{"id":3199,"date":"2017-01-11T15:06:49","date_gmt":"2017-01-11T23:06:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=3199"},"modified":"2024-04-26T10:45:19","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T17:45:19","slug":"paratylenchus-spp-micoletzky-1922","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=3199","title":{"rendered":"Paratylenchus spp. Micoletzky, 1922"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating for<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Paratylenchus <\/em><\/strong>spp.\u00a0 Micoletzky, 1922<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pest Rating: C\u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n
PEST RATING PROFILE<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Initiating Event: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

During the 1950-60s, several species of plant parasitic nematodes were given a \u2018D\u2019 rating as they were regarded as parasites, predators or organisms of little or no economic importance that did not require State enforced regulatory action.\u00a0 However, these nematode species were inaccurately assigned a D rating as most, if not all, are plant parasitic and therefore, capable of damaging plant production and causing significant economic losses especially at the county and local residential\/grower level.\u00a0 Furthermore, the detection of plant parasitic nematodes in nursery stock may be an indication of contamination in violation of the State\u2019s standard of pest cleanliness required for nurseries. Paratylenchus <\/em>spp.<\/em> were originally rated D.\u00a0 The risk of infestation and permanent rating of this genus group are re-assessed here.<\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background<\/u><\/strong>:\u00a0 Generally, pest risk assessments and assignment of pest ratings are conducted per<\/em> individual pest species and not per<\/em> genus group primarily due to differing pest biologies, geographical distributions, host ranges, damage potentials, and risk mitigating requirements. However, an exception to this rule is made here for the genus Paratylenchus<\/em> largely because of historical practice.\u00a0 Over the past several decades, the genus, Paratylenchus<\/em>, was seldom differentiated to species level by CDFA Nematologists mainly due to i) the common occurrence and wide distribution of member species within California, ii) no state enforced regulatory action required subsequent to their detection, and iii) greater demands of time involved in diagnosing high risk and other nematode species considered to be of greater economic importance than those belonging to Paratylenchus<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Members of the genus, Paratylenchus<\/em>, are commonly known as \u2018pin nematodes\u2019.\u00a0 Species reproduce producing eggs, four juvenile stages (J1, J2, J3, and J4) and adults.\u00a0 The J1 juvenile stage is produced within the egg and undergoes a molt before the egg taches to release J2.\u00a0 Males and J4 preadults do not feed. These nematodes inhabit the soil-root region of plants and feed on roots as obligate sedentary ectoparasites. Feeding by adults is limited to epidermal cells and the base of root hairs.\u00a0 Juveniles may feed far out on the root hairs (Maggenti, 1981).\u00a0 The nematodes move sluggishly and females become more sluggish after feeding.\u00a0 The life cycle takes about 23 days for P. bukowinensis<\/em> (Brzeski, 1976). \u00a0The non-feeding preadult of Paratylenchus<\/em> is the most resistant stage that comprises about 90% of stages found in winter.\u00a0 They can survive up to four years in the absence of a host. \u00a0Apparently, molting to the adult stage occurs in the presence of stimulatory substances emitted by suitable host roots (Mai et al<\/em>., 1996; Maggenti, 1981).<\/p>\n

Taxonomically, Paratylenchus<\/em> spp. belong to family Paratylenchidae in the order Tylenchida and are characterized by their small body lengths ranging from 0.2 to 0.6 mm.\u00a0 The genus comprises several species and in California, species diversity is high and yet to be determined.\u00a0 Morphological identification of some species is difficult and therefore, diagnostics of Paratylenchus<\/em> spp. can be based on rRNA gene sequences which are reliable genetic markers (Van den Berg et al.,<\/em> 2014).<\/p>\n

Hosts<\/em><\/strong>: Paratylenchus<\/em> spp. are associated with the roots of a wide range of herbaceous and woody plants including native plants, ornamentals, and many agricultural crops (Maggenti, 1981).\u00a0 The host status of associated plants is not always known.\u00a0 Dropkin (1989) lists host included in the families Cruciferae and Umbelliferae, such as carrot, celeriac, parsley and cabbage.\u00a0 Other forage and woody plants include clover, grasses, grapes, and fruit trees.<\/p>\n

