{"id":4314,"date":"2018-01-04T14:31:05","date_gmt":"2018-01-04T22:31:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=4314"},"modified":"2024-04-26T10:53:58","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T17:53:58","slug":"cucumber-green-mottle-mosaic-virus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=4314","title":{"rendered":"Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus"},"content":{"rendered":"
\u00a0California Pest Rating for<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pest Rating: A<\/strong><\/h5>\n
\n
PEST RATING PROFILE<\/h5>\n
Initiating Event: \u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

On December 15, 2017, Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus<\/em> (CGMMV) was detected in a watermelon seed sample submitted by the USDA to the CDFA Plant Pathology Lab, and collected from a seed company\u2019s storage facility outside of California. The seed crop was produced in California.\u00a0 The seed company had originally identified the pathogen and reported its findings to the USDA.\u00a0 An official identification of CGMMV was made by Tongyan Tian, CDFA plant pathologist.\u00a0 Subsequent investigations are currently underway.\u00a0 CGMMV is a Federal Actionable Pathogen regulated by USDA.\u00a0 Currently, both agencies consider CGMMV a quarantine pathogen that is temporary, transitional and under eradication, and therefore, not established within California or anywhere else in the United States.\u00a0 The current status and rating for the pathogen is reassessed here.<\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background:<\/u>\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus<\/em> is an economically important, seed transmitted pathogen known to cause significant losses in cucurbitaceous crop production in many cucurbit growing regions globally. All cucurbits are susceptible to the virus, although some are more tolerant than others (Falk et al.,<\/em> 2017).<\/p>\n

Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus<\/em> was originally described from the United Kingdom in 1935.\u00a0 Since then, it has spread to several other regions mostly within Europe, Asia and the Middle East, most likely due to its seed-borne nature and trade of cucurbit seed from CGMMV-infected regions to non-infected regions globally.\u00a0 CGMMV has also been recorded in Nigeria, Africa (Falk et al.,<\/em> 2017) and a possible detection of CGMMV in melon was reported from Brazil, South America, however, this record has not been confirmed (Choudhury & Lin, 1982).<\/p>\n

The pathogen was first reported from North America in 2013, from California, USA and from Alberta, Canada.\u00a0 A detailed account of its first and subsequent detections in California is given below (see \u2018Detections in California\u2019<\/em>).\u00a0 The first report of CGMMV in Alberta, Canada, was of infected mini-cucumber crops grown in greenhouse. The disease had been previously found in greenhouses in Ontario, British Columbia (Ling et al<\/em>., 2014; Zhang et al<\/em>., 2014).\u00a0 In 2014, CGMMV was reported for the first time from Australia on detection of the pathogen in commercial farm-grown watermelon plants in the Northern Territory, and in 2015 and 2016 was subsequently confirmed in Queensland and Western Australia respectively (QDAF, 2017).<\/p>\n

Biology<\/em>: The virus is a species in the genus Tobamovirus<\/em> (to which also belongs the well-known Tobacco mosaic virus<\/em>).\u00a0 The species has a positive single-stranded RNA genome and coat protein, comprised in rod-shaped particles (virions).\u00a0 Several strains or isolates of CGMMV have been reported from different countries.\u00a0 All strains of the virus are extremely stable in plant sap.\u00a0 Infectivity is lost at 86-100 C (Type strain at 90 C) depending on viral strain. In California, although the precise source or origin of CGMMV has not been determined, research showed that the 2013 detection in Yolo County and the 2014 detections in commercial seedless watermelon production fields represented two separate introductions, as genetic analysis of those two isolates were distinct from each other (Falk et al.,<\/em> 2017).\u00a0 The California 2013 CGMMV isolate showed 95% DNA sequence identity to those isolates reported from Russia, Spain, and Israel (Tian et al<\/em>., 2014), whereas, the California 2014 CGMMV isolates and the Canada CGMMV isolates showed very similar DNA sequence identity, thereby, suggesting that they may have originated from the same source (Falk et al<\/em>., 2017). The Canada CGMMV isolate showed strong sequence identity to the CGMMV Asian isolates thereby, suggesting their likely Asian origin (Zhang et al.,<\/em> 2014; Ling et al<\/em>., 2015).<\/p>\n

