{"id":5127,"date":"2018-04-06T14:41:53","date_gmt":"2018-04-06T21:41:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=5127"},"modified":"2024-04-26T10:52:36","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T17:52:36","slug":"colletotrichum-henanense","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=5127","title":{"rendered":"Colletotrichum henanense"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating for<\/h5>\n
Colletotrichum henanense <\/em>F. Liu & L. Cai 2015<\/h5>\n
Pest Rating: B<\/h5>\n
\n

\n

PEST RATING PROFILE<\/h3>\n

Initiating Event: \u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

On October 12, 2017, the California Dog Team a shipment of nuts of Castanea sativa<\/em> (European chestnut) at a parcel distribution facility in Alameda County.\u00a0 The shipment had originated in Indiana and was destined to a private citizen in Contra Costa County.\u00a0 A sample of nuts were collected by Alameda County Agricultural officials, and sent to the CDFA Plant Diagnostics Branch for Diagnosis.\u00a0 Suzanne Latham, CDFA plant pathologist detected the pathogen, Colletotrichum henanense<\/em> in culture from the nuts. The identity of the associated pathogen was later confirmed by USDA National Identification Services at Beltsville, Maryland, and marked the first domestic detection of C. henanense<\/em> in the USA.\u00a0 Consequent to the California detection, all infected plant materials were destroyed. The risk of infestation of C. henanense<\/em> in California is evaluated and a permanent rating is proposed.<\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/h5>\n

Background<\/u><\/strong>: \u00a0Colletotrichum henanense<\/em> is a distinct fungus species belonging to the vastly morphological and physiological variable C. gloeosporioides <\/em>and is genetically identified from other species of the complex. \u00a0The species was originally described in 2015 from tea plants (Camelia sinensis<\/em>) and Japanese thistle (Cirsium japonicum<\/em>) in Xinyang, Henan Province, and Beijing, China respectively (Liu et al.,<\/em> 2015).\u00a0 The pathogen causes anthracnose disease in its host plants.\u00a0 Camellia species were affected by anthracnose disease in China where the plant species are used as in production of edible oil, processed tea and as ornamentals (Li et al.,<\/em> 2018; Liu et al.,<\/em> 2015).\u00a0 The pathogen has only been reported from China until its 2017 detection in the California.<\/p>\n

Symptoms<\/em>: Generally, Colletotrichum<\/em>-infected host plants exhibit symptoms of anthracnose which include dark brown leaf, stem and fruit spots and wilting of leaves which often result in dieback and reduction in plant quality.<\/p>\n

Hosts<\/em>:\u00a0 Camellia sinensis<\/em> (tea tree), C. oleifera<\/em> (tea-oil tree.\u00a0 Theaceae); Cirsium japonicum<\/em> (Japanese thistle.\u00a0 Asteraceae) (De Silva et al., <\/em>2017; Li et al.,<\/em> 2018; Liu et al<\/em>., 2015). \u00a0The detection of Colletotrichum henanense<\/em> in Castanea sativa<\/em> (European chestnut) is included here (see: Initiating Event).<\/p>\n

Symptoms: Colletotrichum henanense<\/em> causes leaf spot symptoms. Leaf spots or lesions in tea-oil tree are semicircular or half-oval, brown to black with greyish-white centers.\u00a0 Severely infected leaves wither and drop (Li et al<\/em>., 2018).<\/p>\n

Disease Cycle: It is likely that Colletotrichum henanense<\/em> has a similar life cycle to that of other Colletotrichum<\/em> species and survives between crops during winter as mycelium on plant residue in soil, on infected plants, and on seeds.\u00a0 During active growth, the pathogen produces masses of hyphae (stromata) which bear conidiophores, on the plant surface. Conidia (spores) are produced at the tips of the conidiophores and disseminated by wind, rain, cultivation tools, equipment, and field workers.\u00a0\u00a0 Conidia are transmitted to host plants.\u00a0 Humid, wet, rainy weather is necessary for infection to occur.\u00a0 These requirements may limit the occurrence of the pathogen in California fields and subsequently, the pathogen may be more of a problem under controlled environments of greenhouses.\u00a0 Conidia germinate, penetrate host tissue by means of specialized hyphae (appresoria) and invade host tissue.<\/p>\n