Symptoms<\/strong>:\u00a0 <\/em>General plant damage associated with Paratylenchus<\/em> spp. is minimal except when nematode populations are high in number.\u00a0 Under favorable conditions, nematode populations can increase to tremendous numbers and in greenhouse experiments damaging levels of 100-125 nematodes per gram of soil have been found (Maggenti, 1981).\u00a0 In general, infection by large numbers results in overall reduction in top and root growth without obvious symptoms on roots.\u00a0 Feeding results in brown necrotic regions in some hosts (Mai et al., 1996; Maggenti, 1981).<\/p>\n

Damage Potential:<\/strong> \u00a0<\/em>Generally, Paratylenchus<\/em> spp. are common associates of several plants.\u00a0 Few Paratylenchus<\/em> species, such as P. bukowinensis<\/em> and P. projectus<\/em> have known economic importance.\u00a0 However, plant damage caused by high populations of pin nematodes could be more significant in small-area plant productions and\/or containerized crops in nursery, greenhouse, residential and local situations than in large acreages and environments such as, pastures, parks, and cultivated fields. Crop damage under field conditions may be difficult to assess as Paratylenchus<\/em> spp. are often mixed with other genera and\/or two or more stunt nematode species occurring together.<\/p>\n

Spread<\/em><\/strong>: \u00a0The main mode of long and short distance spread through artificial means: infested plant roots, movement of nematode-contaminated soil, run-off and irrigation water, cultivation tools, equipment and any human activity that can move soils from infested to non-infested sites.<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/u><\/strong>: Paratylenchus<\/em> spp. are distributed widely geographically (Mai, 1996).<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/u><\/strong>:\u00a0 Currently, Paratylenchus<\/em> spp. are D rated pests in California (see \u2018Initiating Event\u2019).\u00a0 Paratylenchus<\/em> spp. are on the \u2018Harmful Organism Lists\u201d for Australia and Nauru (USDA-PCIT, 2016).<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/u><\/strong>:\u00a0 Paratylenchus<\/em> spp. are widely distributed in California.<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/u><\/strong>: For the past several decades, Paratylenchus<\/em> spp. have been detected in several imported plant and soil shipments intercepted in California.<\/p>\n

The risk Paratylenchus<\/em> spp. would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Climate\/Host Interaction:<\/strong> Paratylenchus<\/em> are able to establish throughout the State.<\/p>\n

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.<\/p>\n

Score: 3<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/span><\/p>\n

2) Known Pest Host Range:<\/strong> Paratylenchus<\/em> are known to be associated with several diverse plant species, however, the host status of associated plants is not always known.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the host range of the pest.<\/p>\n

Score: 3<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has a wide host range.<\/span><\/p>\n

3) Pest Dispersal Potential:<\/strong> The main mode of long and short distance spread through artificial means: Infested plant roots, movement of contaminated soil, run-off and irrigation water, cultivation tools, equipment and any human activity that can move soils from infested to non-infested sites.\u00a0 Increase in reproduction rates depends on the plant species parasitized.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest.<\/p>\n

Score: 3<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

4) Economic Impact: <\/strong>Generally, Paratylenchus<\/em> are considered mild and common pathogens of plants.\u00a0 However, under high population levels in residential, nurseries, greenhouse, and other small-area plantings, where high nematode populations can build up under favorable conditions, Paratylenchus<\/em> spp. infections could result in lowered crop yield.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

Economic Impact:<\/strong> A<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

A. The pest could lower crop yield.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).<\/p>\n

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).<\/p>\n

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.<\/p>\n

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/p>\n

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

Economic Impact Score: 1<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/p>\n

5) Environmental Impact:<\/strong> The impact of\u00a0 Paratylenchus<\/em> spp. on natural environments is most likely not significant as the species is already widespread without causing apparent detriment to ecological balances and processes, however, heavy infestations of pin nematodes, particularly in potted plants, could affect home\/urban gardening.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

Environmental Impact:<\/strong> E<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/p>\n

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/p>\n

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/p>\n

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/p>\n

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Score the pest for Environmental Impact.<\/p>\n

