{"id":5255,"date":"2018-04-24T13:53:55","date_gmt":"2018-04-24T20:53:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=5255"},"modified":"2018-06-12T10:40:24","modified_gmt":"2018-06-12T17:40:24","slug":"xyleborus-pfeilii-ratzeburg","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=5255","title":{"rendered":"Xyleborus pfeilii (Ratzeburg)"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating for<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Xyleborus pfeilii <\/em><\/strong>(Ratzeburg)<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pest Rating: A<\/strong><\/h5>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

\n

PEST RATING PROFILE<\/h3>\n

Initiating Event:<\/h5>\n

Xyleborus pfeilii <\/em>is currently Q-rated.\u00a0 A permanent pest rating proposal is required to support an official pest rating.<\/p>\n

History & Status: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background:<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0Xyleborus pfeilii<\/em> is a moderate-sized ambrosia beetle.\u00a0 Females are 3-3.6 mm in length; males are smaller, but rare (Vandenberg et al., 2010).\u00a0 Reported host trees include alder, beech, elm, maple, oak, pawpaw (Asimina triloba<\/em>), poplar, and some conifers (Vandenberg et al., 2010; Wood & Bright, 1992).\u00a0 A broad range of hosts is characteristic of ambrosia beetles, in contrast to more \u201ctypical\u201d phloeophagous (phloem-feeding) scolytines.\u00a0 As in other ambrosia beetles, the larvae feed on fungus in galleries excavated by adult beetles.\u00a0 Females mate with males prior to dispersing (Kirkendall & Faccoli, 2010).\u00a0 Little information is available on the biology of this species, but there is nothing in the literature suggesting that it has a significant economic or environmental impact, even though it is widespread in Europe, where it was apparently introduced almost 200 years ago (Kirkendall & Faccoli, 2010).<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/u><\/strong>:<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0Xyleborus pfeilii <\/em>has a wide distribution, and is reported from Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, and New Zealand (Wood & Bright, 1992).\u00a0 Historically, this species was considered to be native to Europe, Asia, and northern Africa.\u00a0 Recent work suggests that it is native to Asia but was introduced to Europe at an early date (before 1837) (Kirkendall & Faccoli, 2010).\u00a0 The species has also been introduced to Canada and the United States, where it is now known to occur in Georgia, Maryland, New Jersey, and Oregon (Humble, 2001; Mudge et al., 2001; Vandenberg et al., 2000)).<\/p>\n

Official Control:<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0Xyleborus pfeilii<\/em> is apparently not under official control by any government.<\/p>\n

California Distribution: <\/u><\/strong>\u00a0Although Xyleborus pfeilii <\/em>was trapped multiple times in California, there is no information available to suggest that it is still present in the state.<\/p>\n

California Interceptions:<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0Xyleborus pfeilii <\/em>has been trapped in Sacramento in 2005 (PDR # 1294653) and Placer County in 2003 (1368629 and 1368628).<\/p>\n

The risk Xyleborus pfeilii <\/em>would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

1) Climate\/Host Interaction:<\/strong> Xyleborus pfeilii<\/em> occurs in areas with temperate and Mediterranean climates (Kirkendall & Faccoli, 2010). The beetle is probably capable of becoming established in much of California. \u00a0This species has been reported to feed on many tree genera; members of these genera are distributed across California.\u00a0 Therefore, it receives a High (3)<\/span><\/strong> in this category.<\/p>\n

\u2013 Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.<\/p>\n

\u2013 Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.<\/p>\n

\u2013 High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

2) Known Pest Host Range: <\/strong>The reported hosts of Xyleborus pfeilii<\/em> include multiple genera of broadleaf as well as coniferous trees. A broad host range is typical of ambrosia beetles.\u00a0 Therefore, it receives a High (3)<\/span> <\/strong>in this category.<\/p>\n

\u2013 Low (1) has a very limited host range.<\/p>\n

\u2013 Medium (2) has a moderate host range.<\/p>\n

\u2013 High (3) has a wide host range.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

3) Pest Dispersal Potential:<\/strong> There is evidence suggesting that ambrosia beetles that have brother-sister mating, which is the case with pfeilii<\/em>, have an enhanced ability to disperse and colonize new areas. A single female can found a new population, and she does not have to be fertilized. \u00a0She can produce sons from unfertilized eggs and mate with them.\u00a0 Movement of infested firewood would achieve rapid, long-distance dispersal.\u00a0 In addition, X. pfeilii<\/em> flies (specimens have been caught with funnel traps) (Humble, 2001; Mudge et al., 2001).\u00a0 Therefore, it receives a High (3)<\/span><\/strong> in this category.<\/p>\n