Detections in California:\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>In the USA, cucumber green mottle mosaic virus<\/em> has only been detected in California, from 2013 to 2017.\u00a0 An up-to-date account is given of those detections and subsequent regulatory actions.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>In 2013, the Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus<\/em> (CGMMV) was detected in a melon field (Cucumis melo<\/em> var. Saski) in Yolo County during a phytosanitary inspection for seed production.\u00a0 The pathogen was identified by Tongyan Tian, CDFA Plant Pathologist, and confirmed by the USDA APHIS.\u00a0 This detection marked the first record of the pathogen in California and in the United States (Tian et al<\/em>., 2014; USDA APHIS, 2013; CDFA-PEA, 2013).\u00a0\u00a0 Three contiguous fields planted to cucumber (2 fields) and watermelon (1 field), were also determined as positive for CGMMV.\u00a0 Subsequent trace back investigations revealed that the source seed for the Yolo County melon site was grown in a seed lot in Sutter County in 2012 and later, was found positive for CGMMV. The 2013 trace back also revealed that in 2012, two sites in Sutter County produced a total of 6 melon, watermelon and cucumber seed lots, of which site 1 was positive for CGMMV in all three cucurbit hosts while site 2 was negative.\u00a0 Those two sites are currently planted to non-hosts of CGMMV, and in 2013, volunteer cucumber plants in site 1 tested negative for CGMMV.\u00a0\u00a0 Two foreign sources of melon and cucumber seed lots planted in the two Sutter County sites were identified as Chile and Romania: no (melon) seed remained for testing from the Chilean source and the Romanian cucumber seed tested positive for CGMMV.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 As for the 2013 Yolo County CGMMV positive site, County and State approved abatement measures were implemented.\u00a0\u00a0 Eventually, wheat, a non-host, was grown at the site and in 2014, volunteer melon plants tested positive, while volunteer watermelon plants were negative.\u00a0 Monitoring of volunteer plants was implemented and those in the field are treated with herbicide and biodegraded. \u00a0Furthermore, in 2013, approximately 120 trace forward seed lots were evaluated for risk of potential infection with CGMMV.\u00a0 Pathways identified as possible risk links for potential CGMMV infection were source seed, shared irrigation, proximity to a positive detection, mechanical transmission (equipment and workers), and seed processing operational steps.\u00a0 Trace-forward investigations revealed that 2012 Sutter County melon seeds infested with CGMMV had been shipped to Romania and Africa.\u00a0 Thirty-four trace forward and trace back seed lots were sampled and tested for CGMMV of which 3 were positive for the pathogen.\u00a0 In 2014, additional cucumber seed lots belonging to the 2013 trace forward lots in Sutter County tested negative for CGMMV.<\/p>\n

In 2014, during August and September, CGMMV was detected in watermelon plant samples collected from seven watermelon production fields in Fresno, Kern, and San Joaquin Counties.\u00a0 The CDFA did a trace-back to the seed lots that were linked to the CGMMV-positive fields, but found those seed lots to be negative for the pathogen.\u00a0 Subsequently, the seeds were traced back to the transplant nursery and CDFA theorized that the seed lots were cross contaminated at the transplant nursery. The CGMMV-positive watermelon fields were placed on a regulatory hold (quarantine) and an abatement order was issued to growers requiring; non-host planting, equipment sanitation, other bio-security measures, and monitoring for the virus for a period of two years (Schnabel, 2017).<\/p>\n

In 2016, during February, a seed company reported its detection of CGMMV in imported melon seed.\u00a0 Consequently, the seed company voluntarily destroyed the seed lots by deep burial at a local landfill.\u00a0 Later, in June 2016, a seed company reported its detection of CGMMV in seed produced in Sutter County The field had already been disked and planted with rice at the time of the report.\u00a0 Nevertheless, cucurbit volunteers from the field and adjacent fields were sampled by the County and tested negative for the virus by CDFA.\u00a0 The field continues to be monitored and planted to a non-host crop.\u00a0 The CGMMV-positive seeds which were stored at a facility outside of California, were seized by the USDA and destroyed by incineration.\u00a0 Then, in October 2016, a seed company reported its detection of CGMMV in watermelon seed produced in Yolo County. At the time of testing and reporting, the section of the field that produced the positive detection, was already fallow.\u00a0 The seed company has maintained the field as fallow and will continue to notify CDFA of any volunteers, which if present, will be sampled in spring of 2018 by CDFA.\u00a0 Also, the seed was voluntarily destroyed and appropriate sanitation and biosecurity measures have been implemented by the seed company (Schnabel, 2017).<\/p>\n

