{"id":3614,"date":"2017-04-20T15:12:55","date_gmt":"2017-04-20T22:12:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=3614"},"modified":"2024-04-26T10:57:11","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T17:57:11","slug":"stemphylium-solani-g-f-weber-1930","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=3614","title":{"rendered":"Stemphylium solani G. F. Weber 1930"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating for<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Stemphylium solani<\/em><\/strong> G. F. Weber 1930<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pest Rating: A<\/strong><\/h5>\n
\n
PEST RATING PROFILE<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Initiating Event: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

On March 31, 2017, the CDFA Permits and Regulations Program requested a rating for Stemphylium solani.<\/em>\u00a0 Therefore, the associated risk and current status of S. solani<\/em> in California are assessed here and a permanent rating is proposed.<\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background:<\/u> \u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0Stemphylium solani<\/em> is a fungal pathogen that causes Gray leaf spot disease in tomato, and Stemphylium<\/em> leaf blight disease in cotton, garlic, and other hosts.\u00a0 Gray leaf spot in tomato is actually caused by three species of Stemphylium<\/em>, one being S. solani <\/em>and the other two species: S. lycopersici<\/em> (Enjoji) W. Yaman (syn. S. floridanum<\/em> Hannon & G. F. Weber) and S. botryosum <\/em>Wallr. f. sp. lycopersici<\/em> Rotem, Y. Cohen, & I. Wahl.\u00a0 Gray leaf spot is regarded one of the most destructive diseases of tomato in the southeastern United States and throughout the world wherever warm and humid conditions prevail (Jones & Pernezny, 2014).<\/p>\n

Gray leaf spot disease has been reported from several countries worldwide including the United States (see<\/em> \u2018Worldwide Distribution\u2019). In the United States, the disease was first observed in 1924 and by 1928 had spread throughout Florida causing widespread defoliation. Since then, the pathogen has been reported from several states but has never been reported from California.<\/p>\n

Disease development<\/u>:<\/strong>\u00a0 The disease begins in infested seedbeds and transplant houses or field-transplanted seedlings, usually when the plants are in the first true-leaf stage of growth.\u00a0 Cotyledons are not severely infected. \u00a0\u00a0The pathogen is spread when infected seedlings are transplanted to fields.\u00a0 Conidia (asexual spores) can be spread over extensive distances by wind. The teleomorph or sexual stage of S. solani <\/em>is not known.\u00a0 The disease is favored by warm temperatures (24-27\u00b0C) and high humidity. Spore germination and infection of plant are dependent on the presence of free moisture (dew or rain) (Jones & Pernezny, 2014).\u00a0 Leaf wetness is considered more important than temperature in establishment of infection (Cerkauskas, 2005).\u00a0 Stemphylium solani<\/em> survives as a saprophyte on infected plant debris or on volunteer tomato, pepper, gladiolus, blue lupine, and other wild solanaceous plants.\u00a0 In the southern state climates, the pathogen remains viable on tomato plants which are grown throughout the year (Jones & Pernezny, 2014). \u00a0The pathogen can be seedborne (Koike et al.<\/em>, 2007).<\/p>\n

Dispersal and spread:<\/em> Infected plants, seedlings, and plant debris.\u00a0 Conidia may be wind-blown over extensive areas or by splashing water (Jones & Pernezny, 2014).<\/p>\n