Environmental Impact Score: 2<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes one of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Paratylenchus<\/em> spp.: Medium (12)<\/span><\/strong><\/h5>\n

Add up the total score and include it here.<\/p>\n

-Low = 5-8 points<\/p>\n

–Medium<\/strong> = 9-12 points<\/span><\/p>\n

-High = 13-15 points<\/p>\n

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information<\/strong>: Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included. (Score)<\/p>\n

-Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/p>\n

-Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).<\/p>\n

-Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

–High (-3)<\/strong> Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/span><\/p>\n

Evaluation is High (-3).\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong><\/span>Paratylenchus spp<\/em>. are widespread in several contiguous and non-contiguous climate and host regions throughout the state.<\/em><\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

7) The final score is<\/strong> the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: (Score)<\/p>\n

Final Score: <\/em><\/strong>\u00a0Score of Consequences of Introduction \u2013 Score of Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information =<\/strong> 9<\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Uncertainty:\u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

None.<\/em><\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Based on the evidence provided above the proposed rating for the pin nematodes, Paratylenchus<\/em> spp., is C.<\/strong><\/p>\n

References:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

B<\/strong>rzeski, M.\u00a0 1976.\u00a0 Paratylenchus bukowinensis<\/em>.\u00a0 C.I.H. Descriptions of Plant-parasitic Nematodes Set 6, No. 79.<\/p>\n

M<\/strong>ai, W. F., P. G. Mullin, H. H. Lyon, and K. Loeffler.\u00a0 1996.\u00a0 Plant parasitic nematodes \u2013 a pictorial key to genera.\u00a0 Fifth Edition.\u00a0 Comstock Publishing Associates a division of Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London.\u00a0 277 p.<\/p>\n

M<\/strong>aggenti, A.\u00a0 1981.\u00a0 General nematology.\u00a0 Springer-Verlag New York Heidelberg Berlin.\u00a0 372 p.<\/p>\n

U<\/strong>SDA-PCIT.\u00a0 2016.\u00a0 United States Department of Agriculture, Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT). https:\/\/pcit.aphis.usda.gov\/PExD\/faces\/ViewPExD.jsp<\/a> .<\/p>\n

V<\/strong>an den Berg, E., L. R. Tiedt, and S. A Subbotin.\u00a0 2014.\u00a0 Morphological and molecular characterization of several Paratylenchus<\/em> Micoletzky, 1922 (Tylenchida: Paratylenchidae) species from South Africa and USA, together with some taxonomic notes.\u00a0 Nematology 16: 323-358.<\/p>\n

\n
Responsible Party:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

John J. Chitambar, Primary Plant Pathologist\/Nematologist, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832. Phone: 916-262-1110, plant.health@cdfa.ca.gov<\/a><\/p>\n

\n
Comment Period: CLOSED<\/span><\/h5>\n

1\/11\/2017\u00a0–\u00a02\/25\/2017<\/p>\n

Comment Format:<\/h5>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s)\u00a0being commented on, as shown below.<\/p>\n

Example Comment:
\n<\/strong>Consequences of Introduction: \u00a01. Climate\/Host Interaction:\u00a0[Your comment that relates to \u201cClimate\/Host Interaction\u201d here.<\/em>]<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may not be posted if they:<\/p>\n

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to\u00a0the pest rating proposal;<\/p>\n

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic,\u00a0sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal\u00a0material;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms\u00a0of discrimination;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the\u00a0website to be viewed, not just submitted.<\/p>\n

