{"id":3576,"date":"2017-04-03T14:03:08","date_gmt":"2017-04-03T21:03:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=3576"},"modified":"2024-04-26T10:45:06","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T17:45:06","slug":"heterodera-carotae-jones-1950","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=3576","title":{"rendered":"Heterodera carotae Jones, 1950"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating Proposal for <\/strong><\/h5>\n
Heterodera carotae<\/em><\/strong> Jones, 1950<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pest Rating: B<\/strong><\/h5>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n
PEST RATING PROFILE<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Initiating Event: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

None.<\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background<\/u>:<\/strong>\u00a0 Prior to the discovery of the carrot cyst nematode, \u201ccarrot-sickness\u201d was believed to be caused by pathogenic fungi.\u00a0 However, in 1931, when all cyst-forming nematodes were considered strains of H. schachtii<\/em> (sugarbeet cyst nematode), Triffit (1931) found that Heterodera<\/em> females on carrots cultivated in UK, were atypical and smaller than H. schachtii<\/em>.\u00a0 This led to possibly the first record of H. carotae<\/em> (Mathews, 1975).\u00a0 In 1944, Jones (1950) found field-grown carrots infested with cyst nematodes in Chatteris, Isle of Ely, England.\u00a0 This discovery resulted in the report of a distinct new species, H. carotae<\/em>. \u00a0\u00a0Since then, H. carotae <\/em>has been reported as a pest of carrots in several countries of Europe, and fewer countries in Asia and North America (see<\/em>: \u2018Worldwide Distribution\u2019).<\/p>\n

Hosts<\/em>: \u00a0The host range is limited to Daucus<\/em> spp. including, Daucus carota<\/em> ssp. sativa<\/em> (carrot), D. carota<\/em> ssp. carota<\/em>, D. pulcherrimus<\/em> (Jones 1950), and several wild Umbelliferae, such as Torilis<\/em> leptophylla<\/em> (bristlefruit hedgeparsley), T<\/em>. arvensis<\/em> (spreading hedgeparsley), T<\/em>. japonica<\/em> (erect hedgeparsley) (Mugni\u00e9ry & Bossis, 1988).<\/p>\n

Symptoms: <\/em>There are no specific above ground symptoms in plants that can be attributed to infection by carrot cyst nematode.\u00a0 General above ground symptoms include stunting with leaves appearing yellowish-red then turning necrotic in the older parts. \u00a0In fields, poor and patchy plant growth is apparent in small, circular areas which may extend to the entire field resulting in complete loss of crop.\u00a0 Infested tap roots are usually smaller than those of non-infested plants with abnormal prolific growth of lateral roots giving a bearded appearance. Also, tap roots may be distorted and deformed with several growing points or digitate root apex (Greco, 1986, 1987; Mathews, 1975). \u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Biology<\/em>:\u00a0 Eggs produced by Heterodera carotae<\/em> females are retained in cysts and egg sacs.\u00a0 The first juvenile stage and first molt occur within the egg, and the infective second stage juveniles emerge during egg hatch.\u00a0 Hatching from cysts is usually delayed, whereas, juveniles from egg sacs hatch as soon as favorable soil temperature and soil moisture are available.\u00a0 Eggs from cysts hatch only under the stimulus of root exudates of carrots however, root exudates from other plant species including members of Umbelliferae, do not significantly influence hatching of eggs from cysts.\u00a0 Age of carrot plant affects hatching, and eggs from cysts less than 2 months old rarely hatch, but juveniles regularly emerge from mature cysts provided environmental conditions are favorable.\u00a0 Second stage juveniles from egg sacs hatch promptly under favorable soil moisture and soil temperature, and stimulus of exudates from host plants is not necessary since eggs from egg sacs can hatch in water under suitable environment.\u00a0 While egg hatch may occur at 5\u00b0C, the optimum temperature range is 15-20\u00b0C and at 25\u00b0C hatching is repressed.\u00a0 Emerged second stage juveniles move through the soil in search of a suitable host which, once found, they penetrate.\u00a0 Root penetration occurs at 5-30\u00b0C, but the nematode does not develop below 10\u00b0C.\u00a0 Heterodera carotae<\/em> is a sedentary endoparasite. \u00a0Once within the root, second stage juveniles establish a typical feeding site and undergo three more molts to develop into white, lemon-shaped females and worm-shaped males.\u00a0 After mating, the female produces a gelatinous matrix in which 100 or more eggs are laid.\u00a0 Eggs are also retained within the female\u2019s body which forms a brown cyst, without forming an intermediate \u2018yellow stage\u2019.\u00a0 Females and cysts develop 26 and 36 days after carrot root invasion at 20\u00b0C (Greco, 1986, 1987; Baldwin & Mundo-OCampo, 1991).<\/p>\n

