{"id":4403,"date":"2018-01-17T15:09:19","date_gmt":"2018-01-17T23:09:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=4403"},"modified":"2018-03-07T16:11:35","modified_gmt":"2018-03-08T00:11:35","slug":"black-pine-bark-beetle-hylastes-ater-paykull","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=4403","title":{"rendered":"Black Pine Bark Beetle | Hylastes ater (Paykull)"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating for<\/h5>\n
Black Pine Bark Beetle | Hylastes ater <\/em>(Paykull)<\/h5>\n
Pest Rating: A<\/h5>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

PEST RATING PROFILE<\/h3>\n

Initiating Event:<\/h5>\n

Hylastes ater <\/em>is currently Q-rated.\u00a0 A permanent pest rating proposal is required to support an official pest rating.<\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/h5>\n

Background<\/u><\/strong>: Hylastes ater<\/em> is fairly large (3.5-4.4 mm long) sized for a bark beetle.\u00a0 The beetle is dark in color, almost black.\u00a0 Hylastes ater<\/em> larval feeding appears to be limited to the roots and stumps of already-cut conifers (mostly pine, Pinus<\/em> spp.).\u00a0 Adults burrow into the phloem (inner bark), forming tunnels in which the larvae feed.\u00a0 Feeding by newly-emerged adult bark beetles takes place in seedlings.\u00a0 As is commonly the case with bark beetles, multiple species of fungi are associated with H. ater<\/em>.\u00a0 Sapstain fungi may be transferred to recently-cut logs by adult H. ater<\/em> through their feeding.\u00a0 This fungus can decrease the value of wood.<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/u><\/strong>:<\/strong> Hylastes ater<\/em> is native to a large portion of the Palearctic, including much of Europe.\u00a0 The species has been introduced to Australia, Chile, New Zealand, and South Africa.<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/u>:<\/strong> This species is considered a quarantine pest by Canada.<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/u>: <\/strong>\u00a0This species is not known to be present in California.<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/u>:<\/strong> Hylastes ater<\/em> has been intercepted in California on Pinus radiata<\/em> wood from New Zealand (PDR # 1166010 and 1059432).<\/p>\n

The risk Hylastes ater <\/em>would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:<\/h5>\n

1) Climate\/Host Interaction:<\/strong> Hylastes ater<\/em> is widely distributed in the Palearctic, and has demonstrated its ability to be introduced successfully to various localities, including Australia, Chile, and New Zealand. This species feeds on pines, which occur throughout California.\u00a0 Therefore, Hylastes ater<\/em> receives a High (3)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

\u2013 Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.<\/p>\n

\u2013 Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.<\/p>\n

\u2013 High (3)<\/strong> likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/span><\/p>\n

2) Known Pest Host Range: <\/strong>Hylastes ater<\/em> has been reported to feed on many species of pines as well as other coniferous trees. Therefore, it receives a Medium (2)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

\u2013 Low (1) has a very limited host range.<\/p>\n

\u2013 Medium (2)<\/strong> has a moderate host range.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2013 High (3) has a wide host range.<\/p>\n

3) Pest Dispersal Potential:<\/strong> Hylastes ater<\/em> flies, and has successfully been introduced to several countries. Adults are strongly attracted to freshly-cut logs, which means these beetles are likely to be present on logs\/firewood that are not removed immediately after cutting.\u00a0 This would enable the beetles to be moved with the logs\/firewood.\u00a0 Therefore, it receives a Medium (2)<\/span><\/strong> in this category.<\/p>\n

\u2013 Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

\u2013 Medium (2)<\/strong> has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2013 High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

4) Economic Impact:<\/strong> Hylastes ater<\/em> has been reported to cause heavy mortality of pine seedlings in New Zealand, primarily as a result of the feeding of newly emerged adults described above.\u00a0 There is some evidence that healthy seedlings are generally not damaged or killed as a result of this feeding, and that it is only otherwise-compromised seedlings that are affected.\u00a0 Assuming that healthy seedlings are damaged or killed, the introduction of ater<\/em> to California could impact the timber industry through increasing production costs, both through loss of seedlings as well as infection of logs by sapstain fungi.\u00a0 Timing of cutting or harvesting of timber could require modification, to avoid the beetles.\u00a0 Therefore, it receives a High (3)<\/span><\/strong> in this category.<\/p>\n

Economic Impact:\u00a0 B, D, E<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

A. The pest could lower crop yield.<\/p>\n

B<\/strong>. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).<\/span><\/p>\n

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).<\/p>\n

D<\/strong>. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.<\/span><\/p>\n

E<\/strong>. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/span><\/p>\n

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

Economic Impact Score: 3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2013 Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

\u2013 Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

\u2013 High (3)<\/strong> causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