In 2017, during March, a seed company reported its detection of CGMMV in watermelon seeds produced in Colusa County.\u00a0 The field had already been disked and was fallow at the time of the report.\u00a0 However, cucurbit volunteers and broadleaf weeds, present at the field site, were sampled and tested negative for the pathogen.\u00a0 The grower continues to use appropriate best management practices including, sanitation and biosecurity measures.\u00a0 The CGMMV-positive seeds which were stored outside of California, were seized by the USDA and destroyed by incineration.\u00a0 In October, a seed company reported its detection of CGMMV in a watermelon seed lot produced in Sutter County.\u00a0 The production field was fallow at the time of the report and any plant material recovered from the field tested negative for CGMMV.\u00a0 The field will be monitored next season and the grower will be implementing sanitary and biosecurity measures.\u00a0 The seed lot was seized and destroyed.\u00a0 Also, at that time, CGMMV was detected in Opo squash (Lagenaria siceraria<\/em>) plants grown in a small farm in Fresno County.\u00a0 Fresno County issued a regulatory hold on the field as well as an abatement notice. No host crops will be grown at the site for the next two years.\u00a0 The associated seeds were collected for destruction by the County.\u00a0 In November, two different seed companies provided a total of four separate reports of the detection of CGMMV in watermelon seeds.\u00a0 The positive seed lots were produced in Sutter, Colusa, and Glenn Counties. Trace-investigations are currently underway for each detection.\u00a0 The fields were sampled and have tested negative for CGMMV. The fields will be monitored and sanitation and biosecurity measures will be implemented.\u00a0 Currently, the seed lots are on hold pending voluntary destruction (Schnabel, 2017).<\/p>\n

Plant infection:\u00a0 <\/em>CGMMV gains entrance into a plant through wounds, infects a few cells, moves from cell to cell (through plasmodesmata) colonizing the plant tissues and reaches the phloem where it travels systemically and infects the entire plant.<\/p>\n

Hosts<\/em>:\u00a0 All cucurbit species are susceptible to CGMMV.\u00a0 Main hosts include, Citrullus lanatus <\/em>(watermelon), Cucumis melo <\/em>(melon), C. sativus<\/em> (cucumber), C. anguria<\/em> (burr gherkin), Gladiolus hybrids<\/em> (sword lily), Lagenaria siceraria<\/em> (bottle gourd), Momordica charantia<\/em> (bitter gourd), Cucurbita moschata<\/em> (butternut squash), C. pepo<\/em> (zucchini and button squash), C. maxima<\/em> (squash), Luffa acutangula<\/em> (angled luffa), L. cylindrical<\/em> (smooth luffa), Benincasa hispida<\/em> (winter melon), Cucumis metuliferus<\/em> (horned melon), C. myriocarpus<\/em> (prickly paddy melon), Citrullus colocynthis<\/em> (bitter paddy melon), Trichosanthes cucumerina<\/em> (snake gourd) (CABI, 2017; Falk et al.,<\/em> 2017). [Cech (1980) reported that the CGMMV caused apricot bare twig and unfruitfulness disease syndrome in Prunus armeniaca<\/em> (apricot) only when co-infected with strawberry latent ringspot virus.]<\/p>\n

Several experimental hosts have been tested and susceptible hosts are in three families namely, Chenopodiaceae, Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae.\u00a0 CGMMV-indicator plant species include Chenopodium album ssp. amaranticolor, Datura stramonium, and Nicotiana benthamiana<\/em>.\u00a0 Weeds species may be potential alternate hosts, however, currently, the role of alternate host plants in CGMMV epidemiology is not known (Falk, 2017).\u00a0 Potential CGMMV weed hosts include: Amaranthus retroflexus<\/em> (red root or American pigweed), Chenopodium<\/em> album<\/em> (lambsquarter), Heliotropium<\/em> europium<\/em> (Helitrope), Portulaca<\/em> oleracea<\/em> (pigweed), Solanum<\/em> nigrum<\/em> (nightshade) and Cucumis<\/em> myriocarpus<\/em> (paddy melon) (Falk et al.,<\/em> 2017).<\/p>\n

