{"id":3248,"date":"2017-01-19T12:16:28","date_gmt":"2017-01-19T20:16:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=3248"},"modified":"2022-05-16T11:28:36","modified_gmt":"2022-05-16T18:28:36","slug":"phloeotribus-scarabaeoides-bernard-olive-bark-beetle-obb","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=3248","title":{"rendered":"Phloeotribus scarabaeoides (Bernard): Olive Bark Beetle (OBB)"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating for<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Phloeotribus scarabaeoides<\/em><\/strong> (Bernard): Olive Bark Beetle (OBB)<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Coleoptera: Cucurlionidae<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pest Rating: \u00a0B<\/strong><\/h5>\n
\n
PEST RATING PROFILE<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Initiating Event: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

On October 18, 2016 Dr. Andrew Cline identified a sample of bark beetles obtained from an olive tree at a grape vineyard in Riverside County as Phloeotribus scarabaeoides<\/em>, the olive bark beetle (OBB).\u00a0 This is the first record of OBB in the Western Hemisphere and a pest rating proposal is required to assign a permanent pest rating.<\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background<\/u><\/strong>:\u00a0 OBB is a bark beetle that is a well-known pest of olive1<\/sup>.\u00a0 The species is widely distributed around the Mediterranean basin1,3<\/sup> (including Europe, North Africa, and parts of Asia).\u00a0 Adult females bore through bark and excavate a transverse tunnel on either side of the entry point1<\/sup>.\u00a0 Inside the twig\/branch, the female lays up to 60 eggs and as larvae hatch each larva bores up or down from the entrance tunnel underneath the bark1<\/sup>.\u00a0 This feeding causes partial to complete girdling1<\/sup> of the twig\/branch; thereby structurally weakening it as well as damaging vasculature.\u00a0 Larvae pupate inside the feeding galleries1<\/sup>. OBB has 2-4 generations per year1<\/sup>.\u00a0 Spring and early summer adults tend to lay eggs in prunings and olive wood stacked as firewood rather than living trees1<\/sup>.\u00a0 In addition to olive, OBB also feeds on oleander (Nerium oleander<\/em>) and occasionally ash (Fraxinus excelsior<\/em>) and lilac (Syringa vulgaris<\/em>)1<\/sup>.\u00a0 OBB may be transported long distances when infested olive wood or living plants are moved.<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/u><\/strong>: OBB is native to the Mediterranean basin.\u00a0 Thus far, it is not known to have invaded any other regions.<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/u>:<\/strong> OBB is listed as a harmful organism by Japan, Paraguay, and Peru2<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong>\u00a0 OBB has been found at the grape vineyard as well as a residence and 3 nurseries, all in Riverside County.\u00a0 Surveys of olive trees at nurseries in other counties have not found any OBB.<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/u>:\u00a0<\/strong> OBB has never been found in any regulatory situations in California.\u00a0 However, the beetles have been found in trees at three nurseries and might have been spreading through the nursery trade for an indefinite time period.<\/p>\n

The risk Phloeotribus scarabaeoides<\/em>\u00a0[olive bark beetle (OBB)] would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h5>\n

1) Climate\/Host Interaction:<\/strong> Olive and oleander are grown throughout California and OBB is likely to establish throughout these areas. It receives a High (3)<\/strong> <\/span>in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.<\/p>\n

Score: 3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/span><\/p>\n

2) Known Pest Host Range:<\/strong> OBB feeds primarily on olive, secondarily on oleander, and occasionally on ash and lilac.\u00a0 It receives a Low (1)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the host range of the pest.<\/p>\n

Score: 1<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> has a very limited host range.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> has a moderate host range.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has a wide host range.<\/p>\n

3) Pest Dispersal Potential:<\/strong> OBB has three to four generations per year and each female lays up to 60 eggs.\u00a0 Adult beetles can fly and all life stages can be transported long distances when olive wood or infested plants are moved.\u00a0 OBB receives a High (3)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest.<\/p>\n

Score: \u00a03<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

4) Economic Impact:<\/strong> OBB is considered a serious pest of olive that can cause heavy losses of young shoots, flowers, and fruit1<\/sup>.\u00a0 The beetle can be expected to increase crop production costs for olive growers as they implement management strategies.\u00a0 In regions with established OBB populations, growers are forced to alter cultural practices by moving olive prunings and wood far away from groves to reduce damage.\u00a0 OBB receives a High (3)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

