{"id":4027,"date":"2017-08-25T10:36:13","date_gmt":"2017-08-25T17:36:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=4027"},"modified":"2024-04-26T10:55:43","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T17:55:43","slug":"phytophthora-cactorum-lebert-cohn-j-schrot-1886","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=4027","title":{"rendered":"Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert & Cohn) J. Schr\u00f6t. 1886"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating Proposal for<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Phytophthora cactorum<\/em><\/strong> (Lebert & Cohn) J. Schr\u00f6t. 1886 <\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pest Rating: B<\/strong><\/h5>\n
\n
PEST RATING PROFILE<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Initiating Event: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

None.\u00a0 The current risk and status of Phytophthora cactorum <\/em>in California are reassessed and a permanent rating is proposed.<\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background:<\/u>\u00a0<\/strong> Phytophthora cactorum<\/em> is an oomycete pathogen that has a very wide host range and can cause a wide range of disease symptoms including, root rot, collar and crown rot, fruit rot, and stem canker, usually in conjunction with other Phytophthora<\/em> spp. in its hosts.\u00a0 Phytophthora<\/em> root and crown rot disease are among the most important soilborne diseases of stone fruits (Brown & Mircetich, 1995).\u00a0 It is widespread in temperate regions of all continents and occurs in soils of natural forests, agricultural fields and orchards.\u00a0 It can persist and spread in different environments and is capable of surviving in the soil as a saprophyte and by producing resting spores.<\/p>\n

Phytophthora cactorum<\/em> is widespread in California and has been found in several counties (see<\/em>: \u201cCalifornia Distribution\u201d).\u00a0 In California, P. cactorum<\/em> has been found in several hosts: apple, avocado, apricot, American plum, European plum, Japanese plum, Myrobalan plum, sour cherry, sweet cherry, sweet almond, Mabaleb cherry, cherry laurel, peach, nectarine, pear, Southern California walnut, Northern California walnut, English walnut, strawberry, oval kumquat, sweet orange, kiwifruit, peony, rose, rhodendron, tomato, garden rhubarb, lilac, lily, calla lily, Didier\u2019s tulip, tulip, garden snapdragon, western vervain, virbinum, blue blossom ceanothus, million bells, safflower, wild oats, daphne, white fir, Pacific madrone, chamise, manzanita, wild oats, coyote brush, incense cedar, beefwood, deodar cedar, eucalyptus, California buckthorn\/coffeeberry, buckthorn, California flannelbush, toyon, common hop, holly, spicebush, carob, savin juniper, juniper, English laurel, redbay, Frasier\u2019s photinia, chokeberry, Ponderosa pine, sticky cinquefoil, Formosa fire thorn, fire thorn, California live oak, valley oak, oak, cork oak, southern live oak, Indian hawthorn, redwood, giant sequoia, yew, and sticky monkey flower (French, 1989, CDFA Pest Damage Records<\/em>).\u00a0 The pathogen has also been recovered from various habitats including flowing water, stream and ditch banks, residential and public gardens, recreational areas, orchards, forests, and nurseries (Yakabe et al.,<\/em> 2009; CDFA Pest Damage Records<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Hosts:<\/em> Phytophthora cactorum <\/em>has a very wide host range of plants belonging to several families including, Aceraceae, Apocynaceae, Apiaceae, Araliaceae, Cactaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Cornaceae, Ebenaceae, Ericaceae, Fagaceae, Geraniaceae, Grossulariaceae, Hippocastanaceae, Juglandaceae, Lauraceae, Liliaceae, Oleaceae, Pinaceae, Proteaceae, Polygonaceae, Rutaceae, Rosaceae, Salicaceae, Solanaceae, Sterculiaceae, and Violaceae (CABI, 2017).<\/p>\n