Transmission: <\/em>Wind, wind-driven rain, cultivation tools, and human contact.<\/p>\n

Damage Potential:<\/em>\u00a0 In China, 40% of tea-oil tree yield loss has been suggested (Li et al<\/em>., 2018).\u00a0 A 42.5% incidence of anthracnose disease caused by C. henanense<\/em> was observed in 85 of 200 young tea-oil plants grown in a nursery in Kunming, Yunnan Province, China (Li et al.,<\/em> 2018).\u00a0 Generally, anthracnose disease can result in reduced plant quality and growth, and marketability.\u00a0 Nursery productions of Camellia and chestnut are particularly at risk as nursery conditions are often conducive to infection by Colletotrichum<\/em> species.\u00a0 In open fields, disease development may be sporadic as it is affected by levels of pathogen inoculum and environmental conditions.<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong> Asia<\/em>: China; North America:<\/em> USA (De Silva et al., <\/em>2017; Li et al.,<\/em> 2018; Liu et al<\/em>., 2015).<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/u><\/strong>: None reported.<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/u>:\u00a0<\/strong> Colletotrichum henanense <\/em>is not established in California (see \u201cInitiating Event\u201d).<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/u>:\u00a0<\/strong>The risk Colletotrichum henanense<\/em> would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:<\/h5>\n

1) Climate\/Host Interaction:<\/strong> Like other species of Colletotrichum henanense<\/em> requires humid, wet, rainy weather for conidia to infect host plants. This environmental requirement and narrow host range may limit the ability of the pathogen to fully establish and spread under dry field conditions.<\/p>\n

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.<\/p>\n

Score: 2<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/p>\n

2) Known Pest Host Range:<\/strong> Presently, the host range is limited to Camellia sinensis, C. oleifera, Cirsium japonicum<\/em>, and Castanea sativa<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the host range of the pest.<\/p>\n

Score: 1<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> has a very limited host range.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.<\/p>\n

– High (3) has a wide host range.<\/p>\n

3) Pest Dispersal Potential:<\/strong> Colletotrichum henanense<\/em> has high reproductive potential and conidia are produced successively.\u00a0 They are transmitted by wind, wind-driven rain, cultivation tools, and human contact, however, conidial germination and plant infection require long, wet periods.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest.<\/p>\n

Score: 3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

4) Economic Impact<\/strong>: Anthracnose-infected chestnut and camellia plants may result in lower crop value and market loss.\u00a0 Nursery productions of Camellia and chestnut are particularly at risk as nursery conditions are often conducive to infection by Colletotrichum<\/em>\u00a0 In open fields, disease development may be sporadic as it is affected by levels of pathogen inoculum and environmental conditions. Its economic impact is evaluated as a Medium<\/strong> <\/span>risk.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

Score: B, C<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

A. The pest could lower crop yield.<\/p>\n

B<\/strong>. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).<\/span><\/p>\n

C<\/strong>. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).<\/span><\/p>\n

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.<\/p>\n

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/p>\n

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

Economic Impact Score: 2<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes 2 of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/p>\n

5) Environmental Impact:<\/strong> Chestnut trees cultivated and growing in open environments in California are not expected to be significantly affected by Colletotrichum henanense<\/em> due to the high moisture conditions required for the development of the pathogen.\u00a0 However, under humid and moist environments, the pathogen may be more of a problem particularly in ornamental plantings of Camellia<\/em> in home\/urban and private\/public settings.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

Environmental Impact: E<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/p>\n

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/p>\n

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/p>\n

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/p>\n

E<\/strong>. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/span><\/p>\n

Environmental Impact Score: 2 <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes one of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Colletotrichum henanense<\/em>:\u00a0 10<\/span><\/h5>\n

