{"id":4271,"date":"2017-12-01T15:15:26","date_gmt":"2017-12-01T23:15:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=4271"},"modified":"2024-04-26T10:54:42","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T17:54:42","slug":"4271","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=4271","title":{"rendered":"Ustilago esculenta"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating for<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Ustilago esculenta <\/em><\/strong>Henn. 1895<\/strong><\/h5>\n
PEST RATING: A<\/h5>\n
\n

PEST RISK PROFILE
\n<\/strong><\/del><\/h3>\n
\n
Initiating Event: \u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

On October 19 and 20, 2017, Manchurian wild rice plants with slightly swollen lower stems, were collected by Riverside County Agricultural officials, from a private company, in Riverside County and sent to the CDFA\u2019s Plant Pathology Lab for possible detection of the smut fungus, Ustilago esculenta<\/em>.\u00a0 On November 20, 2017, Cheryl Blomquist, CDFA plant pathologist, detected U. esculenta<\/em>, by PCR and sequencing, from the swollen, white interior plant tissue. \u00a0\u00a0The current status and risk of U. esculenta<\/em> to California is assessed here and a permanent rating is proposed.<\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background:<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0 Ustilago esculenta<\/em> is a biotrophic (i.e.,<\/em> it has a long-term, non-lethal feeding relationship with an infected plant) smut fungus that incites formation of swollen culms or smut galls in the apical internodal (stem) region of perennial Manchurian wild rice, Zizania latifolia<\/em>.\u00a0 These swollen culms or smut galls are edible and have unique flavor and delicacy.\u00a0 The swollen culms are consumed as a vegetable in India (Manipur), China, Japan, and Taiwan (Chung & Tzeng, 2004; Jose et al.,<\/em> 2016; Terrell & Batra, 1982).\u00a0 In China and Japan, it is cultivated as a commercial food crop (Jose et al.,<\/em> 2016). \u00a0Furthermore, in Taiwan, and southern China, the production of galls occurs during the season of tropical storms and provides an alternate food source to consumers when cultivation of other vegetables is negatively affected.\u00a0 Therefore, the fungus is considered highly beneficial and economically important (Chung & Tzeng, 2004).\u00a0 \u00a0Hennings (1895) originally discovered the pathogen, Ustilago esculenta<\/em> in its infected host, Zizania latifolia<\/em>, in China.<\/p>\n

In the USA, Manchurian wild rice, Zizania latifolia<\/em>, is prohibited entry into the country due to the smut fungus, Ustilago esculenta,<\/em> that it carries (USDA, 2017).\u00a0 Native species of wild rice may be at risk of infection and loss of production particularly since the fungus prevents development of inflorescences, thereby, affecting seed production (Terrell & Batra, 1982; Yamaguchi, 1990).<\/p>\n

In 1991, an illegal 0.05-ha planting of Manchurian wild rice infected with Ustilago esculenta<\/em> was discovered in a field near Modesto, California and marked the first report of the disease in a field situation in North America.\u00a0 The plants had been brought into the USA in violation of federal quarantines and were eradicated (Watson et al.,<\/em> 1991). \u00a0\u00a0In 1999, the host and pathogen were discovered in two small grower\u2019s plots (approximately 2-ha total) in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.\u00a0 The plants were eradicated in 2000 (NPAG, 2001).<\/p>\n

