{"id":4257,"date":"2017-11-29T13:00:23","date_gmt":"2017-11-29T21:00:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=4257"},"modified":"2024-04-26T10:55:02","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T17:55:02","slug":"colletotrichum-aracearum","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=4257","title":{"rendered":"Colletotrichum aracearum"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating for<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Colletotrichum aracearum <\/em><\/strong>L. W. Hou & L. Cai 2016<\/strong><\/h5>\n
PEST RATING: B<\/strong><\/h5>\n
\n
PEST RATING PROFILE<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Initiating Event: \u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

On July 28, 2017, diseased Cymbidium<\/em> sp. plants exhibiting leaf spots, were detected by the CDFA Dog Team, in a shipment of plants that had originated in and was destined to a private resident in San Diego County.\u00a0 Symptomatic leaves were sent to the CDFA Plant Pest Diagnostics Branch for diagnosis.\u00a0 On August 21, 2017, Suzanne Latham, CDFA plant pathologist, detected the fungal pathogen, Colletotrichum aracearum<\/em>, in culture from the leaf spots.\u00a0 The identity of the pathogen was also confirmed by the USDA APHIS National Identification Services at Beltsville, Maryland (Kennedy, 2017).\u00a0 Currently, C. aracearum <\/em>has a temporary \u2018Q\u2019 rating.\u00a0 The risk of introduction and establishment of C. aracearum<\/em> in California is assessed and a permanent rating is proposed herein.<\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background<\/u>:\u00a0<\/strong> Colletotrichum aracearum<\/em> causes anthracnose disease in its host plants. The recently described species (Hou et al.,<\/em> 2016) has only been reported from China, until its detection in California, USA.\u00a0 \u00a0In California, prior to the July 28, 2017 detection of Colletotrichum aracearum<\/em> (see \u2018Initiating Event\u2019), there had been several detections of the pathogen which was then identified as Colletotrichum<\/em> cf. cliviae<\/em> (\u2018cf\u2019 in biological terminology means \u2018a significant resemblance to\u2019).\u00a0 However, those detections were recently shown to be C. aracearum <\/em>(Kennedy, 2017; Latham, 2017).\u00a0\u00a0 The first detection of C. aracearum<\/em> (then identified as Colletotrichum<\/em> cf. cliviae<\/em>) was made on April 28, 2015, from diseased Dieffenbachia<\/em> sp. plants exhibiting leaf spots and detected in a nursery in San Diego County during regulatory nursery inspections by the San Diego County Agricultural officials. This marked a probable new U.S. record by the USDA National Identification Services at Beltsville, Maryland. Several detections followed from different nurseries within San Diego County.\u00a0 On June 11, 2015 and August 19, 2015, the same pathogen was detected in Chinese evergreen (Aglaonema<\/em> sp.) leaves from cuttings that were shipped from Guatemala and intercepted by San Diego County, and from diseased Aglaonema<\/em> sp. plants detected during regulatory nursery inspections.\u00a0 On December 3, 2015 and April 20, 2016, infected Aglaonema<\/em> sp. were intercepted in plant shipments from Costa Rica, and on April 29, 2016, during\u00a0 regulatory nursery inspections, the pathogen was detected in Cymbidium<\/em> sp. orchid plants showing leaf spots.\u00a0\u00a0 In all these cases, subsequent to the detection of the pathogen, <\/em>infected plant shipments\/nursery stock were either destroyed or rejected from entering California. The presence and status of anthracnose disease caused by C. aracearum<\/em> in Guatemala and Costa Rica have not been reported.<\/p>\n

Hosts: Aglaonema<\/em> sp. (Chinese evergreen), Cymbidium <\/em>sp. (orchid), Dieffenbachia<\/em> sp. (CDFA detection records 2015-2017), Monstera deliciosa<\/em> (Swiss cheese plant\/tarovine\/windowleaf), Philodendron selloum<\/em> (cut-leaf philodendron) (Farr & Rossman, 2016; Hou et al.,<\/em> 2016).<\/p>\n

Symptoms:\u00a0 Generally, Colletotrichum<\/em>-infected host plants exhibit symptoms of anthracnose which include dark brown leaf, stem, and fruit spots or lesions, fruit rot, and wilting of leaves which often result in dieback and reduction in plant quality.<\/p>\n