Economic Impact: \u00a0A, B, D<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

A. The pest could lower crop yield.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).<\/p>\n

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/p>\n

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

Economic Impact Score: \u00a03<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes 2 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

4) Environmental Impact:<\/strong> OBB is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes.\u00a0 The species is not likely to directly affect threatened or endangered species or disrupt critical habitats.\u00a0 OBB is likely to trigger new official and private treatment programs.\u00a0 Olive and oleander are widespread ornamentals and are likely to be significantly impacted by this pest.\u00a0 OBB receives a High (3)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

Environmental Impact: \u00a0D, E<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/p>\n

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/p>\n

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/p>\n

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Score the pest for Environmental Impact.<\/p>\n

Environmental Impact Score: \u00a03<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> causes none of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes one of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Phloeotribus scarabaeoides <\/em>(Olive bark beetle (OBB)):\u00a0 High (13)<\/span><\/strong><\/h5>\n

Add up the total score and include it here.<\/p>\n

–Low<\/strong> = 5-8 points<\/p>\n

–Medium<\/strong> = 9-12 points<\/p>\n

–High<\/strong> = 13-15 points<\/span><\/p>\n

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information:<\/strong> OBB has only been found in Riverside County. It receives a Low (-1)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.<\/p>\n

–Not established (0)<\/strong> Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/p>\n

–Low (-1)<\/strong> Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).<\/span><\/p>\n

–Medium (-2)<\/strong> Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

–High (-3)<\/strong> Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

The final score is<\/strong> the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: Medium (12) <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Uncertainty:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h5>\n

OBB might have a widespread distribution in California.\u00a0 The beetles have been found in olive trees in several nurseries and it is possible that the beetles could have been spreading through the nursery industry for several years.\u00a0 Secondly, there is a native bark beetle (Hylesinus californicus<\/em>) that sometimes attacks stressed olive trees and was originally called the olive bark beetle in California.\u00a0 However, the common name was changed to western ash bark beetle to reflect its typical host.\u00a0 It is possible that OBB could be more widespread in California and its damage attributed to Hylesinus californicus<\/em>. \u00a0However, adults of Phloeotribus<\/em> are extremely characteristic amongst all weevils in possessing elongate terminal antennomeres and would be recognized as something new by any coleopterist.\u00a0 Thirdly, the olive trees at the original detection site had been moved from San Diego County.\u00a0 It is possible the beetles could be established in San Diego County, although none have been found at the origin.\u00a0 This evidence suggests the possibility OBB could have a widespread distribution within southern California and possibly the entire State.<\/p>\n

Before the olive fly (Bactrocera oleae<\/em>) arrived in California in 2008 the State was the source of 11% of the world\u2019s table olives.\u00a0 Most of these were produced by small growers with less than 40 acres.\u00a0 These growers did not make enough profit to pay for treatment costs for olive fly and many of them have switched to less profitable olive oil.\u00a0 The presence of OBB in California could be especially disastrous for the many small olive growers in the State.\u00a0 This might lead growers to switch to more water intensive crops, exacerbating the effects of the State\u2019s drought.<\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Phloeotribus scarabaeoides<\/em> is expected to have significant economic and environmental impacts to California\u2019s olive industry and ornamental plantings of oleander and olive throughout the State.\u00a0 However, it is established and abundant in Riverside County, is not under official control, and has likely been spreading through the nursery trade.\u00a0 There are no approved treatments or survey tools for this pest and there are no plans for an interior quarantine.\u00a0 A \u201cB\u201d rating is justified.<\/p>\n

References: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

1 <\/sup>Alvord, D.V. 2014.\u00a0 Pests of Fruit Crops: A Color Handbook.\u00a0 CRC Press.\u00a0 462pp.<\/p>\n

2<\/sup> USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD).\u00a0 https:\/\/pcit.aphis.usda.gov\/pcit\/<\/a><\/p>\n

3<\/sup> Kn\u00ed\u017eek, M. 2011. Subfamily Scolytinae. pgs. 204-250. In<\/em> Lobl, I and A. Smetana (Eds.), Catalogue of Palearctic Coleoptera. Volume 7<\/em>. Apollo Books, Stenstrup. 372pp.<\/p>\n