\u2013 Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

\u2013 Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

\u2013 High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/strong><\/p>\n

4) Economic Impact:<\/strong> Xyleborus pfeilii<\/em> does not appear to have any recognized economic impact, even though it was introduced to much of Europe and has been present there for almost 200 years.\u00a0 There is some doubt that economically-important trees in California would be significantly impacted, considering that most such trees are probably members of genera well-represented in Europe, and this beetle is apparently not a significant pest there.\u00a0 There is the chance that it could vector a plant-pathogenic fungus to economically-important trees.\u00a0 Therefore, it receives a Low (1<\/span><\/strong>) in this category.<\/p>\n

Economic Impact:\u00a0 E<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

A. The pest could lower crop yield.<\/p>\n

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).<\/p>\n

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).<\/p>\n

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.<\/p>\n

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

Economic Impact Score: 1<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2013 Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u2013 Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

\u2013 High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/p>\n

5) Environmental Impact:<\/strong> Xyleborus pfeilii <\/em>is not known to have had an environmental impact in Europe. There is a chance, however, that this species could have a different impact in the environment of California, where there are tree species not found in Europe.\u00a0 Ambrosia beetles are less constrained in their host plant choices, and this makes it more difficult to predict what trees might be attacked in a new environment.\u00a0 Therefore, it receives a High (3)<\/span><\/strong> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

Environmental Impact: A, B<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/p>\n

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/p>\n

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/p>\n

Environmental Impact Score: 3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2013 Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

\u2013 Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

\u2013 High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Xyleborus pfeilii<\/em>: High (13)<\/span><\/strong><\/h5>\n

Add up the total score and include it here.<\/p>\n

\u2013Low = 5-8 points<\/p>\n

\u2013Medium = 9-12 points<\/p>\n

\u2013High = 13-15 points<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information:<\/strong> Although there are a few trapping records of this beetle from more than ten years ago, there is no further evidence of its occurrence in the state of California.\u00a0 It receives a Not established (0)<\/span><\/strong> in this category.<\/p>\n

\u2013Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u2013Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).<\/p>\n

\u2013Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

\u2013High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (13)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Uncertainty:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

There is uncertainty regarding two components of this pest rating proposal. \u00a0First, there is uncertainty regarding the possible presence of this species in the state.\u00a0 This beetle was trapped multiple times in two counties.\u00a0 There do not appear to have been any collections of this species in California since the last of these trappings in 2005, and it is presumed that it is not established in the state.\u00a0 Second, there is uncertainty regarding the possible impact of this species in California.\u00a0 Lack of impact in Europe does not mean this species could not have economic and\/or environmental impacts in California.\u00a0 Part of this uncertainty is the possibility of X. pfeilii<\/em> interacting with plant-pathogenic fungal species that are already present in California.<\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

There is no evidence that Xyleborus pfeilii<\/em> causes economic or environmental damage anywhere it is known to have been introduced.\u00a0 This includes the large area it has invaded in Europe over the past two centuries.\u00a0 However, it seems that a cautious approach is best with possible forest pests.\u00a0 The behavior of this beetle may be very different in the environments of California.\u00a0 At least one introduced species in the genus Xyleborus<\/em>, X. glabratus<\/em>, has become a serious pest species in the southeastern United States; it is having a significant impact on the environment and it threatens the avocado industry (Hughes et al., 2016).\u00a0 The fungus symbiosis in this genus raises special concerns; X. pfeilii<\/em> could bring with it new (to California) pathogenic fungi, or it could interact in a new way with fungi already here.\u00a0 For these reasons, an \u201cA<\/strong>\u201d rating is justified.<\/p>\n

\n
References: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Kirkendall, L.R. & Faccoli, M.\u00a0 2010.\u00a0 Bark beetles and pinhole borers (Curculionidae, Scolytinae, Platypodinae) alien to Europe.\u00a0 Zoo Keys.\u00a0 56: 227-251.<\/p>\n

Hughes, M.A., Smith, J.A., & Coyle, D.R.\u00a0 2016.\u00a0 Biology, ecology, and management of laurel wilt and the redbay ambrosia beetle.\u00a0 Southern Regional Extension Forestry Forest Health.\u00a0 November 2016: 1-6.<\/p>\n

Humble, L.M.\u00a0 2001.\u00a0 Invasive bark and wood-boring beetles in British Columbia, Canada.\u00a0 Pages 69-77 in R.I. Alfaro, K.R. Day, S.M. Salom, K.S.S Nair, H.F. Evans, A.M. Liebhold, F. Lieutier, M. Wagner, K. Futai, & K. Suzuki, editors. Protection of World Forests: Advances in Research, Proceedings: XXI IUFRO World Congress. August 7-12, 2001, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. IUFRO Secretariat, Vienna, IUFRO World Series Vol. 11. 253 p.<\/p>\n

Mercado, J.E. 2010. Bark beetle genera of the United States. Colorado State University, USDA-APHIS-PPQ Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, and USDA-FS Rocky Mountain Research Station. http:\/\/idtools.org\/id\/wbb\/bbgus<\/a><\/p>\n

Mudge, A.D., LaBonte, J.R., Johnson, K.J.R., & LaGasa, E.H.\u00a0 2001.\u00a0 Exotic woodboring Coleoptera (Micromalthidae, Scolytidae) and Hymenoptera (Xiphyriidae) new to Oregon and Washington.\u00a0 103(4): 1011-1019.<\/p>\n