\n

Pest Rating: C\u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating for Paratylenchus spp.\u00a0 Micoletzky, 1922 Pest Rating: C\u00a0   PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: During the 1950-60s, several species of plant parasitic nematodes were given a \u2018D\u2019 rating as they were regarded as parasites, predators or organisms of little or no economic importance that did not require State enforced regulatory action.\u00a0 However, … Continue reading Paratylenchus spp. Micoletzky, 1922<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1117,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[27],"tags":[202,493],"class_list":["post-3199","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nematodes","tag-nematode","tag-paratylenchus-spp"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-PB","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":1955,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1955","url_meta":{"origin":3199,"position":0},"title":"Nematodes","author":"Admin","date":"May 13, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"(Plant Parasitic Nematodes) Nematodes (also called \u2018roundworms\u2019) are relatively small, multicellular, worm-like animals. They are found in almost every environmental niche imaginable, living free in soil, marine and freshwater habitats while feeding on bacteria, fungi, and nematodes, or as parasites of humans, insects, fish, larger animals and plants. Plant parasitic\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Ratings"","block_context":{"text":"Ratings","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=333"},"img":{"alt_text":"Nematodes montage","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/nematodes-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/nematodes-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/nematodes-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/nematodes-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":2033,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2033","url_meta":{"origin":3199,"position":1},"title":"Tylenchorhynchus spp. Cobb, 1913","author":"Admin","date":"June 2, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Tylenchorhynchus spp.\u00a0 Cobb, 1913 Pest Rating: C\u00a0 \u00a0 PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: During the 1950-60s, several species of plant parasitic nematodes were given a \u2018D\u2019 rating as they were regarded as parasites, predators or organisms of little or no economic importance that did not require\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Nematodes"","block_context":{"text":"Nematodes","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=27"},"img":{"alt_text":"stunt nematode: symptoms, stunting of corn 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1913","author":"Admin","date":"September 21, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Scutellonema spp.\u00a0 Cobb, 1913 Pest Rating: C\u00a0 \u00a0 PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: During the 1950-60s, several species of plant parasitic nematodes were given a \u2018D\u2019 rating as they were regarded as parasites, predators or organisms of little or no economic importance that did not require\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Nematodes"","block_context":{"text":"Nematodes","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=27"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2029,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2029","url_meta":{"origin":3199,"position":3},"title":"Helicotylenchus spp. Steiner, 1945","author":"Admin","date":"June 2, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Helicotylenchus spp.\u00a0 Steiner, 1945 \u00a0Pest Rating: C\u00a0 \u00a0 PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: During the 1950-60s, several species of plant parasitic nematodes were given a \u2018D\u2019 rating as they were regarded as parasites, predators or organisms of little or no economic importance that did not require\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Nematodes"","block_context":{"text":"Nematodes","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=27"},"img":{"alt_text":"helicotylenchus spp.","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/5440548-helicotylenchus_Jonathan-D-Eisenback_VirginiaPolytechnicInstitute-and-StateUniv_Bugwood.org_1.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/5440548-helicotylenchus_Jonathan-D-Eisenback_VirginiaPolytechnicInstitute-and-StateUniv_Bugwood.org_1.jpg?resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/5440548-helicotylenchus_Jonathan-D-Eisenback_VirginiaPolytechnicInstitute-and-StateUniv_Bugwood.org_1.jpg?resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/5440548-helicotylenchus_Jonathan-D-Eisenback_VirginiaPolytechnicInstitute-and-StateUniv_Bugwood.org_1.jpg?resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":382,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=382","url_meta":{"origin":3199,"position":4},"title":"Helicotylenchus multicinctus (Cobb, 1893) Golden, 1956","author":"Admin","date":"March 16, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"California Plant Pest Rating for Helicotylenchus multicinctus (Cobb, 1893) Golden, 1956 Pest\u00a0Rating:\u00a0B \u00a0 PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: None. An evaluation of the risk involved with the possible introduction and spread of H. multicinctus in California is documented herein and a permanent rating is proposed for the species. History &\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Nematodes"","block_context":{"text":"Nematodes","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=27"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":686,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=686","url_meta":{"origin":3199,"position":5},"title":"Asian Citrus Root-knot Nematodes","author":"Admin","date":"April 7, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0California Pest Rating for Asian Citrus Root-knot Nematodes: Meloidogyne citri Zhang, Gao & Weng, 1990; donghaiensis Zheng, Lin & Zheng, 1990; fujianensis Pan, 1985 indica Whitehead, 1968; jianyangensis Yang, Hu, Chen & Zhu, 1990; kongi Yang, Wang & Feng, 1988; mingnanica Zhang, 1993 Pest\u00a0Rating: A \u00a0 PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Nematodes"","block_context":{"text":"Nematodes","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=27"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3199","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1117"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3199"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3199\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4663,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3199\/revisions\/4663"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3199"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3199"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3199"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}