{"id":3474,"date":"2017-03-14T16:31:49","date_gmt":"2017-03-14T23:31:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=3474"},"modified":"2022-05-16T11:30:01","modified_gmt":"2022-05-16T18:30:01","slug":"seed-bugs-nysius-spp","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=3474","title":{"rendered":"Seed Bugs | Nysius spp."},"content":{"rendered":"
\u00a0California Pest Rating for<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Nysius spp.<\/em><\/strong> \u00a0:<\/em> (Seed Bugs)<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Hemiptera: Lygaeidae<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pest \u00a0Rating: NR<\/strong><\/h5>\n
\n
PEST RATING PROFILE<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Initiating Event: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Nysius spp. <\/em>(Seed Bugs) are frequently intercepted by CDFA\u2019s high risk programs and at border stations. These have a temporary rating of \u201cQ\u201d. \u00a0A pest rating proposal is required to evaluate their pest risk.<\/p>\n

History & Status: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background<\/u><\/strong>: The insects of the Nysius spp<\/em>. commonly known as seed bugs or ground bugs and these are found on every continent except Antarctica2<\/sup>. The Lygaeidae is a very successful family of true bugs found worldwide. Several species of this family are well-known as major economic pests of a variety of crops. Some members of genus Nysius spp<\/em>. are very useful for insect studies especially, insect physiology and evolutionary ecology.2<\/sup><\/p>\n

The insects of Nysius spp<\/em>. are small insect commonly found within grassy or weedy fields, pastures, and foothills. Each spring, once the plants in these areas dry up, these insects migrates to find new places to feed. This becomes a nuisance for homeowners when these bugs migrate into their landscapes and homes and can cause problems for gardeners and farmers. The problems are most serious in the year with wet and cool springs.1<\/sup><\/p>\n

Nysius<\/em> species are polyphagous insects that feed on a large number of crops, fruits & weeds5<\/sup>. The members of this genus have been associated with both endemic and introduced plant species from sea level to over 13,000 feet3<\/sup>. Crops attacked by these insects include: cabbage, rape, turnip, clover, lucerne, cucumber, carrots, potato, beets, cotton, sorghum, tomatoes and all types of squash, barley, wheat and many more crops. Many fruits plants were attacked by the insects of this genus, especially soft skin fruit like strawberries, kiwifruit and apple are seriously injured. Several weeds are reservoir hosts of these bugs, particularly those belonging to the Amaranthaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Portulacaceae families.4, 5<\/sup><\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution:<\/u><\/strong> The insects of Nysius spp. <\/em>are considered among the most successful insects on earth; they are found on every continent except Antarctica.2<\/sup><\/p>\n

Official Control<\/strong>:<\/u> Nysius spp<\/em>. are listed as harmful organisms by New Zealand, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Canada and Taiwan.8<\/sup><\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/strong>:<\/u> Nysius spp. <\/em>are distributed all over California, but there are no official surveys done for these insects to confirm their presence. There are 106 described species in the genus Nysius<\/em> and many of these have never been found in the environment of California.<\/p>\n

California Interceptions:<\/u> <\/strong>Nysius spp<\/em>. have been intercepted multiple times through border station inspections, dog teams and high risk pest exclusion activities. Between January 2000 and December 2016, they have been intercepted 990 times.6\u00a0<\/sup>\u00a0Many of these specimen were submitted by homeowners from all over the state.<\/p>\n

The risk Nysius spp.<\/em> (Seed bugs) would pose to California is\u00a0evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

1) Climate\/Host Interaction<\/strong>: Hosts plants of Nysius spp<\/em>. are commonly grown in California and these species are expected to be established wherever the hosts are grown. It receives a High (3)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California:<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/span><\/p>\n

2) Known Pest Host Range<\/strong>: The insects of Nysius <\/em>are highly polyphagous that can feed on variety of field crop and wild plants. It receives a High (3)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the host range of the pest.<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> has a very limited host range.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> has a moderate host range.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has a wide host range.<\/span><\/p>\n

