{"id":4338,"date":"2018-01-05T13:01:51","date_gmt":"2018-01-05T21:01:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=4338"},"modified":"2022-04-29T15:47:19","modified_gmt":"2022-04-29T22:47:19","slug":"manchurian-wild-rice-zizania-latifolia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=4338","title":{"rendered":"Manchurian Wild Rice | Zizania latifolia"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating\u00a0 for<\/strong><\/h5>\n
\"Machurian<\/a>
Click on image for photo citation<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
Manchurian Wild Rice |\u00a0Zizania latifolia<\/em><\/h5>\n
Pest Rating: A |\u00a0<\/strong>Proposed Seed Rating: R<\/strong><\/h5>\n
\n

PEST RATING PROFILE<\/h3>\n

Initiating Event: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

This plant was been detected in California in 2017.<\/p>\n

History & Status: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Zizania latifolia<\/em> is a large perennial grass growing to 3.5 m.\u00a0 It is hardy in warm temperate and subtropical areas. It flowers from July to September, and the seeds ripen soon thereafter. The flowers are bisexual. It is adaptable to many soil types and can even grow in shallow water once established. Z\u00a0latifolia<\/em> typically grows in dense, long-lived stands on land and water margins, overtopping other riparian species. It is extremely tolerant of damage, grazing, cold or heat, wind, fire, different soil types, moderate shade and moderate salinity.<\/p>\n

Although Z. latifolia <\/em>was once grown in China as a grain crop, it is now almost exclusively grown as a vegetable. The swollen stem bases, infected with the smut fungus Ustilago esculenta<\/em>, are eaten as a vegetable by the Chinese. They must be harvested before the fungus starts to produce spores, as the stems deteriorate once the smut reaches reproductive maturity.<\/p>\n

Official Control:<\/em><\/strong> Z. latifolia<\/em> has been eradicated in California and other states as it serves as a host to a fungus that could infect North American native wild rice species (e.g., Z. aquatica<\/em>). Importation of the stems to the United States is prohibited in order to protect the North American Zizania<\/em> from the fungus. A small plot of smut-infested Z. latifolia<\/em> was discovered growing near Modesto, CA in 1991; it was destroyed to prevent the spread of the smut.<\/p>\n

California Distribution:<\/strong>\u00a0 Z. latifolia <\/em>is not known to be naturalized in California, but it is being cultivated in Riverside County.<\/p>\n

California Interceptions: <\/strong>Z. latifolia <\/em>was recently submitted to CDFA from a cultivated field in Riverside County.<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution: <\/strong>Z. latifolia <\/em>is native to China, Northeastern India, Japan, Korea, Myanmar, and southern Russia where is grown as a vegetable. It is cultivated in Southeast Asia as well. It is naturalized in several other areas. It is unknown whether it is not invasive in these areas despite naturalization, or its invasiveness is ignored due to its long cultivation. Z. latifolia<\/em> was accidentally introduced into New Zealand where it has become a serious wetland weed in the coastal zone of the North Island. It was also introduced into Hawaii, where it may not have persisted.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h5>\n

1) Climate\/Host Interaction:<\/strong> Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. The risk is Medium (2)<\/strong><\/span>, as the plant could occur in wetlands in warmer areas. Areas such as the Delta as well as irrigation canals and watering ponds might be potential habitat for this plant in California.<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/p>\n

2) Known Pest Host Range: <\/strong>Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score: 3 The risk is High (3)<\/strong><\/span> as weeds do not require any one host, but grow wherever ecological conditions are favorable.<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> has a very limited host range.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> has a moderate host range.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has a wide host range.<\/span><\/p>\n

3)\u00a0Pest Dispersal Potential: <\/strong>Risk is High (3)<\/span><\/strong>. The plant spreads vegetatively via rhizomes and produces numerous seeds. Under the right conditions it can spread rapidly in water. The seeds can spread on boats and equipment. Birds may also spread the seed.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest:<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

4) Economic Impact: <\/strong>If it invaded wet meadows (as in New Zealand) or rice fields, it could lower yields and choke out desired plants. It can grow in irrigation ditches and reduce water delivery and access. The swollen stem bases, infected with the smut fungus Ustilago esculenta<\/em>, are eaten as a vegetable by the Chinese. There is concern that esculenta <\/em>could spread from Z. latifolia<\/em> to native North American species of Zizania<\/em> (e.g., Z. aquatica<\/em>) that produce commercial wild rice. Z. aquatica<\/em> is not native to California, but over 16,000 acres of wild rice was grown in California in 2006, making it the largest producer of wild rice in the world.<\/p>\n