Hosts:<\/em> Hosts of Stemphylium solani<\/em> are included primarily in the plant family Solanaceae.\u00a0 Numerous other plant families are also included with their associated hosts, including Amaryllidaceae (Allium<\/em> sp.), Asteraceae (Lactuca<\/em> sp.), and Malvaceae (Gossypium<\/em> hirsutum<\/em>).\u00a0 Hosts include, Aegiceras corniculatum<\/em> (black mangrove), Allium sativum<\/em> (garlic), Aster<\/em> sp. (aster), Basella rubra<\/em> (Malabar spinach), Capsicum annuum<\/em> (bell pepper), C. annuum<\/em> var. annuum<\/em> (cayenne pepper), C. frutescens<\/em> (chili pepper), Carthamus<\/em> sp. (distaff thistles), Cirsium<\/em> sp. (thistle), Citrus<\/em> sp. (citrus), Convolvulus arvensis<\/em> (field bindweed), Cucumis sativus<\/em> (cucumber), Dactylis glomerata<\/em> (orchardgrass), Dianthus caryophyllus<\/em> (carnation), Gossypium hirsutum<\/em> (upland cotton), Ipomoea reptans<\/em> (synonym: I. aquatica<\/em>, swamp morning-glory), Kalanchoe blossfeldiana<\/em> (flaming katy), Lactuca sativa<\/em> (lettuce), Lupinus angustifolius<\/em> (narrowleaf lupine<\/em>), Lupinus<\/em> sp. (lupine), Lycopersicon esculentum<\/em> (synonym: L. lycopersicum<\/em>, tomato), Lycopersicon<\/em> sp., Pelargonium zonale<\/em> (horse-shoe pelargonium), Physalis pubescens<\/em> (husk tomato), Physalis<\/em> sp. (groundcherry), Solanum gilo<\/em> (gilo), S. lycocarpum<\/em> (wolf apple), S. lycopersicum<\/em> (garden tomato), S. melongena<\/em> (aubergine\/eggplant), S. melongena<\/em> var. esculentum<\/em>, S. pseudocapsicum<\/em> (Jerusalem cherry), S. tuberosum<\/em> (potato), Vicia faba<\/em> (fava bean), Vigna sinensis<\/em> (synonym: V. unguiculata<\/em>, cowpea) (CABI, 2017; Farr & Rossman, 2017).<\/p>\n

Symptoms<\/em>: \u00a0Gray leaf spots or lesions are almost entirely limited to the leaf blades, but under favorable conditions, lesions may develop on petioles and on the more tender parts of growing stems.\u00a0 Lesions on stems are linear and parallel to the stem.\u00a0 Fruit symptoms have not been observed.\u00a0 In infected tomatoes, symptoms of gray leaf spot are first exhibited as minute brownish-black specks on the lower leaves.\u00a0 Randomly scattered circular to oblong spots develop on adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces without being restricted by leaf veins.\u00a0 The spots may be surrounded by a narrow yellow halo and enlarge to about 2.1 mm in diameter while individual spots on the base of leaves may enlarge to twice that size or more in diameter and occasionally coalesce, thereby, killing large portions of the leaf blade. As the spots enlarge, the centers turn gray, eventually dry, crack, and fall out.\u00a0 Frequently, at this stage entire leaves conspicuously turn yellow, especially if the infection is severe, and die rapidly, turning brown before dropping from the plants. \u00a0Seedbed infections result in marked defoliation without conspicuous yellowing (Jones & Pernezny, 2014; Damicone & Brandenberger, 2015).\u00a0 In garlic, early symptoms of S. solani<\/em> infection were observed as white spots (1-3 mm), which enlarged to sunken purple lesions, extending until the leaves withered (Zheng et al<\/em>., 2008).<\/p>\n

Damage Potential:\u00a0 <\/em>Gray leaf spot almost entirely affects leaves, and defoliation can be severe reducing available photosynthetic areas of infected plants thereby, resulting in reductions in plant development, quality, and fruit yields. \u00a0In China, garlic leaf blight caused by Stemphylium solani<\/em> affected over 7,000 ha of field production and reduced yields up to 70% (Zheng et al<\/em>., 2010). \u00a0During 1994 and 1995, a severe epidemic of leaf blight of cotton in Brazil resulted in yield losses up to 100% in some commercial fields (Mehta, 1998). Gray leaf spot disease limited tomato production in Venezuela and Malaysia (Cade\u00f1o & Carrero, 1997; Nasehi et al.,<\/em> 2012). \u00a0\u00a0In California, processing tomatoes are grown in the warm and dry San Joaquin and Sacramento Valleys while fresh-market tomatoes are grown in the San Joaquin Valley, Central Valley, Central and Southern Coastal regions and the Imperial Valley.\u00a0 It is less likely that S. solani<\/em> will be able establish under warm and dry regions of the state\u2019s tomato production acreages, as well as under the possible use of resistant varieties, protectant fungicides and cultural management strategies.\u00a0 However, for tomato and other host plants under wet and warm climates, the pathogen may be able to establish within those regions.<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong> Asia<\/em>: Brunei Darussalam, China, Hong, Kong, Taiwan, Thailand, Korea, Malaysia; Africa<\/em>: Libya, Mauritius, Senegal, Sudan, Tanzania; Europe<\/em>: Greece, Spain; North America<\/em>: Canada, USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, New Jersey, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia); South America<\/em>: Brazil, Honduras, Venezuela; Central America and Caribbean<\/em>: Cuba; Oceania<\/em>: American Samoa (CABI, 2017; Cade\u00f1o & Carrero, 1997; Farr & Rossman, 2017).<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/u>:<\/strong> Presently, Stemphylium solani<\/em> is on the Harmful Organisms list for Peru (USDA-PCIT, 2017).<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong> Stemphylium solani<\/em> has not been reported from California.<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/u>:<\/strong> None reported.<\/p>\n