Symptoms<\/em>: Plant symptoms may vary mainly depending on virus strain, host plant species\/cultivar, plant part, time of plant growth, and environmental conditions.\u00a0 In general, plant symptoms may include leaf mosaic, mottling, distortion, vein clearing, and stunted growth; infected fruit can be mottled, discolored, distorted, internally discolored and deteriorated.\u00a0 Root systems may be reduced.<\/p>\n

Some Asian cultivars of cucumber only show yield losses without showing leaf symptoms.\u00a0 In cucumber, the type strain causes leaf mottling, blistering and distortion, and stunted growth.\u00a0 Symptoms appear 7-14 days after infection.\u00a0 Usually no symptoms are produced on fruit, however, certain strains cause fruit mottling and distortion.\u00a0 On the other hand, the watermelon strain can cause slight leaf mottling and dwarfing in watermelons and necrotic lesions develop on the peduncle.\u00a0 Virus infection at fruit set or soon after can result in serious internal discoloration and decomposition in the fruit.<\/p>\n

No symptoms are produced in CGMMV infected squirting cucumber (Ecballium elaterium<\/em>) (CABI, 2017) \u2013 a plant native to Europe, North Africa and parts of Asia, grown sometimes for its ornamental and medicinal value. Not present in California (acc. to USDA Natural Resources Conservation Services).<\/em> It is thought that infected weed species may be asymptomatic \u2013 however, this has yet to be proven.<\/p>\n

Seed set or appearance is not affected by CGMMV and therefore, infected seed are indistinguishable from non-infected ones (Reingold et al.,<\/em> 2015, 2016).<\/p>\n

Plant symptoms due to CGMMV are similar to those of other viruses in cucurbitaceous species.\u00a0 Therefore, it is difficult to definitively identify the virus solely by the symptoms its causes in host plants.\u00a0 For a definitive identification, serological, molecular and\/or electron microscopy tests are needed.<\/p>\n

Damage Potential<\/em>: In commercial field or greenhouse environments, losses up to 100% can occur, although 40-80% losses are common (Falk et al.,<\/em> 2017). \u00a0Yield losses of approximately 15% in Cucurbitaceous vegetable crops are reported (Shang et al<\/em>., 2011).\u00a0 In Japan, considerable economic losses in watermelon have occurred.\u00a0 Severe symptoms in fruit including, fruit pulp deterioration, low sugar accumulation and flavor, and distortion make fruit unmarketable and non-consumable (CABI, 2017).\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0In India 75%, 80% and 100% losses are reported in watermelon, muskmelon, and bottle gourd respectively. 5-16 % losses occur in cucumber yields and fruit quality.\u00a0 Increased costs in production of clean planting sites and stock can be expected.\u00a0 Furthermore, since the pathogen is seedborne in cucurbits, it could negatively impact export of cucurbit seeds.<\/p>\n

Transmission<\/em>: CGMMV is contagious and is transmitted by mechanical contact with contaminated sources.\u00a0 It can spread through foliage contact, when plants are handled during cultivation or through grafting, when infected rootstocks are used in watermelon or cucumber cultivation.\u00a0 It can survive on plant pruning equipment, clothing, hands, and machinery and be spread by agricultural practices and mechanical means (Reingold et al.<\/em>, 2016; USDA, 2017).\u00a0 It can be transmitted from infected plant debris in soil to uninfected plants via roots.\u00a0 The virus is very stable in the sap of infected plants and therefore, is able to remain active in plant debris in soil long after the death of host plant cells.\u00a0 Also, it is spread through untreated irrigation water and in recirculated greenhouse water. All of these can serve as sources of inoculum. \u00a0The virus is also transmitted by pollen and seed of CGMMV-infected cucurbit plants (Liu et al.,<\/em> 2014) both on and within the seed coat (Hollings, et al<\/em>., 1975). However, research has shown that the rate of CGMMV infection of seedlings developing from cucurbit seeds containing the pathogen, is typically 1-5% or less, under greenhouse conditions, thereby, indicating that cucurbit seeds may contain infectious CGMMV, but the virus is not always transmitted to developing seedlings (Falk, 2017).\u00a0 On the other hand, high seed-transmission rates of 76% from CGMMV-infected cucumber plants, have been reported (Liu et al.,<\/em> 2014).<\/p>\n