Economic<\/strong> Impact 4: A, D, E, & G<\/span>. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Evaluate the likely economic impacts of the pest to California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

A<\/strong>. The pest could lower crop yield.<\/span><\/p>\n

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).<\/p>\n

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).<\/p>\n

D<\/strong>. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.<\/span><\/p>\n

E<\/strong>. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/span><\/p>\n

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G<\/strong>. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/span><\/p>\n

The potential Economic Impact is<\/strong> High (3)<\/span>:<\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes 2 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

5) Environmental Impact<\/strong>: Under favorable circumstances, latifolia<\/em> forms permanent stands along water margins and moist meadows of nothing but Zizania latifolia<\/em>, replacing all other species. It can increase siltation, altering water systems, increase the impact of flooding and destroying habitat for aquatic fauna and flora. The impact is potentially High (3)<\/span>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Environmental Impact 3: A, C, & D<\/strong><\/p>\n

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

A<\/strong>. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/span><\/p>\n

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/p>\n

C<\/strong>. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/span><\/p>\n

D<\/strong>. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/span><\/p>\n

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/p>\n

Environmental Impact Score: 3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> causes none of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes one of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Zizania latifolia<\/em>:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Add up the total score and include it here. High<\/strong> (14)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

–Low<\/strong> = 5-8 points<\/p>\n

–Medium<\/strong> = 9-12 points<\/p>\n

–High<\/strong> = 13-15 points<\/span><\/p>\n

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information:<\/strong> Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.
\nScore: 0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

–Not established (0) <\/strong>Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/span><\/p>\n

–Low (-1)<\/strong> Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).<\/p>\n

–Medium (-2)<\/strong> Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

–High (-3)<\/strong> Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

Final Score<\/h5>\n

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (14) <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Uncertainty:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

There is <\/strong>moderate uncertainty, as the plant has established and become invasive in New Zealand, but similar conditions occur in limited areas of California. It is native to eastern Asia and widely naturalized beyond its natural range, yet it is not cited as a weed of rice paddies despite being seemingly well adapted to these conditions.<\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

A potentially significant weed in CA of both natural wetlands, wet crop lands and irrigation canals. It is also a carrier of a fungus that could attack and seriously reduce productivity of wild rice. Despite some uncertainty, an A rating is justified given the potential risks.<\/p>\n

\n
References: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Baldwin, B. G., D. H. Goldman, D. J. Keil, R. Patterson, T. J. Rosatti, and D. H. Wilken, editors. 2012. The Jepson manual: vascular plants of California, second edition. University of California Press, Berkeley.<\/p>\n

CDFA Pest Damage Report 331PO6200067 dated 10\/19\/2017.<\/p>\n

CDFA Pest Damage Report 331PO6200069 dated 10\/20\/2017.<\/p>\n

Chen, S., Li, D., Zhu, G., Wu, Z., Lu, S., Liu, L., et al. 2006. Zizania<\/em> in\u00a0Flora of China, Vol. 22. Z. Y. Wu & P. H. Raven eds. Beijing; St. Louis, MO: Science Press, Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Pp. 186\u2013187.<\/p>\n

Duke, J. A. 1983. Handbook of Energy Crops: Zizania aquatica<\/em> L. Accessed online 11\/9\/2017: https:\/\/www.hort.purdue.edu\/newcrop\/duke_energy\/Zizania_aquatica.html<\/a><\/p>\n

Larkcom J.\u00a0Oriental Vegetables<\/em>\u00a0John Murray 1991 ISBN 0-7195-4781-4<\/p>\n

Global Invasive Species Database. Species profile:\u00a0Zizania latifolia<\/em>. Accessed on on 11\/8\/2017:\u00a0 http:\/\/www.iucngisd.org\/gisd\/species.php?sc=866<\/a><\/p>\n

Ohwi, J. 1984. Flora of Japan. F. G. Meyer & E. G. Walker, eds. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C.<\/p>\n

Tanaka. T.\u00a0Tanaka’s Cyclopaedia of Edible Plants of the World.<\/em>\u00a0Keigaku Publishing 1976<\/p>\n

Terrell, E. E. & L. R. Batra. 1982.\u00a0 Zizania latifolia<\/em> and Ustilago esculenta<\/em>, a grass-fungus association. Economic Botany 36: 274\u201385.<\/p>\n

Wagner, W. L. D. R Herbst and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai`i, Volume 1. University of Hawai’i and Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.<\/p>\n

