidence provided above the proposed rating for Meloidogyne floridensis<\/em> is A.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n
References:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

B<\/strong>rito, JA, Kaur, R, Cetintas, R, Stanley, JD, Mendes, ML, McAvoy, EJ, Powers, TO, and Dickson, DW.\u00a0 2008.\u00a0 Identification and isozyme characterization of Meloidogyne<\/em> spp. infecting horticultural and agronomic crops and weed plants in Florida.\u00a0 Nematology 10: 757-766.<\/p>\n

B<\/strong>rito, JA, Kaur, R, Cetintas, R, Stanley, JD, Mendes, ML, Powers, TO, and Dickson, DW.\u00a0 2010.\u00a0 Meloidogyne<\/em> spp. infecting ornamental plants in Florida.\u00a0 Nematropica 40: 87-103.<\/p>\n

B<\/strong>rito, JA, and Stanley, JD.\u00a0 2011.\u00a0 Nematology Section in Dixon, W. and Andson, P. (Eds.).\u00a0 Tri-ology, FDACS\/DPI, Vol. 50. Number 1.<\/p>\n

C<\/strong>etintas, R, Kaur, R, Brito, JA, Mendes, ML, Nyczepir, AP, and Dickson, DW.\u00a0 2007.\u00a0 Pathogenicity and reproductive potential of Meloidogyne mayaguensis<\/em> and M. floridensis<\/em> compare with three common Meloidogyne<\/em> spp.\u00a0 Nematropica 37: 21-31.<\/p>\n

C<\/strong>hurch, GT.\u00a0 2005.\u00a0 First report of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne floridensis<\/em> on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum<\/em>) in Florida.\u00a0 Plant Disease 89: 527.<\/p>\n

E<\/strong>smenjaud, D.\u00a0 2009.\u00a0 Resistance to root knot nematodes in Prunus<\/em>: Characterization of sources, marker-assisted selection and cloning strategy for the Ma gene from myrobalan plum. Acta Horticulturae 814: 707-714.<\/p>\n

H<\/strong>andoo, ZA, Nyczepir, AP, Esmenjaud, D, Vander Beek, JG, Castagnone-Sereno, P, Carta, LK, Skantar, AM, and Higgins, JA.\u00a0 2004.\u00a0 Morphological, molecular, and differential-host characterization of Meloidogyne floridensis <\/em>n. sp. (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae), a root-knot nematode parasitizing peach in Florida.\u00a0 Journal of Nematology 36: 20-35<\/p>\n

K<\/strong>aur, R, Brito, JA, and Rich, JR.\u00a0 2007.\u00a0 Host suitability of selected weed species to five Meloidogyne<\/em> species.\u00a0 Nematropica 37: 107-120.<\/p>\n

K<\/strong>okalis-Burelle, N., and Nyczepir, AP.\u00a0 2004.\u00a0 Host range studies for Meloidogyne floridensis<\/em>. Journal of Nematology 36: 328<\/p>\n

M<\/strong>endes, ML, and Dickson, DW.\u00a0 2010a.\u00a0 Reproduction of root-knot nematodes on four sugarbeat cultivars.\u00a0 Journal of Nematology 42: 258.<\/p>\n

M<\/strong>endes, ML, and Dickson, DW.\u00a0 2010b. Suitability of some annual crops to three species of root-knot nematodes.\u00a0 Nematropica 40: 142.<\/strong><\/p>\n

N<\/strong>yczepir, AP, Esmenjaud, D, and Eisenback, JD.\u00a0 1998.\u00a0 Pathogenicity of Meloidogyne<\/em> sp. (FL-isolate) on Prunus<\/em> in the southeastern United States and France.\u00a0 Journal of Nematology 30: 509.<\/strong><\/p>\n

S<\/strong>harp, RH, Hesse, CO, Lownsbery, BA, Perry, VG, and Hansen, CJ.\u00a0 1969.\u00a0 Breeding peaches for root knot nematode resistance.\u00a0 Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 94: 209-212.<\/p>\n

S<\/strong>herman, WB, and Lyrene, PM.\u00a0 1983.\u00a0 Improvement of peach rootstock resistant to root-knot nematodes.\u00a0 Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society 96: 207-208.<\/p>\n

S<\/strong>herman, WB, Lyrene, PM, and Sharpe, RH.\u00a0 1991.\u00a0 Flordaguard peach rootstock. HortScience 26: 427-428.<\/p>\n

S<\/strong>herman, WB, Lyrene, PM, and Hansche, PE.\u00a0 1981.\u00a0 Breeding peach rootstocks resistant to root knot nematodes.\u00a0 HortScience 16: 523-524.<\/p>\n

S<\/strong>tanley, JD, Kokalis-Burelle, N, and Dickson, DW.\u00a0 2006.\u00a0 Host status of Meloidogyne floridensis <\/em>on selected weeds and cover crops common to Florida.\u00a0 Nematropica 36:148 (Abstr.)<\/p>\n

S<\/strong>tanley, JD, Brito, JA, Kokalis-Burelle, N, Frank, JH, and Dickson, DW.\u00a0 2009.\u00a0 Biological evaluation and comparison of four Florida isolates of Meloidogyne floridensis.<\/em>\u00a0 Nematropica 39: 255-271.<\/p>\n