Disease Development<\/u>:<\/strong> Ustilago esculenta<\/em> spends its entire life cycle in the host plant.\u00a0 The fungus grows within and between plant cells in the stem tissues, particularly near the apical meristem.\u00a0 However, the fungus is not systemically distributed throughout the entire plant and does not invade leaf and root tissue (Chen & Tzang, 1999, Jose et al.,<\/em> 2016).\u00a0 Chen and Tzang (1999), using PCR technology, found the fungal DNA in the growth tip of Manchurian wild rice plants and not in leaves and healthy plant tissue.\u00a0 They also detected the fungus in the sheath of infected plants even when there were no outward signs of its presence.\u00a0 The fungus prevents production of inflorescence and galls develop at the internode region beneath the apical meristem.\u00a0 Galls are formed within 10-15 days even though the plants may have been planted in the soil for over 8 months. Internally, gall formation involves hypertrophy (increase in cell size), hyperplasia (increase in cell numbers), and presence of mucilaginous cavities (Chan & Thrower, 1980).\u00a0 At this developmental stage, the inner tissue of a gall appears white and filled with fungal hyphae which later develop to form dark teliospores (sexual spores) within the gall.\u00a0 Teliospore formation is favored at temperatures greater than 28\u00b0C (Chung & Tzeng, 2004). In China, the edible galled plants are harvested for consumption prior to the production of teliospores.\u00a0 With time, black longitudinal streaks appear, and eventually, the entire stem turns black and deteriorates.\u00a0 Furthermore, a lack of nutrients in a plant or low water level in a field initiate earlier production of the reproductive stage of the fungus, thereby, reducing quality and yield of the plants (Yamaguchi, 1990).\u00a0 The optimum temperature for fungal growth is 20-28\u00b0C and the optimum pH range is 4-7. The fungus may overwinter as mycelium and teliospores in the grass rhizomes and be transmitted into new shoots through asexual propagation of the plant.\u00a0 Alternatively, teliospores from decomposed galls, may survive in soil (Chung & Tzeng, 2004).\u00a0 Jose et al<\/em>., (2016) detected spores and fragmented hyphae in the rhizomes throughout the year, including the month of January during which the above ground culms degenerated, thereby, suggesting that it may serve as inoculum for infection.<\/p>\n

Dispersal and spread:<\/em> Plant rhizomes, galled stems, and soil (Jose et al.,<\/em> 2016; Chung & Tzeng, 2004).<\/p>\n

Hosts:<\/em> Zizania<\/em> spp. in the family Poaceae: Z. aquatica<\/em>, Z. latifolia <\/em>(syn. Z. caduciflora<\/em>), and Zizania<\/em> sp.<\/p>\n

Symptoms<\/em>: Ustilago esculenta<\/em> stimulates the swelling of the culms of its host grass plants resulting in the formation of edible galls at the internodal region beneath the apical meristem (stem base).\u00a0 The galls are about 3-4 cm in width and 15-20 cm in length (Chung & Tzeng, 2004).\u00a0 Infected plants do not show any typical disease symptoms despite the internal presence of the fungus (Jose et al., <\/em>2016). Experimentally, plant infected with U. esculenta<\/em> showed a decrease in height, but significant increase in above-ground biomass and higher chlorophyll content (Yan et al<\/em>., 2013).<\/p>\n

Damage Potential: Ustilago esculenta<\/em> prevents the production of inflorescences in host plants thereby, significantly reducing seed production and resulting in great yield loss (Terrell & Batra, 1982; Chen & Tzeng, 1999).\u00a0 Production of wild rice, including near relatives of Zizania latifolia<\/em>, in California may be significantly reduced by the fungus.<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong> Asia<\/em>: Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, (east and south Asia), Taiwan, Thailand, (former) USSR, Vietnam; North America<\/em>: USA (District of Columbia) (Farr & Rossman, 2017).<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/u>:<\/strong> \u00a0Ustilago esculenta<\/em>, with its host plant, Zizania<\/em> spp., are prohibited from being imported or offered for entry into the United States by the USDA, and are on the Prohibited Articles List under Federal Regulations 7CFR 319.37-2 (USDA, 2017).<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong> Ustilago esculenta<\/em> is not established in California.<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/u>:\u00a0<\/strong> In 1998, there was one interception of Manchurian wild rice infested with Ustilago esculenta<\/em> destined to a private business in San Bernardino County.\u00a0 The shipment was destroyed.<\/p>\n

In 1991, a foreign-sourced, illegal planting of Manchurian wild rice infected with Ustilago esculenta<\/em> was detected in a field near Modesto.\u00a0 The plants were eradicated.<\/p>\n

The risk Ustilago esculenta<\/em> would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h5>\n

1) Climate\/Host Interaction: <\/strong>Ustilago esculenta<\/em> is likely to establish wherever wild rice, Zizania<\/em>, is cultivated in California.\u00a0 California wild rice is grown under warm, dry, clear days, and a long growing season; mostly on fine-textured, poorly-drained soils (Farrar, 2000).\u00a0 \u00a0Since the fungus is limited to Zizania<\/em> spp., and is likely to establish wherever native species of wild rice are grown in California, its potential distribution is considered widespread and a \u2018High\u201d<\/span><\/strong> rating is given to this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.<\/p>\n

