{"id":5128,"date":"2018-04-06T16:05:59","date_gmt":"2018-04-06T23:05:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=5128"},"modified":"2024-04-26T10:52:21","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T17:52:21","slug":"pseudocercospora-theae","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=5128","title":{"rendered":"Pseudocercospora theae"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating for<\/h5>\n
Pseudocercospora theae <\/em>(Cavara) Deighton 1987<\/h5>\n
Pest Rating: C<\/h5>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

PEST RATING PROFILE<\/h3>\n

Initiating Event:\u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

On March 6, 2018, the USDA APHIS PPQ requested State Regulatory Officials to review PPQ\u2019s consideration of deregulation of the pathogen, Pseudocercospora theae<\/em> at US ports of entry.\u00a0 A \u2018Deregulation evaluation of established pests\u2019 report prepared by PERAL was provided for this review.\u00a0 Therefore, the risk of infestation of P. theae <\/em>in California is evaluated and a permanent rating is herein proposed.<\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/h5>\n

Background<\/strong>:<\/u>\u00a0 Pseudocercospora theae<\/em> is a fungal plant pathogen in the Mycosphaerellaceae family, that causes leaf spotting known as, bird\u2019s eye spot disease of tea (Camellia<\/em> spp.). The pathogen has previously been known by its synonyms, Septoria theae<\/em> and Cecoseptoria theae<\/em> (Braun et al.,<\/em> 2012; Farr & Rossman, 2018). Holliday (1980) reported that the fungus causes a \u201cvery minor\u201d leaf-spotting disease in tea plants.<\/p>\n

Pseudocercospora theae<\/em> has not been reported in California. In the USA, the pathogen has been reported in Florida since about 1955 and disease caused by P. theae<\/em> has not been reported after 1998.\u00a0 It is likely that the pathogen is present at non-detectable levels and kept under control by standard disease management practices in nurseries (PPQ, 2018).<\/p>\n

Disease cycle:<\/u><\/strong> While information on the specific biology of Pseudocercospora theae<\/em> is limited, it is likely that its disease cycle is like that of other members of the genus.\u00a0 Generally, Pseudocercospora<\/em>-infected plants produce conidiophores (specialized hypha) that arise from the plant surface in clusters through stomata and form conidia (asexual spores) successively.\u00a0 Conidia are easily detached and blown by wind often over long distances.\u00a0 On landing on surfaces of a plant host, conidia require water or heavy dew to germinate and penetrate the host.\u00a0 Substomatal stroma (compact mycelial structure) may form from which conidiophores develop.\u00a0 Development of the pathogen is favored by high temperatures and the disease is most destructive during summer months and warmer climates.\u00a0 High relative humidity is necessary for conidial germination and plant infection.\u00a0 The pathogen can overwinter in or on seed and as mycelium (stromata) in old infected leaves (Agrios, 2005).\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Dispersal and spread<\/em>: Specific information for Pseudocercospora is lacking, however, its mode of dispersal is likely to be like other species of the genus and include air-currents, rain splash\/drops, infected plants and propagative material (PPQ, 2018).<\/p>\n

Hosts: Camelia <\/em>sp., C. japonica <\/em>(Japanese camellia), C. sasanqua <\/em>(sasanqua camellia), C. sinensis <\/em>(tea tree; synonyms: Thea assamica<\/em>, T. sinensis<\/em>) (Farr & Rossman, 2018).\u00a0 Although some species of Pseudocercospora<\/em> are capable of infecting different hosts within a single family (Crous, et al.,<\/em> 2013), there is no evidence that this is true for P. theae<\/em> (PPQ, 2018).<\/p>\n

Symptoms<\/em>: \u00a0Infected host plants exhibit circular leaf spots no greater than 2-3 mm diam., on both sides of a leaf.\u00a0 The spots are at first purple red, with an indefinite yellow green border and turn white with a narrow purple red ring (Holliday, 1980) with a narrow, raised rim, followed by a dark marginal line or halo (Braun et al.,<\/em> 2012).<\/p>\n

Damage Potential: <\/em>Specific losses due to Pseudocercospora theae<\/em> have not been reported.\u00a0 Ornamental plantings of Camellia<\/em> species may be affected in limited regions of California with sufficient moisture for pathogen infection and development. The climatic suitability of the pathogen encompasses Hardiness Zones 10-13 (PPQ, 2018; Margery et al<\/em>., 2008).\u00a0 Nursery production of Camellia<\/em> species under controlled and conducive conditions for pathogen development would also be of concern in California.\u00a0 However, P. theae<\/em> outbreaks in Florida nurseries were successfully controlled by use of proper sanitation practices and fungicide applications (PPQ, 2018), therefore, it is likely that the same will be true for California.\u00a0 If left uncontrolled, leaf spotting may lead to disease outbreaks under favorable conditions, wherein photosynthetic areas can be reduced, and in severe infections, leaf wilt and drop may be expected.<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong> Asia<\/em>: Nepal, Indonesia, India, China, Taiwan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Vietnam; Africa<\/em>: Ethiopia, Malawi, Mauritius, Tanzania, Uganda; Europe<\/em>: Georgia, Italy, Netherlands Antilles; North America<\/em>: Florida; South America<\/em>: Argentina, Brazil, Peru (Braun et al., <\/em>2012; EPPO, 2018; Farr & Rossman, 2018).<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/u>:<\/strong> Presently, Pseudocercospora theae <\/em>is on the \u2018Harmful Organism\u2019 list for Colombia (USDA PCIT, 2018).<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong> Pseudocercospora theae<\/em> has not been reported from California.\u00a0 The pathogen is not known to be established in California.<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/u>:<\/strong>\u00a0 None reported.<\/p>\n