Add up the total score and include it here.<\/p>\n

-Low = 5-8 points<\/p>\n

–Medium<\/strong> = 9-12 points<\/span><\/p>\n

-High = 13-15 points<\/p>\n

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information<\/strong>: Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Evaluation is <\/em><\/strong>\u2018Not Established’<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Score (0)<\/span>. <\/strong>Colletotrichum henanense<\/em> is not known to be established in California and is known only from its detected in an intercepted shipment of chestnut. <\/strong><\/p>\n

–Not established (0)<\/strong> Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/span><\/p>\n

-Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).<\/p>\n

-Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

-High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

7) The final score is<\/strong> the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: (Score)<\/p>\n

Final Score: <\/em><\/strong><\/span>\u00a0Score of Consequences of Introduction \u2013 Score of Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information = 10.<\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Uncertainty:<\/h5>\n

None.<\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification:<\/h5>\n

Based on the evidence provided above the proposed rating for the anthracnose pathogen, Colletotrichum henanense<\/em>, is B<\/span>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n
References:<\/h5>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>D<\/strong>e Silva, D. D., P. K. Ades, P. W. Crous and P. W. J. Taylor.\u00a0 2017. \u00a0Colletotrichum<\/em> species associated with chili anthracnose in Australia.\u00a0 Plant Pathology 66 (2): 254-267.<\/p>\n

F<\/strong>arr, D. F., and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases, U.S. National Fungus Collections, ARS, USDA. Retrieved March 16, 2018, from https:\/\/nt.ars-grin.gov\/fungaldatabases\/<\/p>\n

Li, H., G. Y. Zhou, X. Y. Qi and S. Q. Jiang.\u00a0 2018.\u00a0 First report of Colletotrichum<\/em> henanense<\/em> causing anthracnose on tea-oil trees in China.\u00a0 Plant Disease \u201cFirst Look\u201d paper, accepted for publication, posted 01\/03\/2018. <\/strong>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1094\/PDIS-08-17-1302-PDN<\/a>\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Liu, F., Weir, B.S., Damm, U., Crous, P.W., Wang, Y., Liu, B., Wang, M., Zhang, M., and Cai, L.<\/strong>\u00a02015. Unravelling\u00a0Colletotrichum<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0species associated with\u00a0Camellia<\/em><\/strong>: employing ApMat and GS loci to resolve species in the\u00a0C. gloeosporioides<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0complex. Persoonia 35: 63-86.<\/p>\n

\n
Responsible Party:<\/h5>\n

John J. Chitambar, Primary Plant Pathologist\/Nematologist, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832. Phone: 916-262-1110, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n
*NOTE:<\/span><\/h5>\n

You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. \u00a0If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at\u00a0plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n
Comment Format:<\/h5>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s)\u00a0being commented on, as shown below.<\/p>\n

Example Comment:
\n<\/strong>Consequences of Introduction: \u00a01. Climate\/Host Interaction:\u00a0[Your comment that relates to \u201cClimate\/Host Interaction\u201d here.<\/em>]<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may not be posted if they:<\/p>\n

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to\u00a0the pest rating proposal;<\/p>\n

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic,\u00a0sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal\u00a0material;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms\u00a0of discrimination;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the\u00a0website to be viewed, not just submitted.<\/p>\n

\n

Pest Rating: B<\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating for Colletotrichum henanense F. Liu & L. Cai 2015 Pest Rating: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: \u00a0 On October 12, 2017, the California Dog Team a shipment of nuts of Castanea sativa (European chestnut) at a parcel distribution facility in Alameda County.\u00a0 The shipment had originated in Indiana and was destined … Continue reading Colletotrichum henanense<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1117,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[670,8,4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5127","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-b-rated","category-fungi","category-plant-pathology"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-1kH","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":1047,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1047","url_meta":{"origin":5127,"position":0},"title":"Colletotrichum petchii Damm, P. 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