Farr and Rossman (2017) include 1332 records of hosts for Phytophthora cactorum<\/em> and its synonyms.\u00a0 Hosts include: Abies alba<\/em> (silver fir), A. amabilis<\/em> (Pacific silver fir), A. balsamea<\/em> (balsam fir), A. balsamea <\/em>var. phanerolepsis, A. concolor <\/em>(white fir), A. firma <\/em>(momi fir), A. fraseri <\/em>(Fraser fir), A. magnifica<\/em> var. shastensis<\/em> (Shasta red fir), A. procera <\/em>(noble fir), Abies <\/em>sp., Acacia<\/em> sp. (wattles\/acacias), Acer<\/em> spp. (maples), Actinidia chinensis<\/em> (kiwi), A. deliciosa<\/em> (fuzzy kiwifruit), Adenostoma fasciculatum<\/em> (chamise), Aesculus hippocastanum<\/em> (horse chestnut), Aesculus<\/em> sp. (buckeye and horse chestnuts), Agonis flexuosa<\/em> (Jervis Bay Afterdark), Alnus glutinosa<\/em> (common alder\/black alder), A. incana<\/em> (grey alder\/speckled alder), A. oregana<\/em> (Oregon alder), Amygdalus persica<\/em> (peach), Ananas comosus<\/em> (pineapple), Anemone coronaria<\/em> (poppy anemone\/Spanish marigold), Angelica<\/em> sp. (angelica), Annona cherimola<\/em> (cherimoya), Antirrhinum<\/em> sp., A. majus<\/em> (snapdragon), Aquilegia<\/em> sp. (columbine), Aralia cordata<\/em> (spikenard), A. elata <\/em>(Japanese angelica-tree), Arbutus menziesii <\/em>(Pacific madrone\/madrone), Arctostaphylos<\/em> spp. (manzanita), Aster<\/em> spp. (asters), Aucuba japonica <\/em>(spotted laurel\/Japanese laurel), Avena fatua <\/em>(common wild oat), Baccharis pilularis <\/em>(coyote brush), \u00a0Banksia<\/em> spp. (banksia), Begonia<\/em> sp. (begonia), Beta vulgaris <\/em>var. crassa<\/em> (beets), Betula lutea <\/em>(yellow birch), B. pendula <\/em>(silver birch), Betula<\/em> sp. (birch), Boehmeria<\/em> spp. (false nettles), Brassica oleracea <\/em>var. bullata <\/em>(Brussel sprouts), Brassica<\/em> sp. (mustard), Brassolaeliocattleya<\/em> sp. (orchid), Bryophyllum pinnatum <\/em>(airplant), Buxus <\/em>sp. (boxwood), Cactus<\/em> sp., Calceolaria integrifolia<\/em> (bush slipperwort), Calceolaria<\/em> sp. (sweetshrub), Calibrachoa<\/em> sp. (million bells), Callistephus chinensis<\/em> (China aster), Calocedrus decurrens<\/em> (California incense cedar), Calycanthus floridus<\/em> (eastern sweetshrub), C. occidentalis<\/em> (spicebush), Calytrix angulata<\/em> (yellow starflower), Capsicum<\/em> annuum<\/em> (cayenne pepper), C. frutescens<\/em> (chili pepper), Carica papaya<\/em> (papaya), Carthamus tinctorius<\/em> (safflower), Carya illinoinensis<\/em> (pecan), Castanea<\/em> sativa<\/em> (sweet chestnut), Castanea<\/em> sp., Casuarina<\/em> sp. (beefwood), Catharanthus roseus<\/em> (Madagascar periwinkle), Ceratonia<\/em> siliqua<\/em> (carob), Cereus<\/em> spp., Cattleya<\/em> sp. (cattleya orchid), Ceanothus<\/em> thyrsiflorus<\/em> (blue blossom ceanothus), Cedrus<\/em> deodara<\/em> (deodar cedar), Ceratonia<\/em> siliqua<\/em> (carob tree), \u00a0Chamaecyparis<\/em> spp. (false cypress), Chrysalidocarpus<\/em> lutescens<\/em> (areca palm\/butterfly palm), Chrysanthemum<\/em> spp., Citrullus<\/em> lanatus<\/em> (watermelon; syn. C<\/em>. vulgaris<\/em>), Citrus<\/em> aurantium<\/em> (bitter orange), C. grandis<\/em> (pomelo; syn. C. maxima), C. limon<\/em> (lemon), C. limonia<\/em> (Mandarin lime), C. sinensis<\/em> (sweet orange), Citrus<\/em> sp., Clarkia<\/em> spp., Cleome<\/em> spp., \u00a0Cocos<\/em> nucifera<\/em> (coconut), Cornus<\/em> sp. (dogwood), C. sericea<\/em> (western dogwood), Cucumis \u00a0melo <\/em>var. inodorus <\/em>(Kolkhoznitsa melon), C. melo <\/em>var. reticulatus<\/em> (galia melon), C. sativus <\/em>(cucumber), C. pepo <\/em>(field pumpkin), Dahlia <\/em>sp., Daphne cneorum <\/em>(rose daphne\/garden flower), D<\/em>. mezereum<\/em> (February daphne), D. odora<\/em> (winter daphne), Daphne<\/em> sp., Dendrobium<\/em> sp. (dendrobium orchid), Dianthus<\/em> caryophyllus<\/em> (carnation), Daucus<\/em> carota<\/em> (carrot), Diospyros<\/em> kaki<\/em> (persimmon), Diplacus aurantiacus<\/em> (syn. Mimulus aurantiacus<\/em>, sticky monkeyflower), Eriobotrya<\/em> japonica<\/em> (loquat), Echinochloa<\/em> crus<\/em>–galli<\/em> (barnyardgrass), E<\/em>. eyriesii<\/em>, Epidendrum<\/em> spp. (Epidendrum orchids), Erica<\/em> hyemalis<\/em> (cape heath), Eucalyptus<\/em> spp., Fagus<\/em> sp. (beeches) F. sylvatica<\/em> (common beech), Fragaria<\/em> spp. (strawberry), F. ananassa<\/em> (strawberry), F. chiloensis<\/em> (Chilean strawberry), F. vesca<\/em> (wild strawberry), Frangula californica<\/em> (coffeeberry\/California buckthorn), Fraxinus<\/em> spp., (ash), Fremontia<\/em> californica<\/em> (California flannelbush; syn. Fremontodendron<\/em> californicum <\/em>(California flannelbush), Fremontia<\/em> sp., F<\/em>. mexicanum<\/em> (Mexican flannelbush), Fortunella margarita<\/em> (oval kumquat), Galeandra<\/em> baueri<\/em> (orchid), Gladiolus<\/em> sp., Glycine<\/em> max<\/em> (soybean), Hesperocyparis macrocarpa<\/em> (syn. Cupressus macrocarpa, <\/em>Monterey cypress), Heteromeles<\/em> arbutifolia<\/em> (toyon), Hibiscus<\/em> spp. (rosemallows), Humulus lupulus<\/em> (common hop), Ilex<\/em> sp. (holly), Juglans californica<\/em> (California black walnut), J. hindsii<\/em> (Northern California walnut\/Hinds\u2019 black walnut), J. nigra<\/em> (black walnut), J. pyriformis<\/em>, J. regia<\/em> (English walnut), Juglans<\/em> sp., Juniperus<\/em> procera<\/em> (African juniper), J. sabina<\/em> (savin juniper), Juglans<\/em>. sp., Kalanchoe<\/em> spp., Lactuca<\/em> sativa<\/em> (lettuce), Laeliocattleya<\/em> sp. (orchid), Lilium<\/em> spp. (lily), Lycopersicon<\/em> esculentus<\/em> (tomato; syn.\u00a0 Solanum lycopersicum<\/em>), Malus domestica<\/em> (apple), Malus<\/em> sp., M. sylvestris<\/em> (European crab apple), Mespilus germanica<\/em> (medlar), Panax quinquefolius<\/em> (American ginseng), Pelargonium<\/em> spp. (pelargonium), Paeonia lactiflora<\/em> (Chinese peony\/common garden peony), Paeonia<\/em> spp. (peony), Panax<\/em> spp. (ginseng), Persea americana<\/em> (avocado), P. borbonia <\/em>(redbay), Photinia<\/em> spp. (photonia\/chokeberry), Picea<\/em> spp. (spruce), Pinus<\/em> spp. (pine), Populus<\/em> alba<\/em> (silver-leaf poplar), Potentilla glandulosa<\/em> (syn. Drymocallis glandulosa<\/em>, sticky cinquefoil), Prunus armeniaca<\/em> (apricot\/American plum), P. avium<\/em> (sweet cherry), P. cerasus<\/em> (sour cherry), P<\/em>. dulcis<\/em> (almond; syn. P. amygdalus<\/em>), P. ilicifolia<\/em> (hollyleaf cherry\/evergreen cherry), P. laurocerasus<\/em> (cherry laurel\/English laurel), P. mahaleb<\/em> (mahaleb cherry), P. mume<\/em> (Chinese plum\/Japanese apricot), P. persica<\/em> (peach), P. persica<\/em> var. nucipersica<\/em> (nectarine), P. salicina<\/em> (Japanese plum), Prunus<\/em> sp., Pyracantha coccinea<\/em> (scarlet firethorn), , P. koidzumii<\/em> (Formosa firethorn), Pyracantha<\/em> sp. (fire thorn), Pyrus communis<\/em> (European pear), Quercus agrifolia<\/em> (California live oak\/coast live oak), Q. falcata<\/em> (southern red oak), Q. lobata<\/em> (valley oak), Q. petraea<\/em> (durmast oak), Q. robur<\/em>, (English oak), Quercus<\/em> sp., Q. suber <\/em>(cork oak), Q.<\/em> virginiana<\/em> (live oak), Rhamnus <\/em>(Frangula<\/em>) californica<\/em> (California coffeeberry), Rhaphiolepis<\/em> indica<\/em> (Indian hawthorn), Rheum<\/em> rhaponticum<\/em> (false rhubarb), Rheum<\/em> hybridium<\/em> (rhubarb), Rhododendron<\/em> spp., (azalea), Ribes<\/em> spp., (currants), R. lobbii<\/em> (Lobbs gooseberry), R. uva-crispa<\/em> (gooseberry), Rosa<\/em> sp. (rose), Salix<\/em> sp. ( willow), Sequoiadendron giganteum<\/em> (giant sequoia), Solanum<\/em> (nightshade), S. lycopersicum<\/em> (tomato), Syringa vulgaris<\/em> (lilac), Syringa<\/em> sp., Taxus<\/em> sp. (yew), Theobroma<\/em> cacao<\/em> (cocoa), Tulipa<\/em> sp. (tulip), Tulipa gesneriana<\/em> (Didier\u2019s tulip), Viola<\/em> sp. (violet), Vanda<\/em> sp. (Vanda orchid), Verbena<\/em> sp., V. lasiostachys<\/em> (western vervain), Viburnum<\/em> spp., Vicia<\/em> faba<\/em> (fava bean\/broad bean), Vicia<\/em> sp. (vetch), V. unguiculata<\/em>, Vigna unguiculata<\/em> (cowpea; syn. V. sinensis<\/em>), V. cylindrica<\/em> (catjang), V<\/em>. sesquipedalis<\/em> (yardlong bean), Vitis vinifera<\/em> (grape ), Zea mays<\/em> (corn), Zantedeschia<\/em> sp. (calla lily) (CABI, 2017; Farr & Rossman, 2017; French, 1989; CDFA Pest Damage Records<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Symptoms<\/em>: Phytophthora cactorum<\/em> attacks a wide range of host plants causing varied symptoms, depending on the host.\u00a0 Symptoms include root rot, collar and crown rot, fruit rot, stem cankers, leaf blight, wilts and seedling blights.\u00a0 This pathogen can cause pre- and post-emergence damping-off disease in several plant species.\u00a0 It has been reported to reduce sprouting and kill seedlings of beech, and cause seedling blight in Pinus<\/em> spp., Salix<\/em> scoulerana<\/em>, and Robinia<\/em> spp. (CABI, 2017).<\/p>\n

