{"id":3091,"date":"2016-12-16T14:27:51","date_gmt":"2016-12-16T22:27:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=3091"},"modified":"2024-04-26T11:01:35","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T18:01:35","slug":"calonectria-pseudonaviculata-crous-j-z-groenew-c-f-hill-l-lombard-m-j-wingf-crous-2010","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=3091","title":{"rendered":"Calonectria pseudonaviculata (Crous, J. Z. Groenew. & C. F. Hill) L. Lombard, M. J. Wingf. & Crous, 2010"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating for<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Calonectria pseudonaviculata <\/em><\/strong>(Crous, J. Z. Groenew. & C. F. Hill) L. Lombard, M. J. Wingf. & Crous, 2010<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pest Rating: B<\/strong><\/h5>\n
\n
PEST RATING PROFILE<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Initiating Event: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

On November 22, 2016, non-official samples of diseased boxwood plants collected by a landscaper from a private property in Hillsborough, San Mateo County, were sent through the San Mateo County Agricultural Commissioner\u2019s office to the CDFA Plant Pathology Lab for diagnosis.\u00a0 The samples were examined by Kathy Kosta CDFA plant pathologist, and the associated pathogen was cultured and identified by Cheryl Blomquist CDFA plant pathologist, as Calonectria<\/em> pseudonaviculata <\/em>(Kosta, 2016).\u00a0 Subsequently, on November 29, 2016, official samples were collected from the same private property by Kathy Kosta (CDFA) and Fred Crowder (San Mateo County) and processed at the CDFA Plant Pathology Lab for pathogen diagnosis.\u00a0 The official identification of Calonectria pseudonaviculata<\/em> was made by Cheryl Blomquist on December 7, 2016.\u00a0 This detection marked a first record of the pathogen in California.\u00a0 Consequently, the pathogen was assigned a temporary \u2018Q\u2019 rating.\u00a0\u00a0 The risk of introduction and establishment of the pathogen is assessed here and a permanent rating is proposed.<\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background<\/strong>:<\/u>\u00a0 Calonectria pseudonaviculata<\/em> is the fungal pathogen that causes boxwood blight or box blight disease.\u00a0 The pathogen is also known by its asexual (anamorph) stage as Cylindrocladium pseudonaviculatum<\/em>.\u00a0 The disease was first reported in the United Kingdom in the early to mid-1990s and the pathogen was given the name Cylindrocladium buxicola<\/em>.\u00a0 The origin of C. pseudonaviculatum<\/em> is not known.\u00a0 The pathogen was considered an exotic species that had been introduced to the UK and by 1998, it had spread to Europe and New Zealand.\u00a0 (CABI, 2016; Crous et al.,<\/em> 2002; Dart et al.,<\/em> 2012).\u00a0 While most published literature refers to the fungus as C. buxicola<\/em>, this pathogen was not formally reported in the literature until 2002 as Cylindrocladium pseudonaviculatum <\/em>which later became synonymous with Calonectria pseudonaviculata<\/em>, the sexual (teleomorph) stage of the fungus (Lombard et al.,<\/em> 2010).\u00a0 The current scientific name of the pathogen is Calonectria pseudonaviculata <\/em>(CABI, 2016; Crous et al<\/em>., 2002; Ivors & LeBude, 2011).<\/p>\n

Disease cycle:<\/u> <\/strong>\u00a0The pathogen infects host plants rapidly in warm (18-25\u00b0C) and humid conditions and has a life cycle that is completed in one week (Henricot, 2006; Henricot et al<\/em>., 2008).\u00a0 The primary inoculum of spores are sticky and therefore, are best transmitted to healthy host plants by water-splash or carried by insects, birds or infested plants.\u00a0 Spores germinate three hours after inoculation and penetrate leaves in as little as five hours (Henricot, 2006).\u00a0 Hyphae penetrate through stomata on lower surface of leaves, or directly through the cuticle on upper surface of leaves without appressorium formation (specialized attachment and penetration structure).\u00a0 The fungus continues to grow intercellularly in the mesophyll layers of the plant (Henricot, 2006).\u00a0 Two to three days after infection, the fungus produces conidiophores and conidia (asexual spores) through stomata and after seven days, these cover the lower surface of the leaf.\u00a0 Leaves are eventually killed (Henricot, 2006). \u00a0\u00a0The fungus can form resting structures (microsclerotia) which can survive on leaf material and in the soil in the absence of a susceptible host (Henricot, 2006). \u00a0However, in a 5-year study on the survival of the fungus on decomposing plant material, Henricot et al<\/em>., (2008) did not detect the presence of microsclerotia.\u00a0 Apparently, the pathogen is able to survive as mycelium within decomposing plant tissue. \u00a0\u00a0No sexual stage structures have been observed in nature or in culture (CABI, 2016).<\/p>\n