The risk Pseudocercospora theae<\/em> would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:<\/h5>\n

1)\u00a0<\/strong>Climate\/Host Interaction:<\/strong> Limited parts of California with adequate moisture, as in coastal regions of the State where Camellia species are grown, are likely to favor establishment of Pseudocercospora theae.<\/em><\/p>\n

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.<\/p>\n

Score: 2<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/p>\n

2) Known Pest Host Range:<\/strong> The host range is limited to Camellia [Camelia <\/em>, C. japonica <\/em>(Japanese camellia), C. sasanqua <\/em>(sasanqua camellia), C. sinensis <\/em>(tea tree)]<\/p>\n

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> has a very limited host range.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.<\/p>\n

– High (3) has a wide host range.<\/p>\n

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: <\/strong>Reproduction is high and dispersal conidia is through windborne conidia, and rain splash or raindrops. The pathogen is also spread through infected plant propagative material.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest.<\/p>\n

Score: 3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

4) Economic Impact:<\/strong> Specific losses due to Pseudocercospora theae<\/em> have not been reported. Ornamental plantings of Camellia<\/em> species may be affected in limited regions of California with sufficient moisture for pathogen infection and development. Nursery production of Camellia<\/em> species under controlled and conducive conditions for pathogen development would also be of concern in California.\u00a0 However, theae<\/em> outbreaks in Florida nurseries were successfully controlled by use of proper sanitation practices and fungicide applications (PPQ, 2018), therefore, it is likely that the same will be true for California.\u00a0 Uncontrolled infected plants may lose value, however, with control measures adopted, the impact is expected to be low.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

Economic Impact: B<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

A. The pest could lower crop yield.<\/p>\n

B<\/strong>. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).<\/span><\/p>\n

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).<\/p>\n

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.<\/p>\n

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/p>\n

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/p>\n

5) Environmental Impact<\/strong>: Home garden plantings of Camellia<\/em> species may be impacted if the pathogen was to establish under favorable environmental conditions and in the absence of adequate disease control.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

Environment Impact: E\u00a0 <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/p>\n

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/p>\n

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/p>\n

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/p>\n

E<\/strong>. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/span><\/p>\n

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes one of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Pseudocercospora theae<\/em>: 9<\/span><\/h5>\n

Add up the total score and include it here. (Score)<\/p>\n

-Low = 5-8 points<\/p>\n

–Medium<\/strong> = 9-12 points<\/span><\/p>\n

-High = 13-15 points<\/p>\n

Total points obtained on evaluation of consequences of introduction to California = 9<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information:<\/strong> Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.<\/p>\n

Evaluation is \u2018Not established\u2019<\/span><\/em><\/strong> in California.<\/em><\/p>\n

Score: (0)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

–Not established (0)<\/strong> Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/span><\/p>\n

-Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).<\/p>\n

-Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

-High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

7) The final score is<\/strong> the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: (Score)<\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/span> <\/em><\/strong>\u00a0Score of Consequences of Introduction \u2013 Score of Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information = 9<\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Uncertainty:<\/h5>\n

There is very limited information available on the biology of Pseudocercospora theae.<\/em><\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification:<\/h5>\n

Based on the evidence provided above the proposed rating for Pseudocercospora theae<\/em> is C<\/span>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n
References:<\/h5>\n

A<\/strong>grios, G. N.\u00a0 2005.\u00a0 Plant Pathology (Fifth Edition).\u00a0 Elsevier Academic Press, USA.\u00a0 922 p.<\/p>\n

Braun, U., M. Rybak, R. Rybak, and M. G. Cabrera.\u00a0 2012.\u00a0 Foliar diseases on tea and mate in Argentina caused by Pseudocercospora<\/em> species.\u00a0 Plant Pathology & Quarantine 2 (2): 103-110. <\/strong>\u00a0Doi 10.5943\/ppq\/2\/2\/2<\/p>\n

C<\/strong>rous, P. W., U. Braun, G. C. Hunter, M. J. Wingfield, G. J. M. Verkley, H. -D. Shin, C. Nakashima and J. Z. Groenewald.\u00a0 2013.\u00a0 Phylogenetic lineage in Pseudocercospora.\u00a0 Studies in Mycology 75: 37-114. Published online: 22 May 2012; doi:10.3114\/sim0005. Hard copy: June 2013. www.studiesinmycology.org<\/a><\/p>\n