The risk Stemphylium solani<\/em> would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h5>\n

1) Climate\/Host Interaction: <\/strong>Although Stemphylium solani<\/em> has a wide host range that includes several economically important agricultural crops in California as well as wild solanaceous plants, the pathogen is dependent on leaf wetness for plant infection and additionally on warm temperatures for disease development.\u00a0 The disease is most severe under humid and overcast climate conditions that favor wet foliage mainly due to dew or rain.\u00a0 These conditions would allow the pathogen to establish in a larger but limited part of California.<\/p>\n

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.<\/p>\n

Score: 2<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/p>\n

2) Known Pest Host Range:<\/strong> Stemphylium solani<\/em> has a wide host range of plants included primarily in the family Solanaceae. However, numerous other plant families are also included with their associated hosts.\u00a0 Economically important crops include tomato, pepper, cotton, citrus, cucumber, lettuce, garlic, eggplant and others.\u00a0 Several wild solanaceous host plants could allow build-up of fungal inoculum.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the host range of the pest.<\/p>\n

Score: 3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has a wide host range.<\/span><\/p>\n

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: <\/strong>Conidia are produced in abundance and readily dispersed by wind and splashing water. Also, the pathogen is spread through infected plants, seedlings, plant debris, and seed.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest.<\/p>\n

Score: 3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

4) Economic Impact: <\/strong>Stemphylium solani<\/em> causes gray leaf spot in tomato and peppers as well as leaf blight in other hosts. Leaves are almost always entirely affected by the disease and defoliation can be severe reducing available photosynthetic areas of plants thereby, resulting in reductions in plant development, quality, and fruit yields.\u00a0 If not controlled, significant reductions in crop yield and markets could occur.\u00a0 Use of fungicides and cultural management practices could increase costs of crop production.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

Economic Impact: A, B, C, D<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

A<\/strong>. The pest could lower crop yield.<\/span><\/p>\n

B<\/strong>. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).<\/span><\/p>\n

C<\/strong>. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).<\/span><\/p>\n

D<\/strong>. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.<\/span><\/p>\n

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/p>\n

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

Economic Impact Score<\/strong>: 3<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

5) Environmental Impact: <\/strong>\u00a0The pathogen could significantly affect home\/urban gardening of agricultural crops and ornamental hosts.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

Environmental Impact: E<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/p>\n

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/p>\n

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/p>\n

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/p>\n

E<\/strong>. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/span><\/p>\n

Environmental Impact Score: 2<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes one of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Stemphylium solani:<\/em><\/strong> High (13)<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n

Add up the total score and include it here.<\/p>\n

-Low = 5-8 points<\/p>\n

-Medium = 9-12 points<\/p>\n

–High<\/strong> = 13-15 points<\/span><\/p>\n

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information<\/strong>: Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.<\/p>\n

Evaluation is <\/em><\/strong>\u2018Not established<\/span>\u2019 <\/strong>in California.<\/p>\n

Score: (0<\/span>)<\/strong><\/p>\n

–Not established (0)<\/strong> Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/span><\/p>\n

-Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).<\/p>\n

-Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

-High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

7) The final score is<\/strong> the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: (Score)<\/p>\n

Final Score: <\/em><\/strong>\u00a0Score of Consequences of Introduction \u2013 Score of Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information = 13<\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Uncertainty: \u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

None.<\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Based on the evidence provided above the proposed rating for Stemphylium, solani<\/em> is A<\/span>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

References:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

C<\/strong>ABI, 2017.\u00a0 Stemphylium solani<\/em> (gray leaf spot) basic datasheet.\u00a0 Crop Protection Compendium. http:\/\/www.cabi.org\/cpc\/datasheet\/51531<\/a><\/p>\n

C<\/strong>erkauskas, R.\u00a0 2005.\u00a0 Tomato diseases, Gray leaf spot, Stemphylium solani, S. lycopersici<\/em> found worldwide in warm climates.\u00a0 AVRDC \u2013 The World Vegetable Center Fact Sheet.\u00a0 AVRDC Publication 05-634.<\/p>\n

C<\/strong>ade\u00f1o, L., and C. Carrero.\u00a0 1997.\u00a0 First report of tomato gray leaf spot caused by Stemphylium solani<\/em> in the Andes Region of Venezuela.\u00a0 Plant Disease 81: 1332. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1094\/PDIS.1997.81.11.1332B<\/p>\n

D<\/strong>amicone, J. P., and L. Brandenberger.\u00a0 2015.\u00a0 Common diseases of tomatoes Part 1.\u00a0 Diseases caused by fungi.\u00a0 Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service EPP-7625.<\/p>\n

F<\/strong>arr, D. F., and A. Y. Rossman.\u00a0 2017.\u00a0 Fungal Databases, U. S. National Fungus Collections, ARS, USDA. Retrieved April 3, 2017, from http:\/\/nt.ars-grin.gov\/fungaldatabases\/<\/a><\/p>\n

J<\/strong>ones, J. P., and K. L. Pernezny.\u00a0 2014.\u00a0 Gray Leaf Spot.\u00a0 In<\/em> Compendium of Tomato Disease and Pests Second Edition.\u00a0 Ed<\/em>. J. B. Jones, T. A. Zitter, T. M. Momol, and S. A. Miller, APS Press. The American Phytopathological Society.\u00a0 29-30 p.<\/p>\n

K<\/strong>oike, S. T., P. Gladders, and A. O. Paulus.\u00a0 2007.\u00a0 Stemphylium solani<\/em>, S. lycopersici<\/em> \u2013 gray leaf spot.\u00a0 In<\/em> Vegetables diseases a color handbook.\u00a0 Academic Press, an imprint of Elsevier, Burlington, San Diego.\u00a0 211-212 p.<\/p>\n

M<\/strong>ehta, Y. R.\u00a0 1998.\u00a0 Severe outbreak of Stemphylium<\/em> leaf blight, a new disease of cotton in Brazil. Plant Disease, 82: 333-336.<\/p>\n

N<\/strong>asehi, A., J. B. Kadir, M. A. Zainal Abidin, M. Y. Wong, and F. Mahmodi.\u00a0 First report of tomato gray leaf spot disease caused by Stemphylium solani<\/em> in Malaysia.\u00a0 Plant Disease 96: 1226.\u00a0 http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1094\/PDIS-03-12-0223-PDN<\/p>\n

U<\/strong>SDA PCIT.\u00a0 2017.\u00a0 USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System. April 3, 2017, 1:17:10 pm CDT.\u00a0 https:\/\/pcit.aphis.usda.gov\/PExD\/faces\/ReportHarmOrgs.jsp<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Z<\/strong>heng, L., J. B. HUANG, and T. HSIANG. \u00a02008. \u00a0First report of leaf blight of garlic (Allium sativum<\/em>) caused by Stemphylium solani <\/em>in China. Plant Pathology 57: 380.<\/p>\n

Z<\/strong>heng, L., L. V. Rujing, J. Huang, D. Jiang, X. Liu, and T. Hsiang.\u00a0 2010.\u00a0 Integrated control of garlic leaf blight caused by Stemphylium solani <\/em>in China.\u00a0 Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 32: 135-145.<\/p>\n

\n
Responsible Party:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

John J. Chitambar, Primary Plant Pathologist\/Nematologist, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832. Phone: 916-262-1110, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n
Comment Format:<\/h5>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s)\u00a0being commented on, as shown below.<\/p>\n

Example Comment:
\n<\/strong>Consequences of Introduction: \u00a01. Climate\/Host Interaction:\u00a0[Your comment that relates to \u201cClimate\/Host Interaction\u201d here.<\/em>]<\/p>\n

