{"id":4300,"date":"2017-12-12T14:49:01","date_gmt":"2017-12-12T22:49:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=4300"},"modified":"2018-01-30T12:34:15","modified_gmt":"2018-01-30T20:34:15","slug":"armored-scale-melanaspis-leivasi-costa-lima","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=4300","title":{"rendered":"Armored Scale | Melanaspis leivasi (Costa Lima)"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating for<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Armored scale |\u00a0\u00a0Melanaspis leivasi <\/em>(Costa Lima)<\/h5>\n
Hemiptera: Diaspididae<\/h5>\n
Pest Rating: A<\/h5>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n
PEST RATING PROFILE<\/h5>\n
Initiating Event: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Melanaspis leivasi <\/em>was found on Florida stranger fig (Ficus aurea<\/em> Nutt.) at a residence in West Palm Beach by the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Resources and identified by USDA APHIS on 11\/9\/2017 (USDA\/APHIS\/PPQ, 2017). This is the first domestic record for this pest in the United States. In California, it currently has a \u201cQ\u201d rating. \u00a0Due to its potential economic and environmental impacts, a permanent rating is proposed<\/p>\n

History & Status: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background:<\/u><\/strong> \u00a0Melanaspis <\/em>is a genus of armored scales that includes 64 described species, of which M.<\/em> leivasi<\/em> is the largest, adult females measuring up to 2.4 millimeters in length (Deitz and Davidson, 1986).\u00a0 Melanaspis leivasi<\/em> has been associated with Anacardium excelsum<\/em> (Anacardiaceae), Bursera<\/em> sp. (Burseraceae), Ficus<\/em> sp. (Moraceae), and Vitis<\/em> sp. (Vitaceae) (Claps et al., 1999; Garcia Morales et al., 2016).<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/u><\/strong>:<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0 Melanaspis leivasi <\/em>is reported from South America (Brazil and Colombia), Central America (Guatemala and Panama), and Mexico. This species is not known to occur in the continental United States (Garcia Morales et al., 2016).<\/p>\n

Official Control:<\/u><\/strong> Melanaspis leivasi <\/em>is not known to be under official control anywhere.<\/p>\n

California Distribution: <\/u><\/strong>\u00a0Melanaspis leivasi <\/em>is not known to occur in California (Symbiota Collections of Arthropods Network).<\/p>\n

California Interceptions:<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0 Melanaspis leivasi <\/em>has been intercepted three times in California; all three interceptions were in San Diego on tropical apricot (Mammea americana<\/em>) from Mexico.<\/p>\n

The risk Melanaspis leivasi <\/em>wo<\/em>uld pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

1) Climate\/Host Interaction:<\/strong> Of the four genera of plants that M. leivasi<\/em> has been associated with, only Vitis<\/em> is widely distributed in California. The family Anacardiaceae contains other genera in California that could possibly serve as host plants.\u00a0 Because of the apparent restriction to a tropical or subtropical climate, it appears unlikely that M. leivasi<\/em> could become established in more than a limited portion of California. Therefore, Melanaspis leivasi <\/em>receives a Medium (2)<\/strong> <\/span>in this category.<\/p>\n

\u2013 Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.<\/p>\n

\u2013 Medium (2)<\/strong> may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2013 High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/p>\n

2) Known Pest Host Range: <\/strong>Melanaspis leivasi<\/em> has been associated with four families of plants: Anacardiaceae, Burseraceae, Moraceae, and Vitaceae (Garcia Morales et al., 2016). Therefore, it receives a High (3)<\/span><\/strong> in this category.<\/p>\n

\u2013 Low (1) has a very limited host range.<\/p>\n

\u2013 Medium (2) has a moderate host range.<\/p>\n

\u2013 High (3)<\/strong> has a wide host range.<\/span><\/p>\n

3) Pest Dispersal Potential:<\/strong> Natural dispersal in diaspidids is limited, because adult females do not fly.\u00a0 They can, however, be artificially dispersed via movement of infested plant material.\u00a0 Therefore, it receives a Medium (2)<\/span><\/strong> in this category.<\/p>\n

\u2013 Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

\u2013 Medium (2)<\/strong> has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2013 High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