E<\/strong>PPO.\u00a0\u00a0 2018.\u00a0 \u00a0Pseudocercospora theae<\/em> (CERSTH).\u00a0 PQR database.\u00a0 Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization.\u00a0 https:\/\/gd.eppo.int\/<\/a><\/p>\n

F<\/strong>arr, D.F., & A. Y. Rossman. \u00a02016.\u00a0 Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. \u00a0Retrieved August 1, 2016, from http:\/\/nt.ars-grin.gov\/fungaldatabases\/<\/a><\/p>\n

H<\/strong>olliday, P.\u00a0 1980.\u00a0 Fungus diseases of tropical crops.\u00a0 Cambridge University Press, New York. 607 pp.<\/p>\n

P<\/strong>PQ. 2018. \u00a0DEEP report for Pseudocercospora theae <\/em>(Cavara) Deighton (Mycosphaerellaceae: Capnodiales<\/em>) \u2013 Bird\u2019s eye spot. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), Raleigh, NC. 4 pp.<\/p>\n

U<\/strong>SDA PCIT.\u00a0 2017.\u00a0 USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System. Retrieved March 21, 2018. 6:36:50 pm CDT.\u00a0 https:\/\/pcit.aphis.usda.gov\/PExD\/faces\/ReportHarmOrgs.jsp<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\n
Responsible Party:<\/h5>\n

John J. Chitambar, Primary Plant Pathologist\/Nematologist, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832. Phone: 916-262-1110, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n
*NOTE:<\/span><\/h5>\n

You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. \u00a0If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at\u00a0plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n
Comment Format:<\/h5>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s)\u00a0being commented on, as shown below.<\/p>\n

Example Comment:
\n<\/strong>Consequences of Introduction: \u00a01. Climate\/Host Interaction:\u00a0[Your comment that relates to \u201cClimate\/Host Interaction\u201d here.<\/em>]<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may not be posted if they:<\/p>\n

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to\u00a0the pest rating proposal;<\/p>\n

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\u2666 \u00a0Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the\u00a0website to be viewed, not just submitted.<\/p>\n

\n

Pest Rating: C<\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating for Pseudocercospora theae (Cavara) Deighton 1987 Pest Rating: C \u00a0 PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event:\u00a0 On March 6, 2018, the USDA APHIS PPQ requested State Regulatory Officials to review PPQ\u2019s consideration of deregulation of the pathogen, Pseudocercospora theae at US ports of entry.\u00a0 A \u2018Deregulation evaluation of established pests\u2019 report prepared by … Continue reading Pseudocercospora theae<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1117,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[671,8,4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5128","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-c-rated","category-fungi","category-plant-pathology"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-1kI","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":2425,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2425","url_meta":{"origin":5128,"position":0},"title":"Pseudocercospora smilacicola U. 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History & Status: Background:\u00a0 Pseudocercospora myrticola is a fungal plant pathogen that belongs to\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Fungi"","block_context":{"text":"Fungi","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2963,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2963","url_meta":{"origin":5128,"position":2},"title":"Pseudocercospora purpurea (Cooke) Deighton 1976","author":"Admin","date":"November 30, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Pseudocercospora purpurea (Cooke) Deighton 1976 Pest Rating: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: On November 17, 2016, USDA APHIS PPQ inquired if CDFA had conducted a pest risk assessment of the fungal pathogen, Pseudocercospora purpurea on avocados in California.\u00a0 Subsequently, the risk of infestation of P.\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Fungi"","block_context":{"text":"Fungi","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":8734,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=8734","url_meta":{"origin":5128,"position":3},"title":"Pseudocercospora fuligena (Roldan) Deighton 1976 Black leaf mold","author":"Heather.Martin","date":"August 10, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Pseudocercospora fuligena (Roldan) Deighton 1976 Black leaf moldPest Rating: A DOWNLOAD PEST RATING *NOTE You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. Posted by ta","rel":"","context":"In "A-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"A-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=669"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":5779,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=5779","url_meta":{"origin":5128,"position":4},"title":"Cercospora insulana Sacc. 1915","author":"Admin","date":"September 13, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Cercospora insulana Sacc. 1915 Pest Rating: C PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event:\u00a0 On May 11, 2018 a postal shipment of statice dried flowers showing symptoms of leaf spots was intercepted by the CDFA at a Federal Express (FedEx) office.\u00a0 The shipment was destined to a private\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "C-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"C-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=671"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1969,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1969","url_meta":{"origin":5128,"position":5},"title":"Plant Pathogens","author":"Admin","date":"May 13, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"Plant diseases can be caused by several pathogenic microorganisms including fungi, bacteria, viruses, viroids, phytoplasmas and plant parasitic nematodes. 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