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\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the\u00a0website to be viewed, not just submitted.<\/p>\n

\n

Pest Rating: A<\/strong><\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating for Stemphylium solani G. F. Weber 1930 Pest Rating: A PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: On March 31, 2017, the CDFA Permits and Regulations Program requested a rating for Stemphylium solani.\u00a0 Therefore, the associated risk and current status of S. solani in California are assessed here and a permanent rating is proposed. … Continue reading Stemphylium solani G. F. Weber 1930<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1117,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[8,4,333],"tags":[46,45,550],"class_list":["post-3614","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fungi","category-plant-pathology","category-ratings","tag-fungi-2","tag-plant-pathogen","tag-stemphylium-solani"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-Wi","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":9273,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=9273","url_meta":{"origin":3614,"position":0},"title":"Thecaphora solani (Thirum & M.J. O’Brien) Mordue 1988 POTATO SMUT","author":"Heather.Martin","date":"December 3, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Thecaphora solani (Thirum & M.J. O'Brien) Mordue 1988 Potato smutPest Rating: A DOWNLOAD PEST RATING *NOTE You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. Posted by ta","rel":"","context":"In "A-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"A-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=669"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":8877,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=8877","url_meta":{"origin":3614,"position":1},"title":"Fusarium solani f. sp. eumartii (C.W. Carp.) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen 1931) (\u2261 Neocosmospora falciformis (Carri\u00f3n) L. Lombard & Crous 2015) \u2261 Fusarium falciforme (Carri\u00f3n) Summerb. & Schroers 2002) Fusarium foot rot","author":"Heather.Martin","date":"September 3, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Fusarium solani f. sp. eumartii (C.W. Carp.) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen 1931) (\u2261 Neocosmospora falciformis (Carri\u00f3n) L. Lombard & Crous 2015) (\u2261 Fusarium falciforme (Carri\u00f3n) Summerb. & Schroers 2002) Fusarium foot rotPest Rating: C download pest rating *NOTE You must be registered and logged in\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "C-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"C-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=671"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":8926,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=8926","url_meta":{"origin":3614,"position":2},"title":"\u2018Candidatus Phytoplasma solani\u2019 Quaglino, Zhao, Casati, Bulgari, Bianco, Wei; Davis 2013 (stolbur phytoplasma\/bois noir phytoplasma)","author":"Heather.Martin","date":"September 22, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' Quaglino, Zhao, Casati, Bulgari, Vianco, Wei & Davis 2013 (stolbur phytoplasma\/bois noir phytoplasma)Pest Rating: A DOWNLOAD PEST RATING *NOTE You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "A-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"A-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=669"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1969,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1969","url_meta":{"origin":3614,"position":3},"title":"Plant Pathogens","author":"Admin","date":"May 13, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"Plant diseases can be caused by several pathogenic microorganisms including fungi, bacteria, viruses, viroids, phytoplasmas and plant parasitic nematodes. In California, several plant pathogens have evolved with native plants and consequently, caused little damage. However, many other pathogens are either not present or have only been newly discovered within the\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Ratings"","block_context":{"text":"Ratings","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=333"},"img":{"alt_text":"Plant pathogens montage","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/plant-diseases-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/plant-diseases-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/plant-diseases-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/plant-diseases-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":3709,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=3709","url_meta":{"origin":3614,"position":4},"title":"Septoria protearum Viljoen & Crous 1998","author":"Admin","date":"May 30, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Septoria protearum Viljoen & Crous 1998 Pest Rating: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: On March 29, 2017, lavender (Lavendula sp.) plants showing symptoms of leaf spots were detected in a nursery in San Luis Obispo County by County Agricultural officials.\u00a0 A sample of diseased leaves\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Fungi"","block_context":{"text":"Fungi","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1933,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1933","url_meta":{"origin":3614,"position":5},"title":"Ascochyta aquilegiae (Rabenh.) Boerema, Fruyter & Noorder, 1997","author":"Admin","date":"May 10, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Ascochyta aquilegiae (Rabenh.) Boerema, Fruyter & Noorder, 1997 Pest Rating: \u00a0C PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: On March 28, 2016, a sample of diseased Aquilegia sp. 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