Damage Potential:\u00a0 Anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum aracearum <\/em>can result in reduced plant quality and growth, fruit production and marketability.\u00a0 \u00a0Estimates of yield\/crop loss due to this pathogen have not been reported. However, in California, nursery and greenhouse production of orchids, Chinese evergreen, dieffenbachia, and other host plants are particularly at risk as nursery conditions are often conducive to infection by Colletotrichum<\/em> species.\u00a0 In California\u2019s cultivated fields, disease development may be sporadic as it is affected by levels of pathogen inoculum and environmental conditions.<\/p>\n

Disease Cycle:\u00a0 It is likely that Colletotrichum aracearum <\/em>has a similar life cycle to that of other Colletotrichum<\/em> species and survives between crops during winter as mycelium on plant residue in soil, on infected plants, and on seeds.\u00a0 During active growth, the pathogen produces masses of hyphae (stromata) which bear conidiophores, on the plant surface. Conidia (spores) are produced at the tips of the conidiophores and disseminated by wind, rain, cultivation tools, equipment, and field workers.\u00a0 \u00a0Conidia are transmitted to host plants.\u00a0 Humid, wet, rainy weather is necessary for infection to occur.\u00a0 These requirements in particular may limit the occurrence of the pathogen in California fields and subsequently, the pathogen may be more of a problem under controlled environments of greenhouses.\u00a0 Conidia germinate, penetrate host tissue by means of specialized hyphae (appresoria) and invade host tissue.<\/p>\n

Transmission:\u00a0 Wind, wind-driven rain, cultivation tools, and human contact.<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong> Asia<\/em>: China; North America<\/em>: USA (Farr & Rossman, 2017; Hou et al.,<\/em> 2016).\u00a0 Currently, in the USA, C. aracearum<\/em> has only been reported from California.<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/u>:\u00a0<\/strong> In California C. aracearum<\/em> is an actionable, Q-rated pathogen, and infected plant material is subject to destruction or rejection.\u00a0 Colletotrichum aracearum<\/em> is reportable to the USDA.<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong> San Diego County (see \u201cBackground\u201d).<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/u>:\u00a0<\/strong> During 2015-17, four shipments of Colletotrichum aracearum<\/em>-infected Aglaonema<\/em> sp. (Chinese evergreen) cuttings and one of Cymbidium<\/em> sp. were intercepted in California.\u00a0 The shipments had originated Guatemala, Costa Rica, and China (see \u2018Background\u2019 and \u2018Initiating Event\u2019.).<\/p>\n

The risk Colletotrichum aracearum<\/em> would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h5>\n

1) Climate\/Host Interaction:<\/strong> Similar to other species of Colletotrichum<\/em>, aracearum<\/em> requires humid, wet, rainy weather for conidia to infect host plants. This environmental requirement may limit the ability of the pathogen to fully establish and spread under dry field conditions in California<\/p>\n

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.<\/p>\n

Score: 2<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/p>\n

2) Known Pest Host Range:<\/strong> Presently, the host range of Colletotrichum aracearum<\/em> is limited to few nursery ornamental plant species belonging to the family Araceae.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the host range of the pest.<\/p>\n

Score:<\/strong> 1<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> has a very limited host range.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.<\/p>\n

– High (3) has a wide host range.<\/p>\n

3) Pest Dispersal Potential<\/strong>: \u00a0The pathogen has high reproductive potential and conidia are produced successively.\u00a0 They are transmitted by wind, wind-driven rain, cultivation tools, and human contact however conidial germination and plant infection require long, wet periods.<\/em><\/p>\n

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest.<\/p>\n

Score:<\/strong> 3<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

4) Economic Impact:<\/strong> Under suitable, wet climates, the pathogen could lower plant growth, fruit production and value and trigger the loss of markets. Nursery-grown orchids and other ornamental host plants could be negatively affected.<\/em><\/p>\n

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

Score:<\/strong> A, B, C<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

A<\/strong>. The pest could lower crop yield.<\/span><\/p>\n

B<\/strong>. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).<\/span><\/p>\n

C<\/strong>. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).<\/span><\/p>\n

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.<\/p>\n

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/p>\n

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

Economic Impact Score: 3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

5) Environmental Impact:<\/strong> The pathogen could significantly impact cultural practices or home garden plantings.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

Environmental Impact:<\/strong> E<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/p>\n

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/p>\n

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/p>\n

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/p>\n

E<\/strong>. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/span><\/p>\n

Environmental Impact Score: 2<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes one of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Colletotrichum aracearum: <\/em>Medium (11)<\/span><\/strong><\/h5>\n