On apple, pear and other woody hosts, P. cactorum<\/em> causes crown, collar and root rot.\u00a0 Crown rot affects rootstock tissue from the graft union down to the tips of the primary roots, whereas collar rot affects the scion above the graft union or slightly above the soil line.\u00a0 Root rot refers to symptoms that appear beyond the proximal junction of primary roots to crown tissue (Cox, 2014). \u00a0\u00a0Above ground symptoms are indicative of an impaired root system and include general stunting with reduced terminal growth and small, chlorotic leaves.\u00a0 Symptom expression depends on the amount of infected crown or root tissue and their rate of destruction.\u00a0 Young trees are usually killed by the pathogen since their root systems and crown regions are not as developed as those of mature trees.\u00a0 Generally, crown rots advance rapidly and trees fall and die soon after the first warm spring.\u00a0 Their leaves wilt, dry, and remain attached to the tree (Adaskaveg et al<\/em>., 2009; Gubler & Teviotdale, 2009).\u00a0 Trees with root rot slowly decline and eventually die over several seasons. At early stages of tree decline, removing the bark reveals orange to reddish brown necrotic lesions in cambium tissue.\u00a0 A thin, dark delineated margin is evident at the junction of healthy tissue and the expanding lesion which, over time, turns dark brown as it gets colonized by secondary fungi and bacteria.\u00a0 Symptoms can extend through the root system resulting in a lack of fibrous and feeder roots.\u00a0 Crown lesions can extend to the primary roots and up to the graft union, while collar lesions can extend up to a meter up from the graft union.\u00a0 On dissection, collar infections may appear striped in the inner phloem tissue and, sometimes, result in weeping though cracked barked tissue (Cox, 2014).\u00a0\u00a0 Phytophthora cactorum<\/em> also causes fruit rot in apple and pear, producing pale olive and dark brown lesions in apple and pear respectively.\u00a0 Those lesions are diffusely marbled or uniformly colored with softly delineated margins (Covey et al.,<\/em> 2014).<\/p>\n