Movement of infected seed appears to be the primary means for long-distance spread, whereas, the virus is spread locally through contact, infested crop residues, and irrigation water.<\/p>\n

CGMMV is not spread from plant to plant by specific insect or nematode vectors.\u00a0 \u00a0Experimentally, the cucumber leaf beetle Raphidopalpa fevicollis <\/em>was shown to be a probable vector of CGMMV to test plants, whereas, the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae<\/em>), the cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii<\/em>) or cucumber leaf beetles (Aulacophora femoralis<\/em>) did not transmit the virus (Rao & Varma, 1984).<\/p>\n

Experimentally, CGMMV has been transmitted by dodder species (Hollings et al.,<\/em> 1975).<\/p>\n

CGMMV was detected in cow dung manure and studies have demonstrated the ability of the virus to pass through the alimentary system of rodents without losing biological activity.<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong> Asia<\/em>: China, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Republic of Korea, Lebanon, Myanmar, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey;<\/p>\n

Africa<\/em>: Nigeria; North America<\/em>: Canada, USA (California: temporary, transitional, and under eradication); Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia (former), Denmark, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Romania, Russian Federation, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, United Kingdom and Yugoslavia (former); Oceania<\/em>: Australia (CABI, 2017; Ling & Li, 2013; Tesoriero et al., <\/em>2016).<\/p>\n

An unconfirmed record of CGMMV is from Brazil, South America (CABI, 2017)<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/u>:<\/strong> Currently, the following countries include CGMMV on their \u2018Harmful Organism\u2019 lists: Chiles, China, Colombia, Ecuador, Georgia, Guatemala, Honduras, Indonesia, Japan, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, and Timor-Leste (USDA PCIT, 2017).<\/p>\n

In the USA, CGMMV is a Federal Actionable Pathogen of quarantine concern and is considered temporary, transitional and under eradication. \u00a0Currently, CGMMV is an A-rated, quarantine actionable pathogen in California.<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong>\u00a0 CGMMV is not established in California.<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/u>:\u00a0<\/strong>There are no state reports of CGMMV detections in plant materials intercepted within or at points of entry in California.<\/p>\n

The risk Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus<\/em> would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h5>\n

1) Climate\/Host Interaction:<\/strong> Since its first detection in 2013, there have been repeated incidences of field detections that directly indicate that CGMMV is likely to establish a widespread distribution in all cucurbit-growing regions within California.<\/p>\n

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.<\/p>\n

Score: 3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/span><\/p>\n

2) Known Pest Host Range:<\/strong> CGMMV has a moderate range of cucurbitaceous host plants which are commonly grown mostly in the warmest areas of California, such as the San Joaquin Valley, the Sacramento, Valley and the low desert valleys.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the host range of the pest.<\/p>\n

Score: 2<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> has a moderate host range.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) has a wide host range.<\/p>\n

3) Pest Dispersal Potential:<\/strong> CGMMV is capable of high reproduction and widespread dispersal mainly as it is highly contagious and is easily transmitted through mechanical, plant and human contact, irrigation water and water in contact with infected crop debris.\u00a0 It can be widely dispersed over long distance through infected seed, and is highly stable and remains active in infected plant debris in soil.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest.<\/p>\n

Score: 3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

4) Economic Impact: <\/strong>CGMMV is capable of significantly lowering crop yield and value thereby, increasing crop production costs.\u00a0 It can result in the loss of markets through the imposition of quarantines by domestic and international trade partners, change in cultural practices, including adoption of a non-host crop period in infested and treated fields for 3-5 or more years, and alteration of delivery and distribution of irrigation water to and from infested fields.\u00a0 Furthermore, significant losses in seed and transplant production can result due to a CGMMV infestation.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

Economic Impact:<\/strong> A, B, C, G<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

A<\/strong>. The pest could lower crop yield.<\/span><\/p>\n

B<\/strong>. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).<\/span><\/p>\n

C<\/strong>. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).<\/span><\/p>\n

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.<\/p>\n

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/p>\n

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G<\/strong>. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/span><\/p>\n