Score:<\/strong> 3<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/span><\/p>\n

2) Known Pest Host Range:<\/strong> \u00a0The host range is limited to Zizania<\/em><\/p>\n

Evaluate the host range of the pest.<\/p>\n

Score:<\/strong> 1<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> has a very limited host range.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.<\/p>\n

– High (3) has a wide host range.<\/p>\n

3) Pest Dispersal Potential:<\/strong> The fungus is biotrophic and is dependent on the spread infested galled plants for long distance spread.\u00a0 It is also transmitted in propagative rhizomes and soil.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest.<\/p>\n

Score:<\/strong> 3<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

4)\u00a0Economic Impact: <\/strong>Ustilago esculenta<\/em> prevents the production of inflorescences in host plants thereby, drastically reducing seed production and resulting in great yield loss.\u00a0 The fungus and its vectoring host, Zizania latifolia<\/em>, are prohibited entry in the USA , and would be a threat to native species of wild rice that are grown in California<\/p>\n

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

Economic Impact: A, B, C, D, E<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

A<\/strong>. The pest could lower crop yield.<\/span><\/p>\n

B<\/strong>. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).<\/span><\/p>\n

C<\/strong>. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).<\/span><\/p>\n

D<\/strong>. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.<\/span><\/p>\n

E<\/strong>. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/span><\/p>\n

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

Economic Impact Score<\/strong>: 3<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

5) Environmental Impact: <\/strong>Ustilago esculenta<\/em>, either through the establishment of infected Zizania latifolia<\/em> or its direct impact on the stand and cultivation of California native wild rice species, can result in reducing native stands of wild rice by reducing seed production, thereby, disrupting aquatic plant and animal communities, critical habitats, and lowering biodiversity.\u00a0 This could result in additional official treatment programs. A \u201cHigh\u201d<\/strong><\/span> rating is given to this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

Environmental Impact:<\/strong> A, C, D<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

A<\/strong>. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/span><\/p>\n

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/p>\n

C<\/strong>. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/span><\/p>\n

D<\/strong>. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/span><\/p>\n

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/p>\n

Environmental Impact Score: 3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Ustilago esculenta<\/em>:<\/strong> High (13)<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n

Add up the total score and include it here.<\/p>\n

-Low = 5-8 points<\/p>\n

-Medium = 9-12 points<\/p>\n

–High<\/strong> = 13-15 points<\/span><\/p>\n

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information<\/strong>: Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.<\/p>\n

Evaluation is Low.\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong><\/span>Ustilago esculenta<\/em> is not established in California.<\/p>\n

Score: 0<\/strong><\/p>\n

–Not established (0)<\/strong> Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/span><\/p>\n

-Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).<\/p>\n

-Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

-High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

7) The final score is<\/strong> the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: (Score)<\/p>\n

Final Score: <\/em><\/strong>\u00a0Score of Consequences of Introduction \u2013 Score of Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information = 13 <\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Uncertainty: \u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

None.<\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Based on the evidence provided above the proposed rating for Ustilago esculenta <\/em>is A<\/span>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n
References:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

C<\/strong>han, Y-S., and L. B. Thrower.\u00a0 1980.\u00a0 The host-parasite relationship between Zizania caduciflora<\/em> Turcz. and Ustilago esculenta<\/em> P. Henn. 1. Structure and development of the host and host-parasite combination.\u00a0 New Phytopathology 85: 201-207.<\/p>\n

C<\/strong>hen, R-S., and D. D-S. Tzeng.\u00a0 1999.\u00a0 PCR-mediated detection of Ustilago esculenta<\/em> in water oat (Zizania latifolia<\/em>) by ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequences.\u00a0 Plant Pathology Bulletin 8: 149-156.<\/p>\n

C<\/strong>hung, K., and D. D. Tzeng.\u00a0 2004. \u00a0Nutritional Requirements of the Edible Gall-producing Fungus Ustilago esculenta<\/em>. Journal of Biological Sciences, 4(2), 246-252.<\/p>\n