In Rhododendrons affected by Phytophthora<\/em> root rot, roots become necrotic and leaves turn chlorotic, wilt, roll downwards parallel to the midrib, and eventually turn brown.\u00a0 In contrast, leaves of infected azalea become chlorotic, and then necrotic, but seldom wilt. Necrotic leaves eventually drop to the ground (Hoitink et al<\/em>., 2014).<\/p>\n

Infected trees may develop cankers on the stem or near the soil line with discoloration of infected bark, sometimes extending into the internal tissues (CABI, 2017).<\/p>\n

Phytophthora cactorum<\/em> can cause crown rot and root rot of strawberries.\u00a0 Initial symptoms typically include plant stunting and small leaves.\u00a0 Later, infected plants may collapse rapidly or gradually.\u00a0 When cut open, brown discoloration of the crown vascular tissue or entire tissue is apparent.\u00a0 While other Phytophthora<\/em> species may be involved, P. cactorum <\/em>is the most common species on strawberry (Koike et al<\/em>., 2008).\u00a0 Fruit is also infected by P. cactorum<\/em> resulting in leather rot disease.\u00a0 On green fruit, symptoms appear as dark brown areas or green areas with brown margins.\u00a0 As the rot spreads, the entire fruit turns brown with a rough texture that appears leathery. Infected mature fruit may be slightly discolored or turn brown to dark purple.\u00a0 Internally, vascular tissue to each seed is darkened, and in later stages of decay mature fruit becomes leathery.\u00a0 Infected fruit have unpleasant odor and taste.\u00a0 Under moist conditions, white mycelial growth may be present on the surface of fruit.\u00a0 Green and mature fruit eventually become shriveled mummies (Ellis & Madden, 1998).<\/p>\n