Economic Impact Score: 3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

5) Environmental Impact:<\/strong> Detection and establishment of CGMMV would significantly impact existing cultural practices, as well as those followed for home\/urban gardening and ornamental production.\u00a0 Subsequently, it could result in the implementation of additional and costly official and home\/urban treatment programs.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

Environmental Impact: D, E<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/p>\n

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/p>\n

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/p>\n

D<\/strong>. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/span><\/p>\n

E<\/strong>. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/span><\/p>\n

Environmental Impact. Score: 3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus<\/em>:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Add up the total score and include it here. (Score)<\/p>\n

-Low = 5-8 points<\/p>\n

-Medium = 9-12 points<\/p>\n

–High<\/strong> = 13-15 points<\/span><\/p>\n

Total points obtained on evaluation of consequences of introduction to California = 14 (High)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information:<\/strong> Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included. (Score)<\/p>\n

–Not established (0)<\/strong> Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/span><\/p>\n

-Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).<\/p>\n

-Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

-High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

Evaluation is \u2018Not Established (0)<\/em><\/strong><\/span>\u2019<\/span>: \u00a0<\/em><\/strong>Similar and subsequent to its original detection in 2013, all incidences of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus<\/em> detections (detailed above in \u2018Detections in California\u2019<\/em>) have resulted in eradicative actions.\u00a0 The viral pathogen is, therefore, not considered as established in California and continues to be \u2018transient, temporary and under eradication\u2019.<\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

7) The final score is<\/strong> the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: (Score)<\/p>\n

Final Score: <\/em><\/strong><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Score of Consequences of Introduction \u2013 Score of Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information =<\/strong> 14.<\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Uncertainty: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Currently, t<\/strong>he precise origin or source of CGMMV introduction into the USA is not known for certain.<\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Based on the evidence provided above the proposed rating for Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus<\/em> continues as A.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n
References:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

A<\/strong>batement Notice.\u00a0 2013.\u00a0 (\u00a0 ) Seed Company, Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus<\/em> (CGMMV) Acidovorax avenae<\/em> subsp. citrulli<\/em> (BFB) abatement notice.\u00a0 County of Yolo, John Young Agricultural Commissioner.<\/p>\n

C<\/strong>ABI\u00a0\u00a0 2017.\u00a0 Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus<\/em> (white break mosaic) datasheet.\u00a0 Crop Protection Compendium.\u00a0 http:\/\/www.cabi.org\/cpc\/datasheet\/1695<\/a>1<\/p>\n

C<\/strong>ech M., M. Filigarova, J. Pozdena, and H. Branisova. \u00a01980. Strawberry latent ringspot and cucumber green mottle mosaic viruses in apricots with the bare twig and unfruitfulness disease syndrome. Acta Phytopathologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricp, 15:391-396<\/a><\/p>\n

C<\/strong>DFA-PEA.\u00a0 2013.\u00a0 Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus<\/em> and Bacterial fruit blotch detection in California.\u00a0 Pest Exclusion Advisory no. 29-2013.\u00a0 California Department of Food and Agriculture, November 27, 2013.<\/p>\n

C<\/strong>houdhury, M. M., and M. T. Lin. \u00a01982. \u00a0\u2018Ocorr\u00eancia de viroses em plantas de mel\u00e3o e abobrinha na regi\u00e3o do sub-m\u00e9dio S\u00e3o Francisco\u2019, EMBRAPA Pesquisa am Andamento<\/em>, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 1\u20132.<\/p>\n

F<\/strong>alk, B. W., T. L. Pitman, B. Aegerter, and K-S. Ling.\u00a0 2017. Recovery Plan for Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus<\/em>.\u00a0 Plant Diseases That Threaten U. S. Agriculture Identified and Prepared for Under the National Plant Disease Recovery System.\u00a0 USDA ARS. https:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/office-of-pest-management-policy\/npdrs\/<\/a> Last modified 3\/7\/2017.<\/p>\n

H<\/strong>ollings M, Y. Komuro, and H. Tochihara. \u00a01975. \u00a0Descriptions of Plant Viruses No. 154. Wellesbourne, UK: AAB, 4 pp.<\/p>\n

L<\/strong>ing, K. S., and R. Li.\u00a0 2014.\u00a0 First report of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus<\/em> infecting greenhouse cucumber in Canada.\u00a0 Plant Disease 98 (5): 701.<\/p>\n