5) Environmental Impact:<\/strong> There does not appear to be any evidence that Hylastes ater<\/em> has a significant environmental impact in any of the areas to which it has been introduced. Any significant damage to pine seedlings in timber operations may be related to the artificially higher density of food sources (wood waste) and resulting high densities of adult beetles.\u00a0 However, it is possible that this species could have a different impact in California if it was introduced here.\u00a0 There is also a possibility that the species could carry a fungal pathogen to which California trees are susceptible.\u00a0 Forest ecosystems and rare California conifers could be affected.\u00a0 Therefore, it receives a High (3)<\/span><\/strong> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

Environmental Impact:\u00a0 A,B<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

A<\/strong>. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/span><\/p>\n

B<\/strong>. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/span><\/p>\n

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/p>\n

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/p>\n

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/p>\n

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:<\/p>\n

Environmental Impact Score:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2013 Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

\u2013 Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

\u2013 High (3)<\/strong> causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Hylastes ater<\/em>: High (13)<\/span><\/strong><\/h5>\n

Add up the total score and include it here.<\/p>\n

\u2013Low = 5-8 points<\/p>\n

\u2013Medium = 9-12 points<\/p>\n

\u2013High<\/strong> = 13-15 points<\/span><\/p>\n

6)<\/strong> Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information:<\/strong> Hylastes ater<\/em> is not known to be present in California.\u00a0 It receives a Not established (0)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

\u2013Not established (0)<\/strong> Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2013Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).<\/p>\n

\u2013Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

\u2013High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (13)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Uncertainty:<\/h5>\n

Besides any damage to already-cut timber by the transmitted fungi, the only evidence so far of damage resulting from this beetle is the feeding by newly emerged adults on tree seedlings.\u00a0 There appears to be some uncertainty regarding the ability of the adults to injure or kill healthy pine seedlings; some research suggests that injured\/killed seedlings were originally in poor health prior to being fed upon.<\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification:<\/h5>\n

Hylastes ater<\/em> is a bark beetle that is not known to occur in the United States and has the potential to impact the timber industry through direct feeding damage of seedlings or transmission of pathogenic fungi.\u00a0 There could be environmental impacts as well.\u00a0 In addition, there are pine species in California (some of them rare) that this bark beetle has not encountered before, and the behavior (including damage) of the beetle could be different from what has been observed to date in other parts of the world.\u00a0 An \u201cA\u201d<\/strong> rating is justified.<\/p>\n

\n
References:<\/h5>\n

Bain, J., Berndt, L., and B. Gresham.\u00a0 2009.\u00a0 Forest and timber insects in New Zealand.\u00a0 Number 29: Black pine bark beetle. http:\/\/www.nzffa.org.nz\/farm-forestry-model\/the-essentials\/forest-health-pests-and-diseases\/Pests\/Hylastes-ater\/Hylastes-aterEnt29<\/a><\/p>\n

CABI.\u00a0 2017.\u00a0 Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org\/isc<\/a><\/p>\n

EPPO.\u00a0 2017.\u00a0 EPPO Global Database (available online).\u00a0 Accessed 21 September 2017. https:\/\/gd.eppo.int<\/a><\/p>\n

Kliejunas, J.T, Burdsall Jr., H.H., DeNitto, G.A., Eglitis, A., Haugen, D.A., Haverty, M.I., and J.A. Micales.\u00a0 2006.\u00a0 Pest risk assessment of the importation into the United States of unprocessed Pinus<\/em> logs and chips from Australia.\u00a0 United States Department of Agriculture.\u00a0 159 pp.<\/p>\n

Reay, S.D., Glare, T.R., and M. Brownbridge.\u00a0 2012.\u00a0 Hylastes ater<\/em> (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) affecting Pinus radiata<\/em> seedling establishment in New Zealand.\u00a0 Psyche.\u00a0 2012: 1-9.<\/p>\n

Wood, S.L.\u00a0 1982.\u00a0 The bark and ambrosia beetles of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a taxonomic monograph.\u00a0 Brigham Young University.\u00a0 1359 pp.<\/p>\n

Wood, S.L.\u00a0 2007.\u00a0 Bark and ambrosia beetles of South America.\u00a0 Brigham Young University.\u00a0 900 pp.<\/p>\n

\n
Author:<\/h5>\n

Kyle Beucke, 1220 N Street, Room 221, Sacramento, CA, 95814, 916-403-6741, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov<\/p>\n

Responsible Party:<\/h5>\n

Jason Leathers, 2800 Gateway Oaks Drive, Sacramento CA 95833, (916) 654-1211;\u00a0\u00a0plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n
Comment Period:* CLOSED<\/span><\/h5>\n

1\/17\/2018 \u2013 3\/3\/2018<\/p>\n

\n
*NOTE:<\/span><\/h5>\n

You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. \u00a0If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at\u00a0plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n
Comment Format:<\/h5>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s)\u00a0being commented on, as shown below.<\/p>\n