Add up the total score and include it here. (Score)<\/p>\n

-Low = 5-8 points<\/p>\n

–Medium<\/strong> = 9-12 points<\/span><\/p>\n

-High = 13-15 points<\/p>\n

Total points obtained on evaluation of consequences of introduction of Colletotrichum aracearum<\/em> to California = (11<\/span>).<\/strong><\/p>\n

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information:<\/strong> Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included. (Score)<\/p>\n

-Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/p>\n

–Low (-1)<\/strong> Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).<\/span><\/p>\n

-Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

-High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

Evaluation is Low (-1)<\/span> <\/em><\/strong>–<\/em> Colletotrichum aracearum was detected in a nursery in San Diego County.<\/em><\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

7) The final score is<\/strong> the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: (Score)<\/p>\n

Final Score: <\/em><\/strong>\u00a0Score of Consequences of Introduction \u2013 Score of Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information =<\/strong> <\/span>10<\/span>.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Uncertainty:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

The host range of Colletotrichum aracearum is presently limited to few plants in Araceae.\u00a0 Further host range studies are needed.\u00a0 Also, results of detection surveys for C. aracearum in nursery, commercial, and natural environments within California may alter its proposed rating.<\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Based on the evidence provided above the proposed rating for the anthracnose pathogen, Colletotrichum aracearum<\/em> is B<\/span>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n
References:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

F<\/strong>arr, D. F., & A. Y. Rossman.\u00a0 2016.\u00a0 Fungal databases, systematic mycology and microbiology laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved April 3, 2016, from<\/p>\n

http:\/\/nt.ars-grin.gov\/fungaldatabases\/<\/a><\/p>\n

Hou, L.W., F. Liu, W. J. Duan, and L. Cai.<\/strong> 2016. Colletotrichum aracearum<\/em><\/strong> and C. camelliae-japonicae<\/em><\/strong>, two holomorphic new species from China and Japan. Mycosphere 7(8): 1111-1123.<\/p>\n

K<\/strong>ennedy, A.\u00a0 2017.\u00a0 Email from A. H. Kennedy, Molecular Biologist, National Identification Services, USDA APHIS PPQ PM to John Chitambar, CDFA, sent: August 29, 2017, 12:54 pm.<\/p>\n

L<\/strong>atham, S.\u00a0 2017.\u00a0 Email from A. H. Kennedy, Molecular Biologist, National Identification Services, USDA APHIS PPQ PM to Suzanne Latham, CDFA, sent: August 18, 2017, 12:11 pm.<\/p>\n

\n
Responsible Party:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

John J. Chitambar, Primary Plant Pathologist\/Nematologist, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832. Phone: 916-262-1110, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n
*NOTE:<\/span><\/h5>\n

You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. \u00a0If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at\u00a0plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n
Comment Format:<\/h5>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s)\u00a0being commented on, as shown below.<\/p>\n

Example Comment:
\n<\/strong>Consequences of Introduction: \u00a01. Climate\/Host Interaction:\u00a0[Your comment that relates to \u201cClimate\/Host Interaction\u201d here.<\/em>]<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may not be posted if they:<\/p>\n

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to\u00a0the pest rating proposal;<\/p>\n

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic,\u00a0sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal\u00a0material;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms\u00a0of discrimination;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the\u00a0website to be viewed, not just submitted.<\/p>\n

\n

Pest Rating: B<\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating for Colletotrichum aracearum L. W. Hou & L. Cai 2016 PEST RATING: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: \u00a0 On July 28, 2017, diseased Cymbidium sp. plants exhibiting leaf spots, were detected by the CDFA Dog Team, in a shipment of plants that had originated in and was destined to a private … Continue reading Colletotrichum aracearum<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1117,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[8,4],"tags":[599,156,45],"class_list":["post-4257","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fungi","category-plant-pathology","tag-colletotrichum-aracearum","tag-fungus","tag-plant-pathogen"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-16F","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":4275,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=4275","url_meta":{"origin":4257,"position":0},"title":"Colletotrichum cliviae Y.L. 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Cannon & Crous, 2012 Pest\u00a0Rating: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In January 2015, the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum petchii, was detected in infected potted Dracaena deremensis (corn plant) in a nursery in Vista, San Diego County, California.\u00a0 The plants were\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Fungi"","block_context":{"text":"Fungi","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":3160,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=3160","url_meta":{"origin":4257,"position":5},"title":"Colletotrichum sansevieriae M. Nakamura & M. Ohzono 2006","author":"Admin","date":"January 9, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Colletotrichum sansevieriae \u00a0M. Nakamura & M. 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