L<\/strong>iu, H. W., L. X. Luo, J. Q. Li, P. F. Liu, X. Y. Chen, \u00a0and J. J. Hao.\u00a0 2014.\u00a0 Pollen and seed transmission on Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus<\/em> in cucumber.\u00a0 (Published online 17 April 2013.)<\/em>\u00a0 Plant Pathology (2014) 63, 62-77.<\/p>\n

L<\/strong>ovig, E.\u00a0 2014.\u00a0 Email communication from E. Lovig, CDFA, to A. Morris and J. Chitambar, CDFA.\u00a0 Subject: Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus<\/em> (CGMMV) and Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) detections in California.\u00a0 Dated April 29, 2014.<\/p>\n

N<\/strong>PAG.\u00a0 2013.\u00a0 Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus<\/em> (CGMMV).\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 New Pest Advisory Group, Plant Epidemiology and risk Analysis Laboratory, Center for Plant Health Science & Technology, USDA-APHIS.\u00a0 NPAG Report 20130819.docx, August 19, 2013: 1-9.<\/p>\n

Q<\/strong>DAF.\u00a0 2017.\u00a0 Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus<\/em>. The State of Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Government. https:\/\/www.daf.qld.gov.au\/plants\/health-pests-diseases\/a-z-significant\/cucumber-green-mottle-mosaic-virus#<\/a> Last updated 01 March, 2017.<\/p>\n

R<\/strong>ao A. L. N, and A. Varma. 1984. Transmission studies with cucumber green mottle mosaic virus. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift, 109(4):325-331<\/a>.<\/p>\n

S<\/strong>hang, J., Y. Xie, X. Zhou, Y. Qian, and J. Wu.\u00a0 2011.\u00a0 Monoclonal antibody-based serological methods for detection of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus<\/em>.\u00a0 Virology Journal 8:228.<\/p>\n

S<\/strong>chnabel, D.\u00a0 2017.\u00a0 Email from D. Schnabel, CDFA, to S. Brown and J. Chitambar, CDFA.\u00a0 Subject: CGMMV. Dated December 11, 2017, 7:16 am.<\/p>\n

R<\/strong>eingold V., E. Lachman, A. Koren, and A. Dombrovsky. \u00a02015.\u00a0 Seed disinfection treatments do not sufficiently eliminate the infectivity of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus <\/em>(CGMMV) on cucurbit seeds.\u00a0 Plant Pathology 64: 245-255.<\/p>\n

R<\/strong>eingold V., E. Lachman, O. Beelausov, A. Koren, N. Mor, and A. Dombrovsky. \u00a02016. Epidemiological study of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus<\/em> in greenhouses enables reduction of disease damage in cucurbit production. Annals of Applied Biology 168:29-40.<\/p>\n

T<\/strong>echnical Working Group Responses: Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus<\/em>.\u00a0 October 28, 2013.\u00a0 United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine.<\/p>\n

T<\/strong>esoriero, L. A., G. Chambers, M. Srivastava, S. Smith, B. Conde, and L. T. T. Tran-Nguyen.\u00a0 2016.\u00a0 First report of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus<\/em> in Australia. Australasian Plant Disease Notes, 11:1. http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13314-015-0186-x<\/a><\/p>\n

T<\/strong>ian, T., K. Posis, C. J. Maroon-Lango, V. Mavrodieva, S. Haymes, T. L. Pitman, and B. W. Falk.\u00a0 2014.\u00a0 First report of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus<\/em> in melon in the United States.\u00a0 Plant Disease 98:1163.<\/p>\n

U<\/strong>SDA APHIS.\u00a0 July 25, 2013.\u00a0 Email communication from K. J. Handy, CAPS Database Manager, USDA APHIS PPQ, PDEP to R. A. Bailey (and other APHIS members<\/em>)\u00a0 Director, PHPPS, CDFA. Subject: FW<\/em>: confirmed id: Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus<\/em> (CGMMV) detection in melon in CA \u2013 new US record.<\/p>\n

U<\/strong>SDA PCIT.\u00a0 2017.\u00a0 USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System. December 14, 2017, 3:49:31 pm CDT. https:\/\/pcit.aphis.usda.gov\/PExD\/faces\/ReportHarmOrgs.jsp<\/a><\/p>\n