3) Pest Dispersal Potential<\/strong>: The female of Nysius spp<\/em>. generally lay eggs in clutches, which can range in size from 10 to over 100 eggs and may lay many clutches in their lifetime.2\u00a0<\/sup>\u00a0The adults travel short distance in search of food and overwintering sites. They may move longer distances as result of hitchhiking on infested planting material or field equipment. It receives a\u00a0High (3)<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest.<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

4) Economic Impact:<\/strong> Some species of Nysius <\/em>considered pests of seedlings and in severe infestations they can damage young almond, pistachio, pomegranate, and citrus trees. Nysius huttoni<\/em> feed on wheat grain in the milk-ripe stage with sucking mouthparts, which pierce through the glumes into the developing grain. It inject saliva that contains an enzyme, which bring changes in the flour protein makes it runny dough unsuitable for baking.4, 5<\/sup>\u00a0 Most of the species are viewed as agricultural pests. \u00a0It might reduce the crop yield and increase crop production costs for farmers. It is not expected to change cultural practice vector other organisms, injure animals, or disrupt water supplies. Depending on the species they could receive a Low (-1)<\/strong> to Medium (2)<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

Economic Impact: A, B<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

A<\/strong>. The pest could lower crop yield.<\/span><\/p>\n

B<\/strong>. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).<\/span><\/p>\n

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).<\/p>\n

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.<\/p>\n

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/p>\n

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

Economic Impact Score: 1-2<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes 2 of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/p>\n

5) Environmental Impact:<\/strong> The insects of Nysius spp<\/em>. are not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes. It may effect sensitive species of Brassicaceae such as Caperfruit tropidocarpum (Tropidocarpum capparideum<\/em>), Santa Cruz Wallflower (Erysimum teretifolium<\/em>), Tiburon jewel flower (Streptanthus niger<\/em>) and Metcalf canyon jewel flower (Streptanthus albidus ssp. Albidus<\/em>). However, no significant documented impact occurs from native species on sensitive species. It would not be expected to disrupt critical habitats. If pest species were established then would it very likely trigger new treatment programs by farmers and residents who find infested plants unsightly. Depending on species\u00a0 it would a receive Low (-1)<\/strong>\u00a0 to \u00a0High (3)<\/strong> <\/span>in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

Environmental Impact: \u00a0B, D<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/p>\n

B<\/strong>. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/span><\/p>\n

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/p>\n

D<\/strong>. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/span><\/p>\n

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/p>\n

Environmental Impact: Score: \u00a01-3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> causes none of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes one of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Nysius spp. <\/em>(Seed bugs):\u00a0<\/strong>Low -High<\/em><\/strong> (11-14)<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n

–Low<\/strong> = 5-8 points<\/p>\n

–Medium<\/strong> = 9-12 points<\/span><\/p>\n

–High<\/strong> = 13-15 points<\/span><\/p>\n

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information<\/strong>: There are 106 described species of Nysius<\/em> and many of them are established in California. They receive a High (-3)<\/strong> <\/span>in this category. \u00a0\u00a0Nysius<\/em> not established in California receive a Not established (0)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

This genus receives a Not Established (0)<\/span> <\/strong>to High\u00a0<\/strong>Established (-3)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.<\/p>\n

–Not established (0)<\/strong> Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/span><\/p>\n

–Low (-1)<\/strong> Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).<\/p>\n

–Medium (-2)<\/strong> Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

–High (-3)<\/strong> Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/span><\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry\u00a0distribution and survey information score: Low (8)<\/strong><\/span> to High (14).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Uncertainty: \u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Uncertainty is high as the species are hard to identify and they vary substantially in their current status and risk to CA.<\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