C. pseudonaviculata<\/em> is a low temperature fungus that can grow below 10\u00b0C but is inhibited at 30\u00b0C and killed at 33\u00b0C (Henricot, 2006).<\/p>\n

Dispersal and spread<\/em>: The pathogen is spread by wind-driven rain and splashing water over short distances.\u00a0 Long distance spread occurs by movement of infected plants\/nursery stock, infested plant debris, soil, contaminated tools and equipment, insects or birds.\u00a0 The pathogen can survive in leaf debris on or beneath the soil surface for up to 5 years (Dart et al<\/em>., 2012; Henricot, 2006; Henricot et al.,<\/em> 2008).\u00a0 The disease may also be spread is through the movement of asymptomatic (or with very limited outward symptoms) boxwood plants or plants treated with fungicides that suppress but do not kill or eliminate the inhabiting pathogen (Douglas, 2011).<\/p>\n

Hosts:<\/em> Buxaceae: Buxus microphylla<\/em> (little-leaf box), B. microphylla<\/em> var. japonica<\/em>, B. sempervirens<\/em> (syn. B. colchica<\/em>; common boxwood), B. sinica<\/em> (Chinese box), B. sinica<\/em> var. insularis<\/em> (Korean boxwood), Buxus<\/em> sp. (box), Pachysandra procumbens, P. terminalis<\/em> (Japanese spurge), Sarcococca<\/em> sp. (sweet box) (CABI, 2016; EPPO, 2016; Farr & Rossman, 2016).<\/p>\n

The full host range of this pathogen is not currently known however, none of the Buxus<\/em> species are immune to boxwood blight and susceptibility to the pathogen may vary among cultivars (Henricot et al.,<\/em> 2008). \u00a0Sarcococca<\/em> sp. (sweet box) and Pachysandra terminalis<\/em> (Japanese spurge) are experimental hosts (Henricot et al<\/em>., 2008; LaMondia et al<\/em>., 2012).<\/p>\n

Symptoms<\/em>: \u00a0Infections by Calonectria pseudonaviculata<\/em> result in the production of dark brown or lighter brown leaf spots surrounded by a dark border.\u00a0 Stems are also infected exhibiting characteristic black streaks.\u00a0 Eventually severe defoliation and dieback occur.\u00a0 The fungus does not infect the roots.\u00a0 Entire foliage typically becomes blighted causing the leaves to turn \u2018straw\u2019 to light brown in color and defoliate.\u00a0 Stems of blighted plants may remain green under the outer bark until infected by secondary or opportunistic pathogens and diseases resulting in decline and eventual death of entire plants.\u00a0 Young seedlings can be killed by this pathogen (Henricot, 2006; Henricot et al., <\/em>2008; USDA-NCSU).<\/p>\n