Vandenberg, N.J., Rabaglia, R.J., & Bright, D.E.\u00a0 2000.\u00a0 New records of two Xyleborus<\/em> (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in North America.\u00a0 Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington.\u00a0 102(1): 62-68.<\/p>\n

Vega, F.E. & Hofstetter, R.W.\u00a0 2014.\u00a0 Bark beetles: Biology and ecology of native and invasive species.\u00a0 Academic Press.\u00a0 640 pp.<\/p>\n

\n
Author:<\/h5>\n

Kyle Beucke, 1220 N Street, Room 221, Sacramento, CA, 95814, 916-403-6741, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov<\/p>\n

Responsible Party:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Jason Leathers, 2800 Gateway Oaks, Sacramento CA 95833, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov<\/p>\n

\n
Comment Period:* CLOSED<\/span><\/h5>\n

4\/24\/18 \u2013 6\/8\/18<\/p>\n

\n
*NOTE:<\/span><\/h5>\n

You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. \u00a0If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at\u00a0plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n
Comment Format:<\/h5>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s)\u00a0being commented on, as shown below.<\/p>\n

Example Comment:
\n<\/strong>Consequences of Introduction: \u00a01. Climate\/Host Interaction:\u00a0[Your comment that relates to \u201cClimate\/Host Interaction\u201d here.<\/em>]<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may not be posted if they:<\/p>\n

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to\u00a0the pest rating proposal;<\/p>\n

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic,\u00a0sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal\u00a0material;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms\u00a0of discrimination;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the\u00a0website to be viewed, not just submitted.<\/p>\n

\n

Pest Rating: A<\/strong><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

Posted by ls\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating for Xyleborus pfeilii (Ratzeburg) Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae Pest Rating: A   PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: Xyleborus pfeilii is currently Q-rated.\u00a0 A permanent pest rating proposal is required to support an official pest rating. History & Status: Background:\u00a0\u00a0Xyleborus pfeilii is a moderate-sized ambrosia beetle.\u00a0 Females are 3-3.6 mm in length; males are … Continue reading Xyleborus pfeilii (Ratzeburg)<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":325,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[669,15,5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5255","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-a-rated","category-coleoptera","category-entomology"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-1mL","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":8985,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=8985","url_meta":{"origin":5255,"position":0},"title":"Xyleborus pfeilii (Ratzeburg): an ambrosia beetle","author":"Kyle Beucke","date":"September 30, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating Profile for Xyleborus pfeilii (Ratzeburg): an ambrosia beetlePest Rating: C download pest rating profile *NOTE You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. Posted by tn","rel":"","context":"In "C-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"C-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=671"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":7907,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=7907","url_meta":{"origin":5255,"position":1},"title":"Xyleborus monographus (Fabricius): Mediterranean oak borer","author":"Kyle Beucke","date":"December 22, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating Profile for Xyleborus monographus (Fabricius): Mediterranean oak borerPest Rating: B DOWNLOAD PEST RATING profile *NOTE: You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. posted by ta","rel":"","context":"In "B-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"B-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=670"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1954,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1954","url_meta":{"origin":5255,"position":2},"title":"Insects, Mites & Earthworms","author":"Admin","date":"May 13, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"Insects and mites are related in that their skeletons are on the outside (Phyllum: Arthropoda), but differ in that adult insects have six legs and adult mites have eight.\u00a0 Both groups can be beneficial, neutral or destructive to their environment.\u00a0 Like nematodes, they can cause yearly losses in the billions\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Ratings"","block_context":{"text":"Ratings","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=333"},"img":{"alt_text":"Insects and Mites Banner","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/insects-and-mites-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/insects-and-mites-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/insects-and-mites-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/insects-and-mites-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":5547,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=5547","url_meta":{"origin":5255,"position":3},"title":"Ambrosia Beetle | Euwallacea similis (Ferrari)","author":"Kyle Beucke","date":"June 28, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Ambrosia Beetle | Euwallacea similis (Ferrari) Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae Pest Rating: A \u00a0 PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: Euwallacea similis is currently Q-rated.\u00a0 A permanent pest rating proposal is required to support an official pest rating. History & Status: Background: \u00a0Adult female Euwallacea similis measure approximately\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "A-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"A-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=669"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":5261,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=5261","url_meta":{"origin":5255,"position":4},"title":"Granulate Ambrosia Beetle | Xylosandrus crassiusculus Motschulsky","author":"Kyle Beucke","date":"April 24, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Granulate Ambrosia Beetle\u00a0 |\u00a0\u00a0Xylosandrus crassiusculus Motschulsky Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae Pest Rating: A \u00a0 PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: Xylosandrus crassiusculus is currently Q-rated.\u00a0 A permanent pest rating proposal is required to support an official pest rating. 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