4) Economic Impact:<\/strong> There is little information available on the biology of Melanaspis leivasi<\/em>.\u00a0 The genus Melanaspis<\/em> includes several pest species.\u00a0 Some species are pests in their native range.\u00a0 One, M. deklei<\/em>, is not known to be a pest in its native range, but became a pest of ornamental wax myrtle trees in South Carolina after it was introduced there (Chong et al., 2009).\u00a0 It is possible that M. leivasi<\/em> could become an agricultural pest of grapes in California if it became established here; if so, this could lower crop yield, increase production costs, and negatively change normal cultural practices.\u00a0 Therefore, it receives a High (3)<\/span><\/strong> in this category.<\/p>\n

Economic Impact: A, B, D<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

A<\/strong>. The pest could lower crop yield.<\/span><\/p>\n

B<\/strong>. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).<\/span><\/p>\n

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).<\/p>\n

D<\/strong>. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.<\/span><\/p>\n

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/p>\n

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

Economic Impact Score: 3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2013 Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

\u2013 Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

\u2013 High (3)<\/strong> causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

5) Environmental Impact:<\/strong> The genus Melanaspis<\/em> has a demonstrated pest potential, as several species are economic pests. In addition, M. leivasi <\/em>apparently feeds on at least four families of plants; some of these families include species native to California.\u00a0 Three members of the Anacardiaceae, Rhus ovata<\/em>, R. ovatifolia<\/em>, and Malosma laurina<\/em>, are prominent or dominant members of shrub-dominated communities in southern California. If this pest were to attack these species and reduce their fitness, then it could cause modification of habitat types including coastal strand, southern sagebrush scrub, sumac scrub, and various types of chaparral. As these plant communities serve as habitat for the federally endangered Least Bell\u2019s vireo (Vireo bellii pusillus<\/em>), then this pest could indirectly affect this endangered species. \u00a0\u00a0Therefore, it receives a High (3)<\/span><\/strong> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

Environmental Impact: A, C<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

A<\/strong>. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/span><\/p>\n

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/p>\n

C<\/strong>. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/span><\/p>\n

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/p>\n

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/p>\n

Score the pest for Environmental Impact.<\/p>\n

Environmental Impact Score: 3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2013 Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

\u2013 Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

\u2013 High (3)<\/strong> causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Melanaspis leivasi<\/em>: High (13)<\/span><\/strong><\/h5>\n

Add up the total score and include it here.<\/p>\n

\u2013Low = 5-8 points<\/p>\n

\u2013Medium = 9-12 points<\/p>\n

\u2013High<\/strong> = 13-15 points<\/span><\/p>\n

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information:<\/strong> Melanaspis leivasi<\/em> is not known to be present in California. It receives a Not established (0)<\/span><\/strong> in this category.<\/p>\n

\u2013Not established (0)<\/strong> Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2013Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).<\/p>\n

\u2013Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

\u2013High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

The final score is<\/strong> the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (13)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Uncertainty:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

There is significant uncertainty.\u00a0 Little information is available on the biology of M. leivasi<\/em>.\u00a0 For example, the breadth of its feeding habits is apparently broad, but this is based on a small number of literature records.\u00a0 It is possible that it would feed on a far wider range of host plants. It is also possible that M. leivasi <\/em>would not be capable of becoming established in California because it requires a tropical climate, although there are areas of subtropical climate in southern California.<\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Melanaspis leivasi<\/em> is a scale insect with apparently broad feeding habits.\u00a0 It is possible that it could become established in California.\u00a0 This species belongs to a genus with several economic pests, and it is not known to be present in California.\u00a0 However, if this species gets established in California, it could cause significant economic and environmental impacts.\u00a0 For these reasons, an \u201cA\u201d rating is justified.<\/p>\n

\n
References: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Chong, J.-H., Hodges, G.S., and M. Samuel-Foo.\u00a0 2009.\u00a0 First record and management of the armored scale, Melanaspis deklei<\/em> Dietz & Davidson (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), in South Carolina.\u00a0 Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology.\u00a0 26(2): 63-75.<\/p>\n

Claps, L.E., Wolff, V.R.S, and R.H. Gonz\u00e1lez.\u00a0 1999.\u00a0 Cat\u00e1logo de las especies de Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoides) nativas de Argentina, Brasil y Chile.\u00a0 Insecta Mundi.\u00a0 13(3-4): 239-256.<\/p>\n

Deitz, L.L. and J.A.\u00a0 Davidson.\u00a0 1986.\u00a0 Synopsis of the armored scale genus Melanaspis in North America (Homoptera: Diaspididae). North Carolina State University, Technical Bulletin No. 279.\u00a0 92 pp.<\/p>\n