Damage Potential: <\/em>Infected carrot roots are small, deformed, and unmarketable.\u00a0 Yields are reduced, however quantitative losses in yield have not been reported. Severe infections may result incomplete loss of crop.<\/p>\n

Spread<\/em>: \u00a0Infected nursery stock, infected plants, soil contaminated with cysts, cysts, nematode-infested irrigation water.<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong> Asia<\/em>: Cyprus, India; Africa<\/em>: South Africa; Europe<\/em>: Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Ireland, The Netherlands, Portugal, Poland, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, UK; North America<\/em>: Canada, USA (Michigan) \u00a0(Berney & Bird, 1992; Greco, 1986, 1987; Subbotin et al<\/em>., 2010; Yu et al<\/em>., 2017).<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/u>:<\/strong>\u00a0 Heterodera carotae<\/em> is on the \u2018Harmful Organisms Lists\u2019 for Colombia, Ecuador, Honduras, Indonesia, and Timor-Leste (USDA-PCIT, 2017).\u00a0 Presently, the nematode species has a temporary \u2018Q\u2019 rating in California.<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong> Heterodera carotae<\/em> is not known to be present in California.<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/u>:<\/strong> None.<\/p>\n

The risk Heterodera carotae<\/em> would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h5>\n

1) Climate\/Host Interaction:<\/strong> Heterodera carotae<\/em> may be able to establish in moderately cool and moist regions of the State wherever carrots are cultivated. Temperature requirements for egg hatch and nematode development are very specific.\u00a0 Optimum temperature for egg hatch is 15-20\u00b0C and is repressed at 25\u00b0C.\u00a0 One life cycle per season has been reported, however, with a longer growing season that would allow repeated crops under cool temperatures, as many as four cycles may occur (Greco, 1986).<\/p>\n

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.<\/p>\n

Score: 2<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/p>\n

2) Known Pest Host Range:<\/strong> The host range is limited to Daucus<\/em> (carrot) and few wild Umbelliferae members.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the host range of the pest.<\/p>\n

Score: 1<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> has a very limited host range.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.<\/p>\n

– High (3) has a wide host range.<\/p>\n

3) Pest Dispersal Potential:<\/strong> One hundred or more eggs are produced in egg sacs and retained within cysts. For long and short distance dispersal the nematode species is mainly dependent on movements of cysts, cyst-infested soils, and infected planting stock.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest.<\/p>\n

Score: 2<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

4) Economic Impact:<\/strong> Infestations of the carrot cyst nematode could affect carrot production resulting in crop loss and unmarketable carrots. Cysts in soil could be spread by movements of soil and irrigation water requiring changes in normal cultural practices.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

Economic Impact: A, B, C, D<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

A<\/strong>. The pest could lower crop yield.<\/span><\/p>\n

B<\/strong>. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).<\/span><\/p>\n

C<\/strong>. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).<\/span><\/p>\n

D<\/strong>. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.<\/span><\/p>\n

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/p>\n

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

Economic Impact Score<\/strong>: 3<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

5) Environmental Impact: <\/strong>Infestations of the carrot cyst nematode could significantly affect carrot cultivations in home\/urban gardening practices.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

Environmental Impact: E <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/p>\n

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/p>\n

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/p>\n

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/p>\n

E<\/strong>. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/span><\/p>\n

Environmental Impact Score: 2<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes one of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Heterodera carotae: <\/em>Medium (10)\u00a0 <\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/h5>\n

Add up the total score and include it here. (Score)<\/p>\n

-Low = 5-8 points<\/p>\n

–Medium<\/strong> = 9-12 points<\/span><\/p>\n

-High = 13-15 points<\/p>\n

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information:<\/strong> Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included. (Score)<\/p>\n

–Not established (0)<\/strong> Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/span><\/p>\n

-Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).<\/p>\n

-Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

-High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

Evaluation is: Not established (0)<\/span>.\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

7) The final score is<\/strong> the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: (Score)<\/p>\n

Final Score: <\/em><\/strong>\u00a0Score of Consequences of Introduction \u2013 Score of Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information =<\/strong> 10.<\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Uncertainty:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h5>\n

None.<\/em><\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Based on the evidence provided above the proposed rating for carrot cyst nematode, Heterodera carotae<\/em>, is B.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n
References:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

B<\/strong>aldwin, J. G., and M. Mundo-Ocampo.\u00a0 1991.\u00a0 Heteroderinae, cyst \u2013 and non-cyst-forming nematodes.\u00a0 In<\/em> Manual of Agricultural Nematology Ed. W. R. Nickle, Marcel Dekker, Inc. Pp. 275-362.<\/p>\n