Disease development<\/u>:<\/strong> P. cactorum<\/em> can survive for several years, mainly as oospores (sexual spores) in soil and mummified fruit. The pathogen can also survive as chlamydospores (thick-walled asexual spores) (Erwin & Ribeiro, 1996) in orchard soil or mycelium in host tissue (Cox, 2014).\u00a0 Similar to other Phytophthora<\/em> spp., P. cactorum<\/em> lives as a saprophyte in litter and in soil containing dead organic material and is favored by moist and moderate climates. In spring, and in saturated soil, oospores germinate to produce sporangia.\u00a0 In free water, zoospores are produced within sporangia and liberated into water.\u00a0 While oospores and chlamydospores form the primary inoculum, sporangia are the principal source of secondary inoculum (CABI, 2017).\u00a0 Free water is required for infection, however, a high incidence of disease can occur with as little as 2 hours or less of wetness at 17-25\u00b0C.\u00a0 Optimum temperature for infection is 21\u00b0C.\u00a0\u00a0 The most favorable temperatures for sporangia production are between 15 and 25\u00b0C, and optimally at 20\u00b0C.\u00a0 No sporangia are produced at 10 and 30\u00b0C (Ellis & Madden, 1998).\u00a0\u00a0 Sporangia can germinate directly or indirectly by producing zoospores.\u00a0 Zoospores allow a population to increase rapidly and disperse widely in films of free water. \u00a0Zoospores are expelled from sporangia under suitable temperature and moisture conditions and swim by means of their flagella towards their host in response to root exudates.\u00a0 Once a zoospore comes in contact with a root it germinates producing a germ tube which penetrates the root directly under waterlogged soil conditions.\u00a0 \u00a0More mycelium develops and eventually, oospores (sexual spores) are produced and serve as resting structures that can survive for several years.\u00a0 (CABI, 2017).<\/p>\n

Transmission:<\/em> Like most Phytophthora<\/em> species, P. cactorum<\/em> is soil-borne and water-borne and may be spread to non-infected sites through infected plants, nursery and planting stock, and seedlings, soil, run-off and splash irrigation and rain water, and contaminated cultivation equipment, tools, and boots.\u00a0 Under high moisture and windy conditions, sporangia may be airborne and important in spread of diseases such as leather rot of strawberry.\u00a0 The pathogen is not seed-borne but can be spread by infected seedlings and through soil or plant debris containing oospores or chlamydospores contaminating seed samples (CABI, 2017).\u00a0 Furthermore, irrigation water from canals, rivers, and ponds can be contaminated with Phytophthora<\/em> spp. (Brown & Mircetich, 1995).<\/p>\n

Damage Potential: <\/em>Specific crop losses caused by Phytophthora cactorum <\/em>alone may be difficult to assess as more than one species of Phytophthora<\/em> may cause diseases with symptoms similar to those caused by P. cactorum<\/em> and may be present in infected hosts. Nevertheless, P. cactorum<\/em> is a serious pathogen of a wide range of plant species. Infections of 88-97% apple and pear nursery stock material in commercial nurseries has been reported (Jeffers & Aldwinckle, 1988), and P. cactorum<\/em> has been frequently detected in several ornamental nurseries within California (Yakabe et al<\/em>., 2009).\u00a0 Therefore, nurseries may be at risk and need to be monitored for this pathogen to ensure production and planting of disease-free nursery stock.<\/p>\n

California\u2019s native vegetation is also at risk of root and crown rot caused by P. cactorum <\/em>and other Phytophthora<\/em> spp., many of which are endemic (limited) to California, while some are rare, endangered, or threatened plants, e.g., Ribes<\/em> spp. (currant\/gooseberry), Monterey cypress, and Arctostaphylos<\/em> spp. (manzanita) (Calflora, 2017; CNPS, 2017).\u00a0 Introduction of Phytophthora<\/em> species are a threat to plant health in Bay Area restoration sites, where nursery stock is planted for flood control or to mitigate environmental impacts.\u00a0\u00a0 Detections on madrone, toyon, oaks, sticky monkeyflower, and manzanitas in native stands indicate that P. cactorum<\/em> is capable of becoming established in a variety of native plant habitats under a range of soil and environmental conditions and can have negative impacts on native vegetation.<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong> Asia<\/em>: China, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Japan, Korea DPR, Republic of Korea, Laos, Lebanon, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Taiwan, Turkey, Vietnam; Africa<\/em>: Egypt, Kenya, Morocco, Senegal, South Africa, Tunisia, Zimbabwe; North America<\/em>: Bermuda, Canada, Mexico, USA; South America<\/em>: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela; Europe<\/em>: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, (former) Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Russia (European), Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom; Oceania<\/em>: Australia, New Zealand; Central America and Caribbean<\/em>: Cuba, El Salvador, Trinidad and Tobago (CABI, 2017; EPPO, 2017).<\/p>\n