There are many species of Nysius<\/em> that have not been found in the environment of California.\u00a0 New species could have significant economic and environmental impacts. Examples of species of Nysius<\/em> that are not found in California and would be likely to have significant impacts here include Nysius nemorivagus<\/em> from Hawaii3 <\/sup>and Nysius vinitor<\/em> from Australia.7\u00a0<\/sup>\u00a0 While on the other hand there are lot more species which are commonly found in California and are not expected to have significant economic and environmental impacts to California. Example of these species are Nysius raphanus <\/em>Howard & Nysius tenellus<\/em> Barber.<\/p>\n

It is not possible combine pest rating all 106 species in one proposal. Pest ratings can be lawfully proposed for each individual species versus the whole genus. Non-native Nysius<\/em> species can have significant impact on California agriculture whereas native species are already present in the state and are being monitored for spread and growth. Considering these facts, a \u201cNR\u201d rating is justified this genus.<\/p>\n

References: <\/strong><\/h5>\n
    \n
  1. R. Haviland, W. J. Bentley, 2016\u00a0\u00a0 UC IPM.\u00a0\u00a0 Accessed on 2-08-17. http:\/\/ipm.ucanr.edu\/PMG\/PESTNOTES\/pn74153.html<\/a><\/li>\n
  2. R. Burdfield – Steel, David M Shuker. 2014. The evolutionary ecology of the Lygaeidae.\u00a0 On line NCBI. \u00a0Accessed on 2-08-17. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4201440\/<\/a><\/li>\n
  3. Jayma L. M. Kessing, Ronal F.L. Mau. 1993. Crop knowledge master Hawaii.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Accessed on 2-08-17. http:\/\/www.extento.hawaii.edu\/kbase\/crop\/type\/nysius.htm<\/a><\/li>\n
  4. Brambila. 2007. \u00a0USDA- APHIS \u2013 PPQ\u00a0\u00a0 Invasive Arthropod workshop. <\/em>Accessed on Feb, 6 2017. https:\/\/www.freshfromflorida.com\/content\/download\/9865\/135458\/pdf_brambila_heteroptera_spdn2007-small.pdf<\/a><\/em><\/li>\n
  5. Baker, R. Cannon. 2006. \u00a0CSL pest risk analysis for Nysius huttoni <\/em>Accessed on 2-08-17. https:\/\/secure.fera.defra.gov.uk\/phiw\/riskRegister\/downloadExternalPra.cfm?id=3865<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n
  6. Pest and Damage Record Database, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Plant Health and Pest Prevention Services. http:\/\/phpps.cdfa.ca.gov\/user\/frmLogon2.asp<\/a><\/li>\n
  7. Pest Information wiki. Online\u00a0\u00a0 Accessed on 1-31-17. http:\/\/wiki.pestinfo.org\/wiki\/Nysius_vinitor<\/a><\/li>\n
  8. USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD). Accessed on 1-31-17. \u00a0https:\/\/pcit.aphis.usda.gov\/pcit\/<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
    Responsible Party:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

    Javaid Iqbal,\u00a0 California Department of Food and Agriculture; 1220 N Street,\u00a0Sacramento, CA 95814; Tel. (916) 403-6695; plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

    \n
    Comment Format:<\/h5>\n

    \u2666 \u00a0Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s)\u00a0being commented on, as shown below.<\/p>\n

    Example Comment:
    \n<\/strong>Consequences of Introduction: \u00a01. Climate\/Host Interaction:\u00a0[Your comment that relates to \u201cClimate\/Host Interaction\u201d here.<\/em>]<\/p>\n

    \u2666 \u00a0Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.<\/p>\n

    \u2666 \u00a0Comments may not be posted if they:<\/p>\n

    Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to\u00a0the pest rating proposal;<\/p>\n

    Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic,\u00a0sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal\u00a0material;<\/p>\n

    Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms\u00a0of discrimination;<\/p>\n

    Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.<\/p>\n

    \u2666 \u00a0Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.<\/p>\n

    \u2666 \u00a0Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the\u00a0website to be viewed, not just submitted.<\/p>\n