B<\/strong>erney, M. F., and G. W. Bird.\u00a0 1992.\u00a0 Distribution of Heterodera carotae<\/em> and Meloidogyne hapla<\/em> in Michigan carrot production.\u00a0 Journal of Nematology 24 (4S), 776-778.<\/p>\n

G<\/strong>reco, N.\u00a0 1986.\u00a0 The carrot cyst nematode. In <\/em>F. Lamberti and C.E. Taylor Eds. Cyst nematodes.\u00a0 New York: Plenum Press. Pp.333-346.<\/p>\n

G<\/strong>reco, N.\u00a0 1987.\u00a0 Heterodera carotae<\/em>: Destructive nematode of carrot. Nematology Circular No. 140, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville, FL, USA.<\/p>\n

J<\/strong>ones, F. G. W.\u00a0 1950.\u00a0 A new species of root eelworm attacking carrots.\u00a0 Nature 165: 81.<\/p>\n

M<\/strong>athews, H. J. P. 1975. Heterodera carotae<\/em>.\u00a0 CIH descriptions of plant parasitic nematodes set 5, No. 61. St. Albans, UK: Commonwealth Institute of Helminthology.<\/p>\n

M<\/strong>ugni\u00e9ry, D. and M. Bossis.\u00a0 1988.\u00a0 Heterodera carotae <\/em>Jones, 1950. 1. Host range speed of development cycle. Revue de N\u00e9matologie <\/em>11, 307-314.<\/p>\n

S<\/strong>ubbotin, S. A., M. Mundo-Ocampo, and J. G. Baldwin.\u00a0 2010.\u00a0 Systematics of cyst nematodes (Nematoda\u201d Heteroderinae) D. J. Hunt and R. N. Perry (Series Editor).\u00a0 Nematology Monographs and Perspectives Volume 8B.\u00a0 Brill Leiden-Boston. 512 p.<\/p>\n

U<\/strong>SDA PCIT.\u00a0 2017.\u00a0 USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System.\u00a0 March 24, 2017, 5:49:32 PM CDT.\u00a0 https:\/\/pcit.aphis.usda.gov\/PExD\/faces\/ReportHarmOrgs.jsp<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Y<\/strong>u, Q., E. Ponomareva, D. Van Dyk, M. R. McDonald, F. Sun, M. Madani, et al.<\/em>\u00a0 2017.\u00a0 First report of the carrot cyst nematode (Heterodera carotae<\/em> Jones) from carrot fields in Ontario, Canada.\u00a0 Plant Disease DOI: 10.1094\/PDIS-01-17-0070-PDN. Last accessed March 9, 2017, from http:\/\/apsjournals.apsnet.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1094\/PDIS-01-17-0070-PDN<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\n
Responsible Party:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

John J. Chitambar, Primary Plant Pathologist\/Nematologist, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832. Phone: 916-262-1110, plant.health@cdfa.ca.gov<\/a><\/p>\n

\n
Comment Period: CLOSED<\/span><\/h5>\n

4\/3\/2017\u00a0\u2013 5\/18\/2017<\/p>\n

Comment Format:<\/h5>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s)\u00a0being commented on, as shown below.<\/p>\n

Example Comment:
\n<\/strong>Consequences of Introduction: \u00a01. Climate\/Host Interaction:\u00a0[Your comment that relates to \u201cClimate\/Host Interaction\u201d here.<\/em>]<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may not be posted if they:<\/p>\n

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to\u00a0the pest rating proposal;<\/p>\n

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic,\u00a0sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal\u00a0material;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms\u00a0of discrimination;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the\u00a0website to be viewed, not just submitted.<\/p>\n

\n

Pest Rating: B<\/strong><\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating Proposal for Heterodera carotae Jones, 1950 Pest Rating: B   PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: None. History & Status: Background:\u00a0 Prior to the discovery of the carrot cyst nematode, \u201ccarrot-sickness\u201d was believed to be caused by pathogenic fungi.\u00a0 However, in 1931, when all cyst-forming nematodes were considered strains of H. schachtii (sugarbeet … Continue reading Heterodera carotae Jones, 1950<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1117,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[27],"tags":[547,188],"class_list":["post-3576","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nematodes","tag-heterodera-carotae","tag-nematodes"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-VG","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":1955,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1955","url_meta":{"origin":3576,"position":0},"title":"Nematodes","author":"Admin","date":"May 13, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"(Plant Parasitic Nematodes) Nematodes (also called \u2018roundworms\u2019) are relatively small, multicellular, worm-like animals. 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