In the USA, Phytophthora cactorum<\/em> has been reported from California, Florida, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Washington (CABI, 2017; EPPO, 2017).<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/u>:<\/strong> \u00a0Presently, Phytophthora cactorum<\/em> is the \u201cHarmful Organism Lists\u201d for Egypt, French Polynesia, Guatemala, India, Israel, Lebanon, and Nicaragua, while, Phytophthora<\/em> spp. is on the \u201cHarmful Organism Lists\u201d for Canada, French Polynesia, Mexico, Namibia, Seychelles, South Africa, and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (USDA PCIT, 2017).<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong> Phytophthora cactorum<\/em> is widely distributed within California.\u00a0 From 2001-July, 2017, the pathogen was detected in Alameda, Butte, Contra Costa, Imperial, Los Angeles, Marin, Merced, Monterey, Placer, Sacramento, San Diego, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Siskiyou, Solano, Sonoma, and Stanislaus Counties (CDFA Pest Damage Records<\/em>).<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/u>:<\/strong> \u00a0None reported.<\/p>\n

The risk Phytophthora cactorum<\/em> would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h5>\n

1) Climate\/Host Interaction: <\/strong>Phytophthora cactorum<\/em> has already established a large distribution under moist and cool to warm climates in California.<\/p>\n

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.<\/p>\n

Score: 2<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/p>\n

2) Known Pest Host Range:<\/strong> The pathogen has a very wide host range.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the host range of the pest.<\/p>\n

Score: 3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has a wide host range.<\/span><\/p>\n

3) Pest Dispersal Potential:<\/strong> Phytophthora cactorum<\/em>, like other Phytophthora<\/em>, has high reproductive capability under moist conditions.\u00a0 It is dependent on moisture for spore dissemination and plant infection. \u00a0It is soilborne and may be spread to non-infected sites through infected plants, nursery and planting stock, and seedlings, soil, run-off and splash irrigation and rain water, and contaminated cultivation equipment, tools, boots, rivers, canals, and ponds.\u00a0 Therefore, it is given a high rating in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest.<\/p>\n

Score: 3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

4) Economic Impact: <\/strong>Damage caused by Phytophthora cactorum<\/em> alone may be difficult to assess as more than one species of Phytophthora<\/em> may be associated with root and crown rot of host tree.\u00a0 Nevertheless, cactorum<\/em> is a serious pathogen affecting production of several economically important hosts including, apple, pear, stone fruits, strawberry, ornamentals, and California native plants.\u00a0 Nursery productions could be at risk. Controlling the disease would include soil water management and use of resistant varieties, thereby requiring changes in cultural practices and increase in crop production costs.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

Economic Impact:<\/strong> A, B, D, G<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

A<\/strong>. The pest could lower crop yield.<\/span><\/p>\n

B<\/strong>. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).<\/span><\/p>\n

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).<\/p>\n

D<\/strong>. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.<\/span><\/p>\n

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/p>\n

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G<\/strong>. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/span><\/p>\n

Economic Impact Score<\/strong>: 3<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

5) Environmental Impact: <\/strong>In conjunction with other Phytophthora<\/em>, P cactorum<\/em> may be a contributor to root and crown disease of environmental plants. California\u2019s native vegetation is at risk of root and crown rot damage caused by P. cactorum<\/em> and other Phytophthora<\/em> spp.\u00a0 Certain native plants are endemic (limited) to the State, while some are rare, endangered, or threatened.\u00a0 The pathogen is capable of becoming established in a variety of native plant habitats under a range of soil and environmental conditions and can have negative impacts on native vegetation.\u00a0 Its association alone and with other Phytophthora<\/em> spp. in infected forest and native tree and shrub hosts could result in lowered biodiversity, disrupted natural communities, and critical habitats.\u00a0 Also, it may significantly impact ornamental plantings and home\/urban gardening.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

Environmental Impact:<\/strong> A, B, C,<\/strong> E<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

A<\/strong>. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/span><\/p>\n

B<\/strong>. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/span><\/p>\n

C<\/strong>. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/span><\/p>\n

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/p>\n

E<\/strong>. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/span><\/p>\n

Environmental Impact Score: 3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Phytophthora cactorum<\/em>:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Add up the total score and include it here. 14<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

-Low = 5-8 points<\/p>\n

-Medium = 9-12 points<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 –High<\/strong> = 13-15 points<\/span><\/p>\n

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information<\/strong>: Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.<\/p>\n

Evaluation is:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Score: (-3)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

-Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/p>\n

-Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).<\/p>\n

-Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

–High (-3)<\/strong> Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0Final Score:<\/h5>\n

7) The final score is<\/strong> the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: (Score)<\/p>\n

Final Score: <\/em><\/strong>\u00a0Score of Consequences of Introduction \u2013 Score of Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information = <\/strong><\/span><\/em>11<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Uncertainty: \u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

None.<\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Based on the evidence provided above the proposed rating for Phytophthora cactorum<\/em> is B<\/span>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n
References:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

A<\/strong>daskaveg, J. E., J. L. Caprile, W. D. Gubler, B. L. Teviotdale.\u00a0 2009.\u00a0 Cherry: Phytophthora root and crown rot, pathogen: Phytophthora<\/em> spp.\u00a0 UCIPM Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program, University of California Agriculture & Natural Resources.\u00a0 http:\/\/ipm.ucanr.edu\/PMG\/r105100711.html<\/a><\/p>\n