Garc\u00eda Morales, M., Denno, B.D., Miller, D.R., Miller, G.L., Ben-Dov, Y., and N.B. Hardy. 2016.\u00a0 ScaleNet: A literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics<\/em>. <\/em>Database. doi: 10.1093\/database\/bav118. http:\/\/scalenet.info<\/a>.\u00a0 Accessed 15 November 2017<\/p>\n

http:\/\/scalenet.info\/catalogue\/Melanaspis%20leivasi\/<\/p>\n

Symbiota Collections of Arthropods Network.\u00a0 Accessed 15 November 2017.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/scan1.acis.ufl.edu<\/a><\/p>\n

USDA\/APHIS\/PPQ 2017. PestID record APEMD173124536001<\/p>\n

\n
Author:<\/h5>\n

Kyle Beucke, 1220 N Street, Room 221, Sacramento, CA, 95814, 916-403-6741, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov<\/p>\n

Responsible Party:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n
Comment Period:* CLOSED<\/span><\/h5>\n

12\/12\/17 \u2013 1\/26\/18<\/p>\n

\n
*NOTE:<\/span><\/h5>\n

You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. \u00a0If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at\u00a0plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n
Comment Format:<\/h5>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s)\u00a0being commented on, as shown below.<\/p>\n

Example Comment:
\n<\/strong>Consequences of Introduction: \u00a01. Climate\/Host Interaction:\u00a0[Your comment that relates to \u201cClimate\/Host Interaction\u201d here.<\/em>]<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may not be posted if they:<\/p>\n

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to\u00a0the pest rating proposal;<\/p>\n

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic,\u00a0sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal\u00a0material;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms\u00a0of discrimination;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the\u00a0website to be viewed, not just submitted.<\/p>\n

\n

Pest Rating: A<\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating for Armored scale |\u00a0\u00a0Melanaspis leivasi (Costa Lima) Hemiptera: Diaspididae Pest Rating: A   PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: Melanaspis leivasi was found on Florida stranger fig (Ficus aurea Nutt.) at a residence in West Palm Beach by the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Resources and identified by USDA APHIS on 11\/9\/2017 … Continue reading Armored Scale | Melanaspis leivasi (Costa Lima)<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":325,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[18,5],"tags":[175,52],"class_list":["post-4300","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hemiptera","category-entomology","tag-hemiptera-diaspididae","tag-insects-and-mites"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-17m","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":7442,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=7442","url_meta":{"origin":4300,"position":0},"title":"Thysanofiorinia leei Williams: lychee scale Hemiptera: Diaspididae","author":"Kyle Beucke","date":"August 18, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating Profile for Thysanofiorinia leei Williams: lychee scale Hemiptera: DiaspididaePest Rating: A download pest rating Profile *NOTE: You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. 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Posted by tn","rel":"","context":"In "A-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"A-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=669"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2783,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2783","url_meta":{"origin":4300,"position":2},"title":"Howardia biclavis (mining scale)","author":"Raj Randhawa","date":"November 2, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Howardia biclavis (mining scale) Hemiptera: Diaspididae Pest Rating: A PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: Howardia biclavis has an internal CDFA rating of A. A pest rating proposal is required to support an official pest rating. History & Status: Background:\u00a0 Howardia biclavis is an armored scale insect.\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Hemiptera"","block_context":{"text":"Hemiptera","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=18"},"img":{"alt_text":"5119004-mining-scale(Howardia-biclavis)","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/5119004-mining-scaleHowardia-biclavis-275x300.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":5742,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=5742","url_meta":{"origin":4300,"position":3},"title":"Tropical Palm Scale | Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerell)","author":"Kyle Beucke","date":"August 22, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerell): Tropical palm scale Hemiptera: Diaspididae Pest Rating: A \u00a0 PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: A permanent pest rating proposal is required to support an official pest rating. 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Posted by tn","rel":"","context":"In "A-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"A-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=669"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":5166,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=5166","url_meta":{"origin":4300,"position":5},"title":"Gray Scale | Pseudoparlatoria ostreata","author":"Kyle Beucke","date":"April 19, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Gray Scale | Pseudoparlatoria ostreata Cockerell Hemiptera: Diaspididae Pest Rating: A \u00a0 PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: Pseudoparlatoria ostreata was reported to be established on the island of Oahu, Hawaii (J. 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