Weedbusters Plant Profile: Manchurian Wild Rice. Accessed 11\/8\/2017:\u00a0http:\/\/www.weedbusters.org.nz\/weed-information\/zizania-latifolia\/59\/<\/a><\/p>\n

Photo credit:<\/strong> National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA), New Zealand<\/p>\n

\n
Responsible Party:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Dean G. Kelch, Primary Botanist; California Department of Food and Agriculture; 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA 95814; Tel. (916) 403-6650;\u00a0\u00a0plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n
*NOTE:<\/span><\/h5>\n

You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. \u00a0If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at\u00a0plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n
Comment Format:<\/h5>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s)\u00a0being commented on, as shown below.<\/p>\n

Example Comment:
\n<\/strong>Consequences of Introduction: \u00a01. Climate\/Host Interaction:\u00a0[Your comment that relates to \u201cClimate\/Host Interaction\u201d here.<\/em>]<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may not be posted if they:<\/p>\n

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to\u00a0the pest rating proposal;<\/p>\n

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic,\u00a0sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal\u00a0material;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms\u00a0of discrimination;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the\u00a0website to be viewed, not just submitted.<\/p>\n

\n

Pest Rating: A |\u00a0<\/strong>Proposed Seed Rating: R<\/strong><\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating\u00a0 for Manchurian Wild Rice |\u00a0Zizania latifolia Pest Rating: A |\u00a0Proposed Seed Rating: R PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: This plant was been detected in California in 2017. History & Status: Zizania latifolia is a large perennial grass growing to 3.5 m.\u00a0 It is hardy in warm temperate and subtropical areas. It flowers … Continue reading Manchurian Wild Rice | Zizania latifolia<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[7],"tags":[615,85,616],"class_list":["post-4338","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-plants","tag-manchurian-wild-rice","tag-weeds","tag-zizania-latifolia"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-17Y","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":4271,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=4271","url_meta":{"origin":4338,"position":0},"title":"Ustilago esculenta","author":"Admin","date":"December 1, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Ustilago esculenta Henn. 1895 PEST RATING: A PEST RISK PROFILE Initiating Event: \u00a0\u00a0 On October 19 and 20, 2017, Manchurian wild rice plants with slightly swollen lower stems, were collected by Riverside County Agricultural officials, from a private company, in Riverside County and sent to the\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Fungi"","block_context":{"text":"Fungi","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1958,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1958","url_meta":{"origin":4338,"position":1},"title":"Weeds","author":"Admin","date":"May 13, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 Weeds are simply an unwanted plant in the wrong place, at the right time.\u00a0 The weeds can directly and indirectly impact agricultural crops and are just as costly to the environment as any other unwanted species. 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History & Status: Winged water-primrose is an invasive weed that was identified in Butte County rice fields in 2011. Most\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Weeds"","block_context":{"text":"Weeds","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=7"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":802,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=802","url_meta":{"origin":4338,"position":3},"title":"Jointvetch | Aeschynomene spp.","author":"Dean Kelch","date":"April 8, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Jointvetch | Aeschynomene spp. Rosidae; Fabales; Fabaceae Pest Rating: A \u00a0| \u00a0Proposed\u00a0Seed Rating: P PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: A. rudis has been rated as \u201cA\u201d on the CDFA Plant Pest Rating List after being detected in a rice field in California. History & Status: Jointvetches\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Weeds"","block_context":{"text":"Weeds","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=7"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1179,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1179","url_meta":{"origin":4338,"position":4},"title":"Sarocladium oryzae (Sawada) W. Gams & D. Hawksworth","author":"Admin","date":"October 12, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Sarocladium oryzae (Sawada) W. Gams & D. Hawksworth Pest Rating: A PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: In August 2014, during a routine Controlled Import Permit inspection, Anthony Jackson, USDA APHIS PPQ WR, sampled rice seedlings imported from Spain and grown under post quarantine permit conditions in\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Fungi"","block_context":{"text":"Fungi","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2242,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2242","url_meta":{"origin":4338,"position":5},"title":"Jointed Bulrush | Schoenoplectus articulatus (L.) Palla","author":"Dean Kelch","date":"June 30, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Jointed bulrush\u00a0 |\u00a0 Schoenoplectus articulatus (L.) Palla Family: Cyperaceae Synonym: Scirpus articulatus L. Pest\u00a0Rating: D | \u00a0Proposed\u00a0Seed Rating: N\/A PEST RATING PROFILE \u00a0Initiating Event: This plant recently has been detected in dried flower arrangements coming from India to California. 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