B<\/strong>rowne, G. T., and S. M. Mircetich.\u00a0 1995.\u00a0 Phytophthora root and crown rots.\u00a0 In<\/em> Compendium of Stone Fruit Diseases, Eds: J. M. Ogawa, E. I. Zehr, G. W. Bird, D. F. Ritchie, K. Uriu, and J. K. Uyemoto.\u00a0 APS Press, The American Phytopathological Society. Pages 38-40.<\/p>\n

C<\/strong>ABI.\u00a0 2017.\u00a0 Phytophthora cactorum<\/em> (apple collar rot) full datasheet.\u00a0 <\/strong>Crop Protection Compendium. http:\/\/www.cabi.org\/cpc\/datasheet\/40953<\/a><\/p>\n

C<\/strong>alflora<\/a>.\u00a0 2017. \u00a0Information on California plants for education, research and conservation. [Web application]. 2017. Berkeley, California. The Calflora Database [a non-profit organization]. \u00a0http:\/\/www.calflora.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n

C<\/strong>NPS.\u00a0 2017.\u00a0 Inventory of rare and endangered plants of California (online edition, v8-03 0.38).\u00a0 California Native Plant Society, Rare Plant Program. Website http:\/\/www.rareplants.cnps.org<\/a> [accessed 10 August 2017].<\/p>\n

C<\/strong>ovey, R. P. Jr., and D. C. Harris; revised by K. Cox.\u00a0 2014.\u00a0 Phytophthora fruit rot.\u00a0 In<\/em> Compendium of Apple and Pear Diseases and Pests Second Edition Eds. T. B. Sutton, H. S. Aldwinckle, A. M. Agnello, J. F. Walgenbach.\u00a0 APS Press, The American Phytopathological Society.\u00a0 Pages 41-42.<\/p>\n

C<\/strong>ox, K.\u00a0 2014.\u00a0 Phytophthora collar, crown, and root rots.\u00a0 In<\/em> Compendium of Apple and Pear Disease and Pests Second Edition Eds: T. B. Sutton, H. S. Aldwinckle, A. M. Agnello, J. F. Walgenbach.\u00a0 Pages 63-65.<\/p>\n

E<\/strong>PPO.\u00a0\u00a0 2017.\u00a0 \u00a0Phytophthora cactorum<\/em> (PHYTCC).\u00a0 PQR database.\u00a0 Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization.\u00a0 https:\/\/gd.eppo.int\/<\/a><\/p>\n

E<\/strong>llis, M. A., and L. V. Madden.\u00a0 1998.\u00a0 Leather rot.\u00a0 In<\/em> Compendium of Strawberry Diseases Second Edition Ed. J. L. Maas.\u00a0 APS Press, The American Phytopathological Society.\u00a0 Pages 33-35.<\/p>\n

E<\/strong>rwin, D. C., and O. K. Ribeiro.\u00a0 1996.\u00a0 Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. St Paul, Minnesota, USA: American Phytopathological Society Press.<\/p>\n

F<\/strong>arr, D. F., and A. Y. Rossman. \u00a02017.\u00a0 Fungal Databases, U.S. National Fungus Collections, ARS, USDA. Retrieved July 31, 2017, from https:\/\/nt.ars-grin.gov\/fungaldatabases\/<\/a><\/p>\n

F<\/strong>rench, A.M.<\/strong> 1989. California Plant Disease Host Index. California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento (Updated online version by T. Tidwell, May 2, 2017).<\/p>\n

G<\/strong>ubler, W. D., and B. L. Teviotdale.\u00a0 2009.\u00a0 Apple, Phytophthora root and crown rot (updated 3\/2009).\u00a0 UCIPM, University of California Agriculture & Natural Resources, Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program.\u00a0 http:\/\/ipm.ucanr.edu\/PMG\/r4100511.html<\/a><\/p>\n

H<\/strong>oitink, D. M. Benson, and A. F. Schmitthenner; revised by D. M. Benson and S. N. Jeffers.\u00a0 2014.\u00a0 Phytophthora root rot.\u00a0 In<\/em> Compendium of Rhododendron and Azalea Diseases and Pests Second Edition Eds: R. G. Linderman and D. M. Benson.\u00a0 Pages 5-10.<\/p>\n

J<\/strong>effers, S. N., and H. S. Aldwinckle. \u00a01988. \u00a0Phytophthora crown rot of apple trees: sources of Phytophthora cactorum<\/em> and P. cambivora<\/em> as primary inoculum. Phytopathology, 78: 328-335<\/a><\/p>\n

M<\/strong>ircetich, S. M., and M. E. Matherton.\u00a0 1976.\u00a0 Phytophthora root and crown rot of cherry trees.\u00a0\u00a0 Phytopathology 66: 549-558.<\/p>\n

U<\/strong>SDA PCIT.\u00a0 2017.\u00a0 USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System. Retrieved June 6, 2017. 11:48:29 am CDT.\u00a0 https:\/\/pcit.aphis.usda.gov\/PExD\/faces\/ReportHarmOrgs.jsp<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Y<\/strong>akabe, L. E., C. L. Blomquist, S. L. Thomas, and J. D. MacDonald.\u00a0 2009.\u00a0 Identification and frequency of Phytophthora<\/em> species associated with foliar diseases in California ornamental nurseries.\u00a0 Plant Disease, 93: 883-890.<\/p>\n