\n
Responsible Party:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n
Comment Format:<\/h5>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s)\u00a0being commented on, as shown below.<\/p>\n

Example Comment:
\n<\/strong>Consequences of Introduction: \u00a01. Climate\/Host Interaction:\u00a0[Your comment that relates to \u201cClimate\/Host Interaction\u201d here.<\/em>]<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may not be posted if they:<\/p>\n

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to\u00a0the pest rating proposal;<\/p>\n

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic,\u00a0sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal\u00a0material;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms\u00a0of discrimination;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the\u00a0website to be viewed, not just submitted.<\/p>\n

\n

Pest Rating: \u00a0B<\/strong><\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating for Phloeotribus scarabaeoides (Bernard): Olive Bark Beetle (OBB) Coleoptera: Cucurlionidae Pest Rating: \u00a0B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: On October 18, 2016 Dr. Andrew Cline identified a sample of bark beetles obtained from an olive tree at a grape vineyard in Riverside County as Phloeotribus scarabaeoides, the olive bark beetle (OBB).\u00a0 This … Continue reading Phloeotribus scarabaeoides (Bernard): Olive Bark Beetle (OBB)<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[15,5],"tags":[217,52,503,504],"class_list":["post-3248","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-coleoptera","category-entomology","tag-coleoptera-curculionidae","tag-insects-and-mites","tag-olive-bark-beetle","tag-phloeotribus-scarabaeoides"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-Qo","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":1954,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1954","url_meta":{"origin":3248,"position":0},"title":"Insects, Mites & Earthworms","author":"Admin","date":"May 13, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"Insects and mites are related in that their skeletons are on the outside (Phyllum: Arthropoda), but differ in that adult insects have six legs and adult mites have eight.\u00a0 Both groups can be beneficial, neutral or destructive to their environment.\u00a0 Like nematodes, they can cause yearly losses in the billions\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Ratings"","block_context":{"text":"Ratings","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=333"},"img":{"alt_text":"Insects and Mites Banner","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/insects-and-mites-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/insects-and-mites-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/insects-and-mites-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/insects-and-mites-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":4403,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=4403","url_meta":{"origin":3248,"position":1},"title":"Black Pine Bark Beetle | Hylastes ater (Paykull)","author":"Kyle Beucke","date":"January 17, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Black Pine Bark Beetle | Hylastes ater (Paykull) Pest Rating: A \u00a0 PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: Hylastes ater is currently Q-rated.\u00a0 A permanent pest rating proposal is required to support an official pest rating. History & Status: Background: Hylastes ater is fairly large (3.5-4.4 mm\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Coleoptera"","block_context":{"text":"Coleoptera","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=15"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":4411,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=4411","url_meta":{"origin":3248,"position":2},"title":"A Bark Beetle | Pycnarthrum hispidum (Ferrari)","author":"Kyle Beucke","date":"January 16, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for A Bark Beetle | Pycnarthrum hispidum (Ferrari) Coleoptera Pest Rating: C \u00a0 PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: Pycnarthrum hispidum is currently Q-rated.\u00a0 A permanent pest rating proposal is required to support an official pest rating. 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History & Status: Background: Polygraphus poligraphus has been reported to feed\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Coleoptera"","block_context":{"text":"Coleoptera","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=15"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":4413,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=4413","url_meta":{"origin":3248,"position":4},"title":"Banded Elm Bark Beetle | Scolytus schevyrewi Semenov","author":"Kyle Beucke","date":"January 16, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating\u00a0 for Banded Elm Bark Beetle | Scolytus schevyrewi Semenov Coleoptera Pest Rating: C \u00a0 PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: Scolytus schevyrewi is currently Q-rated.\u00a0 A permanent pest rating proposal is required to support an official pest rating. History & Status: Background: Scolytus schevyrewi can be recognized by\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Coleoptera"","block_context":{"text":"Coleoptera","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=15"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":10657,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=10657","url_meta":{"origin":3248,"position":5},"title":"Sybra alternans Wiedemann: longhorn beetle","author":"Kyle Beucke","date":"June 7, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating Profile for Sybra alternans Wiedemann: longhorn beetlePest Rating: A DOWNLOAD PEST RATING profile *NOTE You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. 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