Damage Potential:\u00a0 \u00a0<\/em>The disease has been described as \u2018devastating\u2019 to boxwood plants (Henricot et al.,<\/em> 2008). Foliage of infected plant is eventually killed and blighted plants are predisposed to infections by secondary pathogens also resulting in their eventual death.\u00a0 At particular risk are boxwood plants grown in nurseries, commercial landscapes, parks and gardens, and at private residences under warm and wet climates conducive for the development and spread of the pathogen.\u00a0 Rapid and widespread infection including over 10,000 American boxwood plants and 150,000 plants in production nurseries in North Carolina and Connecticut were reported (Ivors et al<\/em>., 2012).\u00a0 Buxus <\/em>spp. (boxwood) are not native to the United States, and are widely cultivated as ornamental plants.\u00a0 In California, depending on plant species and cultivar, boxwood is commonly grown throughout the State except in cold, mountainous regions, and are likely to prefer cooler climates in the State (Sunset Western Garden Book, 1992<\/em>).\u00a0 Three main species are grown as ornamentals in the USA, B. sempervirens<\/em>, B. microphylla,<\/em> and B. sinica <\/em>var. insularis<\/em>, all which are known hosts of C. pseudonaviculata <\/em>(USDA-NCSU).<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong> Asia<\/em>: Iran, Republic of Georgia, Turkey; North America<\/em>: Canada (restricted distribution in British Columbia, few occurrences in Ontario and Quebec), USA; Europe<\/em>: Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom; Oceania<\/em>: New Zealand (CABI, 2016; EPPO, 2016; Farr & Rossman, 2016).<\/p>\n

In the USA, C. pseudonaviculata<\/em> has been reported from Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Virginia (CABI, 2016; EPPO, 2016; Farr & Rossman, 2016), and by this report from California.<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/u>:<\/strong> \u00a0Cylindrocladium buxicola<\/em> (synonym C. pseudonaviculata<\/em>) is on the \u2018Harmful Organism Lists\u2019 for the Republic of Korea (USDA PCIT, 2016).\u00a0 Presently, it has a temporary Q rating in California.<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0San Mateo County.<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/u>:\u00a0<\/strong> None reported.<\/p>\n

The risk Calonectria pseudonaviculata<\/em> would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h5>\n

1) Climate\/Host Interaction: <\/strong>The boxwood blight pathogen, Calonectria pseudonaviculata<\/em> rapidly infests host plants under humid and warm (18-25\u00b0C) climates \u2013 being inhibited at 30\u00b0C and killed at 33\u00b0C. Spores are transmitted to healthy host tissue under wet conditions, requiring wind-driven rains and water splash from overhead irrigation systems. Depending on species and cultivar selection, Buxus<\/em> are grown throughout California, except in mountainous regions, and are likely to do best in cool climates, such as coastal regions of the State. \u00a0Plants grown in warm and humid climates are at possible risk of infection by the pathogen.\u00a0 The pathogen may be able to establish in a larger but limited region in the State, suitable also to the growth of its host plants.\u00a0 Therefore a \u2018medium\u2019 rating is given to this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.<\/p>\n

Score: 2<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/p>\n

2) Known Pest Host Range: <\/strong>The host range of Calonectria pseudonaviculata<\/em> is currently limited to few Buxus<\/em> species (boxwood) and several cultivars, as well as Sarcococca<\/em> (sweet box) and Pachysandra <\/em>spp.<\/em> (Japanese spurge).<\/p>\n

Evaluate the host range of the pest.<\/p>\n

Score: 1<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> has a very limited host range.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.<\/p>\n

– High (3) has a wide host range.<\/p>\n

3) Pest Dispersal Potential: <\/strong>Calonectria pseudonaviculata<\/em> has high reproductive potential.\u00a0 Although its dispersal and spread over short distances to non-infected plants depends on wind-driven rain and water-splash, long distance spread occurs by movement of infected plants\/nursery stock, infested plant debris, soil, contaminated tools and equipment, insects or birds. The disease may also be spread through the movement of asymptomatic (or with very limited outward symptoms) boxwood plants or plants treated with fungicides that suppress but do not kill or eliminate the inhabiting pathogen.\u00a0 These modes of spread, plus the ability of the pathogen to survive in leaf debris on or beneath the soil surface for up to 5 years, places it as a \u2018high risk\u2019 in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest.<\/p>\n

Score: 3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

4) Economic Impact:<\/strong> Boxwood blight disease could result in lower crop value, loss of foliage and plants, increased production costs, loss of markets, and changes in delivery of irrigation water so to avoid water splash and wetness of foliage.\u00a0 Also, insects and birds could aid in spread of the pathogen to non-infected plants.\u00a0 Therefore, economic impact, caused by the boxwood blight pathogen, is given a \u2018High\u2019 score.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

Economic Impact: A, B, C, D, E<\/span>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