\n
Responsible Party:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

John J. Chitambar, Primary Plant Pathologist\/Nematologist, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832. Phone: 916-262-1110, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n
NOTE:<\/span><\/h5>\n

You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. \u00a0If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at\u00a0plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n
Comment Format:<\/h5>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s)\u00a0being commented on, as shown below.<\/p>\n

Example Comment:
\n<\/strong>Consequences of Introduction: \u00a01. Climate\/Host Interaction:\u00a0[Your comment that relates to \u201cClimate\/Host Interaction\u201d here.<\/em>]<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may not be posted if they:<\/p>\n

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to\u00a0the pest rating proposal;<\/p>\n

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic,\u00a0sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal\u00a0material;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms\u00a0of discrimination;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the\u00a0website to be viewed, not just submitted.<\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0PEST RATING: B<\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating Proposal for Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert & Cohn) J. Schr\u00f6t. 1886 Pest Rating: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: None.\u00a0 The current risk and status of Phytophthora cactorum in California are reassessed and a permanent rating is proposed. History & Status: Background:\u00a0 Phytophthora cactorum is an oomycete pathogen that has a very wide … Continue reading Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert & Cohn) J. Schr\u00f6t. 1886<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1117,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[8,4],"tags":[156,584,45],"class_list":["post-4027","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fungi","category-plant-pathology","tag-fungus","tag-phytophthora-cactorum","tag-plant-pathogen"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-12X","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":1590,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1590","url_meta":{"origin":4027,"position":0},"title":"Phytophthora tentaculata Kr\u00f6ber & Marwitz 1993","author":"Admin","date":"February 29, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating Proposal for Phytophthora tentaculata Kr\u00f6ber & Marwitz 1993 Pest Rating: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event:\u00a0 During January 2016, samples of two diseased Diplacus hybrids (monkey flower hybrid varieties) and one of diseased Artemisia palmeri (Palmer sagewort) were collected by Kathleen Kosta, CDFA, from a nursery in\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Fungi"","block_context":{"text":"Fungi","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":3779,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=3779","url_meta":{"origin":4027,"position":1},"title":"Phytophthora cambivora (Petri) Buisman 1927","author":"Admin","date":"June 29, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Phytophthora cambivora (Petri) Buisman 1927 Pest Rating: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: None.\u00a0 The current risk and status of Phytophthora cambivora in California are reassessed and a permanent rating is proposed. History & Status: Background:\u00a0 Phytophthora cambiv ora is an oomycete pathogen that can cause\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Fungi"","block_context":{"text":"Fungi","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":829,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=829","url_meta":{"origin":4027,"position":2},"title":"Phytophthora hedraiandra de Cock & Man in\u2019t Veld","author":"Admin","date":"April 9, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Phytophthora hedraiandra de Cock & Man in\u2019t Veld Pest\u00a0Rating: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: Recently, Suzanne Latham, CDFA plant pathologist, detected Phytophthora hedraiaindra in Arctostaphylos pumila samples that were collected from a nursery in Monterey County during an inspection related to an earlier detection of\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Fungi"","block_context":{"text":"Fungi","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2148,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2148","url_meta":{"origin":4027,"position":3},"title":"Phytophthora quercina T. Jung 1999","author":"Admin","date":"June 21, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Phytophthora quercina T. Jung 1999 Pest Rating: B\u00a0 PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event:\u00a0 On April 25, 2016, two soil samples with roots of valley oak (Quercus lobata) trees that showed symptoms of stunting in a restoration site in Santa Clara County, were collected by Santa Clara\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Fungi"","block_context":{"text":"Fungi","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1006,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1006","url_meta":{"origin":4027,"position":4},"title":"Phytophthora siskiyouensis Reeser & E. M. Hansen, 2008","author":"Admin","date":"June 1, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Phytophthora siskiyouensis Reeser & E. M. Hansen, 2008 Pest Rating: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: \u00a0 In October 2014, Suzanne Latham, CDFA plant pathologist detected the oomycete, Phytophthora siskiyouensis which was isolated from a diseased alder tree with a bleeding trunk canker in Mill Valley,\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Fungi"","block_context":{"text":"Fungi","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":3162,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=3162","url_meta":{"origin":4027,"position":5},"title":"Phytophthora parvispora Scanu & Denman, 2013","author":"Admin","date":"January 9, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Phytophthora parvispora \u00a0Scanu & Denman, 2013 Pest Rating: B\u00a0 PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event:\u00a0 On August 19, 2016, non-official samples of pear baits of effluent collected from the bottom of four pots containing diseased Mexican orange blossom (Choisya ternata) plants, were sent by a private company\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Fungi"","block_context":{"text":"Fungi","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4027","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1117"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4027"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4027\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10583,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4027\/revisions\/10583"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4027"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4027"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4027"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}