U<\/strong>SDA PCIT.\u00a0 2018.\u00a0 USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System. Retrieved July 19, 2018, 1:47:12 pm CDT.\u00a0 https:\/\/pcit.aphis.usda.gov\/PExD\/faces\/ReportHarmOrgs.jsp<\/a>.<\/p>\n

W<\/strong>esterdahl, BB, and Duncan, RA.\u00a0 Peach nematodes.\u00a0 UCIPM Pest Management Guidelines: Peach. UC ANR Publication 3454. http:\/\/ipm.ucanr.edu\/PMG\/r602200111.html<\/a><\/p>\n

Y<\/strong>oung, MJ, and Sherman, WB.\u00a0 1977.\u00a0 Evaluation of peach rootstocks for root knot and nematode resistance.\u00a0 Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society 90:241-242.<\/p>\n

\n
Responsible Party:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

John J. Chitambar, Primary Plant Pathologist\/Nematologist, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832. Phone: 916-262-1110, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n
Comment Period:* CLOSED<\/span><\/h5>\n

7\/27\/18 \u2013 9\/10\/18<\/p>\n

\n
*NOTE:<\/span><\/h5>\n

You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. \u00a0If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at\u00a0plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n
Comment Format:<\/h5>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s)\u00a0being commented on, as shown below.<\/p>\n

Example Comment:
\n<\/strong>Consequences of Introduction: \u00a01. Climate\/Host Interaction:\u00a0[Your comment that relates to \u201cClimate\/Host Interaction\u201d here.<\/em>]<\/p>\n

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Pest Rating: A<\/strong><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating for\u00a0 Meloidogyne floridensis Handoo et al., 2004 Pest Rating: A   PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event:\u00a0 On March 8 and 29, and April 19, 2018, unidentified root knot nematode female and juvenile specimens and galled Prunus sp. roots were sent by A. Westpahl, University of California, Parlier, CA, to S. A. Subbotin, … Continue reading Meloidogyne floridensis Handoo et al., 2004<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1117,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[669,27],"tags":[675],"class_list":["post-5666","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-a-rated","category-nematodes","tag-a-rated-pest"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-1to","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":1955,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1955","url_meta":{"origin":5666,"position":0},"title":"Nematodes","author":"Admin","date":"May 13, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"(Plant Parasitic Nematodes) Nematodes (also called \u2018roundworms\u2019) are relatively small, multicellular, worm-like animals. They are found in almost every environmental niche imaginable, living free in soil, marine and freshwater habitats while feeding on bacteria, fungi, and nematodes, or as parasites of humans, insects, fish, larger animals and plants. Plant parasitic\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Ratings"","block_context":{"text":"Ratings","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=333"},"img":{"alt_text":"Nematodes montage","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/nematodes-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/nematodes-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/nematodes-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/nematodes-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":14216,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=14216","url_meta":{"origin":5666,"position":1},"title":"Hoplolaimus floridensis Subbotin et al., 2025 Florida lance nematode","author":"Heather Martin","date":"October 22, 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating Profile for Hoplolaimus floridensis Subbotin et al., 2025 Florida lance nematode Pest Rating: A Comment Period: 10\/22\/2025 \u2013 12\/06\/2025 Download Pest Rating Profile *NOTE You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "A-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"A-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=669"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2376,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2376","url_meta":{"origin":5666,"position":2},"title":"Meloidogyne enterolobii Yang and Eisenback, 1983.","author":"Admin","date":"August 3, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating Profile for Meloidogyne enterolobii Yang and Eisenback, 1983. (A Root knot Nematode) Pest Rating: A PEST RATING PROFILE* *Revised August 22, 2024 Initiating Event: \u00a0 None. History & Status: Background: Meloidogyne enterolobii\u00a0is considered one of the most important root-knot nematode species because of its ability to overcome\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Nematodes"","block_context":{"text":"Nematodes","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=27"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":8635,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=8635","url_meta":{"origin":5666,"position":3},"title":"Meloidogyne haplanaria Eisenback et al. 2003 Texas peanut root-knot nematode","author":"Heather.Martin","date":"July 1, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Meloidogyne haplanaria Eisenback et al. 2003 Texas peanut root-knot nematodePest Rating: A DOWNLOAD PEST RATING *NOTE You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. Posted by ta","rel":"","context":"In "A-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"A-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=669"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":9257,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=9257","url_meta":{"origin":5666,"position":4},"title":"Meloidogyne paranaensis Carneiro et al. 1996 Parana coffee root-knot nematode","author":"Heather.Martin","date":"December 1, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Meloidogyne paranaensis Carneiro et al. 1996 Parana coffee root-knot nematodePest Rating: A download pest rating *NOTE You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. Posted by ta","rel":"","context":"In "A-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"A-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=669"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":6686,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=6686","url_meta":{"origin":5666,"position":5},"title":"MELOIDOGYNE HAPLA CHITWOOD, 1949 NORTHERN ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE","author":"Heather.Martin","date":"December 17, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood, 1949 Northern Root-Knot NematodePest Rating: C download pest rating *NOTE: You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. 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