F<\/strong>arr, D. F., and A. Y. Rossman.\u00a0 2017.\u00a0 Ustilago esculenta.<\/em>\u00a0 Fungal databases, U.S. National Fungus Collections, ARS, USDA. Retrieved November 28, 2017, from https:\/\/nt.ars-grin.gov\/fungaldatabases\/<\/p>\n

Farrar, K.\u00a0 2000.\u00a0 Crop profile for wild rice in California. California Pesticide Impact Assessment Program, University of California, Davis, CA. <\/strong>http:\/\/www.ipmcenters.org\/CropProfiles\/docs\/cawildrice.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

French, A.M.<\/strong> 1989. California Plant Disease Host Index. California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento (Updated online version by T. Tidwell, May 2, 2017).<\/p>\n

J<\/strong>ose, R. C., S. Goyari, B. Louis, S. D. Waikhom, P. J. Handique, and N. C. Talukdar.\u00a0 2016.\u00a0 Investigation on the biotrophic interaction of Ustilago esculenta<\/em> on Zizania latifolia<\/em> found in the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot.\u00a0 Microbial Pathogenesis 98: 6-15.<\/p>\n

N<\/strong>PAG.\u00a0 2001.\u00a0 NPAG report sent to Trillium.\u00a0 20. Ustilago esculenta<\/em> (Basidiomycota: Ustilaginomycetes: Ustilaginaceae) wild rice smut.\u00a0 New Pest Advisory Group Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory, Center for Plant Health Science & Technology.<\/p>\n

Terrell, E. E., and L. R. Batra.<\/strong>\u00a0 1982.\u00a0 Zizania latifolia<\/em><\/strong> and Ustilago esculenta<\/em><\/strong>,<\/strong> a grass-fungus association. Economic Botany 36: 274-285.<\/p>\n

U<\/strong>SDA.\u00a0 2017.\u00a0 Plants for plant manual. United States Department of Agriculture.\u00a0 First edition March 2017.<\/p>\n

W<\/strong>atson, T., T. E. Tidwell, and D. G. Fogle.\u00a0 1991.\u00a0 Smut of Manchurian wild rice caused by Ustilago esculenta in California.\u00a0 Plant Disease 95: 1075. DOI: 10.1094\/PD-75-1075D.<\/p>\n

Y<\/strong>amaguchi, M. (1990). Asian vegetables. In <\/em>J. Janick & J. E. Simon (Eds.), Advances in new crops, 387-390. Timber Press, Portland, OR.<\/p>\n

Y<\/strong>an, N., X-Q. Wang, X-F. Xu, D-P. Guo, Z-D. Wang, J-Z. Zhang, K. D. Hyde, and H-L. Liu.\u00a0 2013.\u00a0 Plant growth and photosynthetic performance of Zizania latifolia<\/em> are altered by endophytic Ustilago esculenta<\/em> infection. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmpp.2013.05.005<\/a><\/p>\n

\n
Responsible Party:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

John J. Chitambar, Primary Plant Pathologist\/Nematologist, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832. Phone: 916-262-1110, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n
*NOTE:<\/span><\/h5>\n

You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. \u00a0If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at\u00a0plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n
Comment Format:<\/h5>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s)\u00a0being commented on, as shown below.<\/p>\n

Example Comment:
\n<\/strong>Consequences of Introduction: \u00a01. Climate\/Host Interaction:\u00a0[Your comment that relates to \u201cClimate\/Host Interaction\u201d here.<\/em>]<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may not be posted if they:<\/p>\n

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to\u00a0the pest rating proposal;<\/p>\n

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic,\u00a0sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal\u00a0material;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms\u00a0of discrimination;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the\u00a0website to be viewed, not just submitted.<\/p>\n