    \n

    Pest \u00a0Rating: NR<\/strong><\/h3>\n
    \n

    Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u00a0California Pest Rating for Nysius spp. \u00a0: (Seed Bugs) Hemiptera: Lygaeidae Pest \u00a0Rating: NR PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: Nysius spp. (Seed Bugs) are frequently intercepted by CDFA\u2019s high risk programs and at border stations. These have a temporary rating of \u201cQ\u201d. \u00a0A pest rating proposal is required to evaluate their pest risk. History & … Continue reading Seed Bugs | Nysius spp.<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":129,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[18,5],"tags":[537,52,536,535],"class_list":["post-3474","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hemiptera","category-entomology","tag-hemiptera-lygaeidae","tag-insects-and-mites","tag-nysius-spp","tag-seed-bugs"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-U2","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":2308,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2308","url_meta":{"origin":3474,"position":0},"title":"Mycetaspis personata (Comstock): Masked Scale","author":"Jason Leathers","date":"July 25, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Mycetaspis personata (Comstock):\u00a0 Masked Scale Hemiptera: Diaspididae Pest Rating: \u00a0A PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: Mycetaspis personata is commonly intercepted at CDFA\u2019s border stations and presently has a temporary Q-rating.\u00a0 A pest rating proposal is required to assign a permanent pest rating. History & Status: Background:\u00a0\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Hemiptera"","block_context":{"text":"Hemiptera","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=18"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1791,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1791","url_meta":{"origin":3474,"position":1},"title":"Ripersiella hibisci (Kawai & Takagi): Root Mealybug","author":"Jason Leathers","date":"April 12, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Ripersiella hibisci (Kawai & Takagi): Root Mealybug Hemiptera: Rhizoecidae Pest Rating: \u00a0A PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: Ripersiella hibisci is frequently intercepted by CDFA and is presently assigned a temporary rating of \u201cQ\u201d.\u00a0 A pest rating proposal is required to assign a permanent pest rating. History\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Hemiptera"","block_context":{"text":"Hemiptera","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=18"},"img":{"alt_text":"Ripersiella hibisci","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/5508960-WEB-RootMealybug_byAlessandraRung_bugwood-185x300.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":6132,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=6132","url_meta":{"origin":3474,"position":2},"title":"Cotton Seed Bug | Oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Costa)","author":"Kyle Beucke","date":"June 4, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating Profile for Oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Costa): Cotton Seed BugHemiptera: Oxycarenidae Pest Rating A DOWNLOAD PEST RATING profile Author\/Responsible Party: Kyle Beucke, 2800 Gateway Oaks Dr, Sacramento, CA, 95833, 916-403-6741, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov Updated by ls","rel":"","context":"In "A-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"A-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=669"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2037,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2037","url_meta":{"origin":3474,"position":3},"title":"Clavaspis herculeana (Common Name): Herculeana Scale","author":"Jason Leathers","date":"June 24, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Clavaspis herculeana (Common Name): Herculeana Scale Hemiptera: Diaspididae Pest\u00a0Rating: A PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: Clavaspis herculeana is commonly intercepted by CDFA.\u00a0 A pest rating proposal is required to support its pest rating. History & Status: Background:\u00a0 Clavaspis herculeana is a polyphagous armored scale insect.\u00a0 It\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Hemiptera"","block_context":{"text":"Hemiptera","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=18"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2717,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2717","url_meta":{"origin":3474,"position":4},"title":"Fiorinia externa Ferris: Elongate Hemlock Scale","author":"Jason Leathers","date":"October 13, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Fiorinia externa Ferris:\u00a0 Elongate Hemlock Scale Hemiptera:\u00a0 Diaspididae Pest Rating: \u00a0A PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: Fiorinia externa is often intercepted by CDFA and presently has a temporary rating of \u201cQ\u201d.\u00a0 A pest rating proposal is required to determine a permanent pest rating. 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