A. The pest could lower crop yield.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

Economic Impact Score: 3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

5) Environmental Impact:<\/strong> Infections of Calonectria pseudonaviculata<\/em> could significantly affect private and commercial plantings of boxwood plants commonly used as hedge and shrub ornamentals and result in additional treatments against the pathogen.\u00a0 Therefore, risk on environmental impact is scored as \u2018High\u2019.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

Environmental Impact: D, E<\/span>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/p>\n

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/p>\n

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/p>\n

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Score the pest for Environmental Impact.<\/p>\n

Environmental Impact Score: 2<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes one of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Calonectria pseudonaviculata<\/em><\/strong>: Medium (11)<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n

Add up the total score and include it here.<\/p>\n

-Low = 5-8 points<\/p>\n

–Medium<\/strong> = 9-12 points<\/span><\/p>\n

-High = 13-15 points<\/p>\n

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information:<\/strong> Presently, the boxwood blight pathogen has only been officially reported from one region, namely, San Mateo County. California.<\/p>\n

Score<\/strong>: (-1)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

-Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/p>\n

–Low (-1)<\/strong> Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).<\/span><\/p>\n

-Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

-High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

7) The final score is<\/strong> the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: (Score)<\/p>\n

Final Score: <\/em><\/strong>\u00a0Score of Consequences of Introduction \u2013 Score of Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information = <\/strong><\/span><\/em>Medium (10)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Uncertainty: \u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

None.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Based on the evidence provided above the proposed rating for Calonectria pseudonaviculata<\/em> is B.<\/strong><\/p>\n

References:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

CABI, 2016.\u00a0 <\/strong>Calonectria pseudonaviculata<\/em> (buxus blight) full datasheet. <\/strong>http:\/\/www.cabi.org\/cpc\/datasheet\/17414<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Crous, P.W., J. Z. Groenewald, and C. F. Hill.<\/strong> \u00a0<\/strong>2002. \u00a0Cylindrocladium pseudonaviculatum<\/em><\/strong><\/strong> sp. nov. from New Zealand, and new Cylindrocladium<\/em><\/strong> records from Vietnam. Sydowia 54: 23-34.<\/p>\n

D<\/strong>art, N., M. A. Hansen, E. Bush, and C. Hong.\u00a0 2012.\u00a0 Boxwood blight: a new disease of boxwood found in the eastern U.S.\u00a0 Virginia Cooperative Extension, Virginia State University Publications and Educational Resources PPWS-4.\u00a0 http:\/\/pubs.ext.vt.edu\/PPWS\/PPWS-4\/PPWS-4.html<\/a><\/p>\n

D<\/strong>ouglas, S. M.\u00a0 2011.\u00a0 Boxwood blight \u2013 a new disease for Connecticut and the U. S.\u00a0 The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station.\u00a0 www.ct.gov\/caes<\/a> .<\/p>\n

F<\/strong>arr, D.F., and A. Y. Rossman. \u00a02016.\u00a0 Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. \u00a0Retrieved December 1, 2016, from http:\/\/nt.ars-grin.gov\/fungaldatabases\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

H<\/strong>enricot, B., C. Gorton, G. Denton, and J. Denton. 2008. Studies on the control of Cylindrocladium buxicola<\/em> using fungicides and host resistance. Plant Disease, 92(9):1273-1279.\u00a0 http:\/\/www.apsnet.org<\/a><\/p>\n

I<\/strong>vors, K. and A. LeBude.\u00a0 2011.\u00a0 A new pest to the U. S. ornamental industry: the \u201cbox blight\u201d pathogen Cylindrocladium pseudonaviculatum = Cylindrocladium buxicola<\/em>.\u00a0 NC Pest Alert. http:\/\/plant-clinic.bpp.oregonstate.edu\/files\/plant_clinic\/webfm\/NC_pest_alert_box_blight1-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

I<\/strong>vors, K. L., L. W. Lacey, D. C. Milks, S. M. Douglas, M. K. Inman, R. E. Marra, and J. A. LaMondia.\u00a0 2012.\u00a0 First report of boxwood blight caused by Cylindrocladium pseudonaviculatum in the United States.\u00a0 Plant Disease.\u00a0 96: 1070. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1094\/PDIS-03-12-0247-PDN.<\/a><\/p>\n