Z<\/strong>hang, J. W., K-S. Ling, and R. Cramer.\u00a0 2014.\u00a0 New Cucumber threat studied.\u00a0 https:\/\/www.greenhousecanada.com\/inputs\/crop-protection\/march-april-2014-4021<\/a><\/p>\n

\n
Responsible Party:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

John J. Chitambar, Primary Plant Pathologist\/Nematologist, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832. Phone: 916-262-1110, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n
*NOTE:<\/span><\/h5>\n

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Pest Rating: A<\/strong><\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0California Pest Rating for Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus Pest Rating: A PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: \u00a0 On December 15, 2017, Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) was detected in a watermelon seed sample submitted by the USDA to the CDFA Plant Pathology Lab, and collected from a seed company\u2019s storage facility outside of … Continue reading Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1117,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[4,39],"tags":[610,45,154],"class_list":["post-4314","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-plant-pathology","category-viruses-and-viroids","tag-cucumber-green-mottle-mosaic-virus","tag-plant-pathogen","tag-virus"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-17A","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":1183,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1183","url_meta":{"origin":4314,"position":0},"title":"Tomato Mottle Mosaic Virus (ToMMV)","author":"Admin","date":"October 12, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Tomato Mottle Mosaic Virus (ToMMV) Pest Rating: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event:\u00a0 On September 17, 2015, the CDFA was notified by a seed company of the detection of Tomato mottle mosaic virus (ToMMV) in tomatoes grown at the company\u2019s farm in San Joaquin County.\u00a0 Subsequently,\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Plant Pathogens"","block_context":{"text":"Plant Pathogens","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=4"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":9566,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=9566","url_meta":{"origin":4314,"position":1},"title":"Cowpea mild mottle virus Angular mosaic of beans","author":"Heather.Martin","date":"February 14, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Cowpea mild mottle virus Angular mosaic of beansPest Rating: A download pest rating *NOTE You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. Posted by tn","rel":"","context":"In "A-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"A-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=669"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2226,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2226","url_meta":{"origin":4314,"position":2},"title":"Freesia Mosaic Virus","author":"Admin","date":"June 29, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Freesia Mosaic Virus Pest Rating: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: On March 21, 2016, two samples of diseased Lilium sp. (lily) plants exhibiting leaf spots, were collected from a nursery in San Luis Obispo County, during a regulatory nursery inspection by San Luis Obispo County\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Plant Pathogens"","block_context":{"text":"Plant Pathogens","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=4"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":370,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=370","url_meta":{"origin":4314,"position":3},"title":"Acidovorax citrulli (Schaad et al., 1978) Schaad et al., 2008","author":"Admin","date":"March 16, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0California Plant Pest Rating for Acidovorax citrulli (Schaad et al., 1978) Schaad et al., 2008 Pest\u00a0Rating:\u00a0A PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: In July 2013, the bacterial fruit blotch pathogen (BFB), Acidovorax citrulli, was detected in a melon field (Cucumis melo) in Yolo County. This detection marked the first official record\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Bacteria"","block_context":{"text":"Bacteria","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=9"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":5126,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=5126","url_meta":{"origin":4314,"position":4},"title":"Citrus Leaf Blotch Virus","author":"Admin","date":"April 6, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 California Pest Rating for Citrus leaf blotch virus Pest Rating: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: On February 26, 2018, Dr. G. Vidalakis, University of California, Director, Citrus Clonal Protection Program, informed CDFA of his detection of Citrus leaf blotch virus (CLBV) from a Bearss Lime tree at\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "B-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"B-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=670"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":827,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=827","url_meta":{"origin":4314,"position":5},"title":"Pea Seed-borne Mosaic Virus (PSbMV)","author":"Admin","date":"April 9, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Pea Seed-borne Mosaic Virus (PSbMV) Pest\u00a0Rating: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event:\u00a0 There is no initiating event.\u00a0 The risk of infestation of Pea seed-borne mosaic virus in California is evaluated and a permanent rating is proposed. History & Status: Background: In 1966 a virus disease of\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Plant Pathogens"","block_context":{"text":"Plant Pathogens","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=4"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4314","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1117"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4314"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4314\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10561,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4314\/revisions\/10561"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4314"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4314"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4314"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}