\n

PEST RATING: A<\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating for Ustilago esculenta Henn. 1895 PEST RATING: A PEST RISK PROFILE Initiating Event: \u00a0\u00a0 On October 19 and 20, 2017, Manchurian wild rice plants with slightly swollen lower stems, were collected by Riverside County Agricultural officials, from a private company, in Riverside County and sent to the CDFA\u2019s Plant Pathology Lab for … Continue reading Ustilago esculenta<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1117,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[8,4],"tags":[156,45,602],"class_list":["post-4271","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fungi","category-plant-pathology","tag-fungus","tag-plant-pathogen","tag-ustilago-esculenta"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/s5l8vQ-4271","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":4338,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=4338","url_meta":{"origin":4271,"position":0},"title":"Manchurian Wild Rice | Zizania latifolia","author":"Dean Kelch","date":"January 5, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating\u00a0 for Manchurian Wild Rice |\u00a0Zizania latifolia Pest Rating: A |\u00a0Proposed Seed Rating: R PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: This plant was been detected in California in 2017. History & Status: Zizania latifolia is a large perennial grass growing to 3.5 m.\u00a0 It is hardy in warm temperate\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Weeds"","block_context":{"text":"Weeds","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=7"},"img":{"alt_text":"Machurian Wild Rice. Photo credit: National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA), New Zealand","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/MachurianWildRice_PhotoBy-NationalInstitute-of-WaterAtmosphericResearch-300x203.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":3070,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=3070","url_meta":{"origin":4271,"position":1},"title":"Coco-Yam, Elephant Ear or Taro | Colocasia esculenta","author":"Javaid Iqbal","date":"December 8, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for \u00a0Colocasia esculenta : Coco-Yam, Elephant Ear or Taro \u00a0 Family:\u00a0Araceae Pest Rating: D \u00a0| \u00a0 Proposed\u00a0Seed Rating: N\/A PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: This plant has been rated as \u201cQ\u201d on the CDFA Plant Pest Rating since 2015. History & Status: Background: Colocasia esculenta\u00a0is a tropical\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Weeds"","block_context":{"text":"Weeds","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=7"},"img":{"alt_text":"Coco-Yam-US-Map","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/Coco-Yam-US-Map.png?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/Coco-Yam-US-Map.png?resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/Coco-Yam-US-Map.png?resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/Coco-Yam-US-Map.png?resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":6911,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=6911","url_meta":{"origin":4271,"position":2},"title":"Ustilago maydis (DC.) Corda 1842 corn smut","author":"Heather.Martin","date":"February 27, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Ustilago maydis (DC.) Corda 1842 corn smut Pest Rating: C download pest rating *NOTE: You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. Posted by ka","rel":"","context":"In "C-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"C-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=671"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":3380,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=3380","url_meta":{"origin":4271,"position":3},"title":"West Indian woodnettle | Laportea aestuans","author":"Javaid Iqbal","date":"February 22, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for West Indian Woodnettle\u00a0 |\u00a0 Laportea aestuans Family: \u00a0Urticaceae Pest Rating: C \u00a0| \u00a0Proposed Seed Rating: N\/A PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: Laportea aestuans currently has a Z rating, and was recently found in San Luis Obispo County. \u00a0A permanent pest rating proposal is required to support\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Weeds"","block_context":{"text":"Weeds","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=7"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":4307,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=4307","url_meta":{"origin":4271,"position":4},"title":"Diaporthe pseudophoenicicola R. R. Gomes, C. Glienke & Crous 2013","author":"Admin","date":"December 29, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Diaporthe pseudophoenicicola R. R. Gomes, C. Glienke & Crous 2013 Pest Rating: C PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: On June 15, 2017, a shipment of an unknown plant, exhibiting symptoms of leaf spotting and destined to a commercial florist in Los Angeles County, was intercepted by\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Fungi"","block_context":{"text":"Fungi","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1463,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1463","url_meta":{"origin":4271,"position":5},"title":"Tarophagus colocasiae (Matsumura) | Taro Planthopper","author":"Jason Leathers","date":"January 15, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Tarophagus colocasiae (Matsumura): Taro Planthopper Hemiptera: Delphacidae Pest Rating: \u00a0B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: \u00a0 Tarophagus colocasiae is commonly intercepted by California\u2019s high risk programs.\u00a0 This planthopper is currently assigned a temporary rating of \u201cQ\u201d and is therefore in need of a permanent pest rating.\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Hemiptera"","block_context":{"text":"Hemiptera","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=18"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4271","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1117"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4271"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4271\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10579,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4271\/revisions\/10579"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4271"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4271"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4271"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}