K<\/strong>osta, K.\u00a0 2016.\u00a0 Personal communication to J. Chitambar, CDFA Primary Plant Pathologist\/Nematologist via<\/em> email on November 30, 2016, 5:03:15 pm.<\/p>\n

L<\/strong>aMondia, J. A., D. W. Li, R. E. Marra, and S. M. Douglas.\u00a0 2012.\u00a0 First report of Cylindrocladium pseudonaviculatum<\/em> causing leaf spot of Pachysandra terminalis<\/em>.\u00a0 Plant Disease 96: 1069. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1094\/PDIS-03-12-0235-PDN<\/a>.<\/p>\n

L<\/strong>ombard, L., P. W. Crous, B. D. Wingfield, and M. J. Wingfield.\u00a0 2010.\u00a0 Phylogeny and systematics of the genus Calonectria<\/em>.\u00a0 Studies in Mycology. 66: 31-69.\u00a0 www.studiesinmycology.org<\/a> , doi:10.3114\/sim.2010.66.03<\/p>\n

U<\/strong>SDA-NCSU.\u00a0 (Date not known).\u00a0 The \u2018box blight\u2019 pathogen: Cylindrocladium pseudonaviculatum = Cylindrocladium buxicola<\/em> (Teleo.\u00a0 Calonectria pseudonaviculata<\/em>).\u00a0 Datasheet developed by USDA-APHI-PPQ-CPHST and NCSU Department of Plant Pathology, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center (MHCREC) staff. caps.ceris.purdue.edu\/dmm\/1603<\/p>\n

U<\/strong>SDA PCIT.\u00a0 2016.\u00a0 USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System.\u00a0 https:\/\/pcit.aphis.usda.gov\/PExD\/faces\/ReportHarmOrgs.jsp<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Responsible Party:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

John J. Chitambar, Primary Plant Pathologist\/Nematologist, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832. Phone: 916-262-1110, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n
Comment Format:<\/h5>\n

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Example Comment:
\n<\/strong>Consequences of Introduction: \u00a01. Climate\/Host Interaction:\u00a0[Your comment that relates to \u201cClimate\/Host Interaction\u201d here.<\/em>]<\/p>\n

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Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to\u00a0the pest rating proposal;<\/p>\n

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\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the\u00a0website to be viewed, not just submitted.<\/p>\n

\n

Pest Rating: B<\/strong><\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating for Calonectria pseudonaviculata (Crous, J. Z. Groenew. & C. F. Hill) L. Lombard, M. J. Wingf. & Crous, 2010 Pest Rating: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: On November 22, 2016, non-official samples of diseased boxwood plants collected by a landscaper from a private property in Hillsborough, San Mateo County, were sent … Continue reading Calonectria pseudonaviculata (Crous, J. Z. Groenew. & C. F. Hill) L. Lombard, M. J. 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J. Wingf. & Alfenas, 1993","author":"Admin","date":"June 29, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Calonectria pteridis Crous, M. J. Wingf. & Alfenas, 1993 Pest Rating: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: On April 19, 2016, diseased Ravenea rivularis (majesty palm) plants exhibiting leaf spots were intercepted by San Luis Obispo County Agricultural officials. The shipment of plants had originated in\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Fungi"","block_context":{"text":"Fungi","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":6031,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=6031","url_meta":{"origin":3091,"position":1},"title":"Ilyonectria capensis L. Lombard & Crous 2013","author":"Admin","date":"February 22, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating Profile for Ilyonectria capensis L. Lombard & Crous 2013 \u00a0Pest Rating: C download pest rating profile Author\/Responsible Party: John J. Chitambar, Primary PlantPathologist\/Nematologist, California Department of Food and Agriculture, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov. Pest Rating: C Updated on 7\/10\/2019 by ls\u00a0","rel":"","context":"In "C-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"C-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=671"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2677,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2677","url_meta":{"origin":3091,"position":2},"title":"Cercospora coniogrammes Crous & R. G. Shivas 2012","author":"Admin","date":"October 3, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Cercospora coniogrammes Crous & R. G. 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