Example Comment:
\n<\/strong>Consequences of Introduction: \u00a01. Climate\/Host Interaction:\u00a0[Your comment that relates to \u201cClimate\/Host Interaction\u201d here.<\/em>]<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may not be posted if they:<\/p>\n

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to\u00a0the pest rating proposal;<\/p>\n

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic,\u00a0sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal\u00a0material;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms\u00a0of discrimination;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the\u00a0website to be viewed, not just submitted.<\/p>\n

\n

Pest Rating: A<\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating for Black Pine Bark Beetle | Hylastes ater (Paykull) Pest Rating: A   PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: Hylastes ater is currently Q-rated.\u00a0 A permanent pest rating proposal is required to support an official pest rating. History & Status: Background: Hylastes ater is fairly large (3.5-4.4 mm long) sized for a bark … Continue reading Black Pine Bark Beetle | Hylastes ater (Paykull)<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":325,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[15,5],"tags":[631,184,638,52],"class_list":["post-4403","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-coleoptera","category-entomology","tag-black-pine-bark-beetle","tag-coleoptera","tag-hylastes-ater","tag-insects-and-mites"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-191","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":3248,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=3248","url_meta":{"origin":4403,"position":0},"title":"Phloeotribus scarabaeoides (Bernard): Olive Bark Beetle (OBB)","author":"Jason Leathers","date":"January 19, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Phloeotribus scarabaeoides (Bernard): Olive Bark Beetle (OBB) Coleoptera: Cucurlionidae Pest Rating: \u00a0B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: On October 18, 2016 Dr. Andrew Cline identified a sample of bark beetles obtained from an olive tree at a grape vineyard in Riverside County as Phloeotribus scarabaeoides, the\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Coleoptera"","block_context":{"text":"Coleoptera","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=15"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":5135,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=5135","url_meta":{"origin":4403,"position":1},"title":"Dwarf Siberian pine beetle | Dryocoetes pini","author":"Kyle Beucke","date":"April 9, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating\u00a0 for Dwarf Siberian Pine Beetle | Dryocoetes pini Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae Pest Rating: A \u00a0 PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: Dryocoetes pini is currently Q-rated.\u00a0 A permanent pest rating proposal is required to support an official pest rating. History & Status: Background: This bark beetle measures approximately\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "A-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"A-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=669"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":4409,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=4409","url_meta":{"origin":4403,"position":2},"title":"Small Spruce Bark Beetle | Polygraphus poligraphus (L.)","author":"Kyle Beucke","date":"January 16, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Small Spruce Bark Beetle |\u00a0\u00a0Polygraphus poligraphus (L.) Coleoptera Pest Rating: A \u00a0 PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: Polygraphus poligraphus is currently Q-rated.\u00a0 A permanent pest rating proposal is required to support an official pest rating. History & Status: Background: Polygraphus poligraphus has been reported to feed\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Coleoptera"","block_context":{"text":"Coleoptera","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=15"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":4401,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=4401","url_meta":{"origin":4403,"position":3},"title":"Bark Beetle | Coccotrypes rutschuruensis Eggers","author":"Kyle Beucke","date":"January 16, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Bark Beetle | Coccotrypes rutschuruensis Eggers Pest Rating: A \u00a0 PEST RATING PROFILE \u00a0 Initiating Event: In 1987, beetles were found mining the bases of seedlings of the palm, Howea forsteriana, in Orange County (PDR # 821414).\u00a0 The beetles were identified as Coccotrypes rutschuruensis (misspelled in\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Coleoptera"","block_context":{"text":"Coleoptera","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=15"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1954,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1954","url_meta":{"origin":4403,"position":4},"title":"Insects, Mites & Earthworms","author":"Admin","date":"May 13, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"Insects and mites are related in that their skeletons are on the outside (Phyllum: Arthropoda), but differ in that adult insects have six legs and adult mites have eight.\u00a0 Both groups can be beneficial, neutral or destructive to their environment.\u00a0 Like nematodes, they can cause yearly losses in the billions\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Ratings"","block_context":{"text":"Ratings","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=333"},"img":{"alt_text":"Insects and Mites Banner","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/insects-and-mites-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/insects-and-mites-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/insects-and-mites-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/insects-and-mites-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":4411,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=4411","url_meta":{"origin":4403,"position":5},"title":"A Bark Beetle | Pycnarthrum hispidum (Ferrari)","author":"Kyle Beucke","date":"January 16, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for A Bark Beetle | Pycnarthrum hispidum (Ferrari) Coleoptera Pest Rating: C \u00a0 PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: Pycnarthrum hispidum is currently Q-rated.\u00a0 A permanent pest rating proposal is required to support an official pest rating. 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