{"id":3008,"date":"2016-12-21T14:50:39","date_gmt":"2016-12-21T22:50:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=3008"},"modified":"2022-05-16T11:13:56","modified_gmt":"2022-05-16T18:13:56","slug":"ceroplastes-rubens-maskell-red-wax-scale","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=3008","title":{"rendered":"Ceroplastes rubens Maskell: Red wax scale"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating for<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Ceroplastes rubens <\/em><\/strong>Maskell: Red wax scale<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Hemiptera:\u00a0 Coccidae<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pest Rating: \u00a0A<\/strong><\/h5>\n
\n
PEST RATING PROFILE<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Initiating Event: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

February 26, 2014, USDA distributed a Deregulation Evaluation of Established Pests (DEEP) report proposing to change the status of Ceroplastes rubens<\/em>, red wax scale, from actionable to non-actionable for the entire United States.\u00a0 The insect is currently A-rated by CDFA, so a pest rating proposal is needed to determine future direction.<\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background<\/u><\/strong>:\u00a0 Ceroplastes rubens<\/em> is a highly polyphagous scale, feeding on hundreds of species of plants in at least 80 families1,5<\/sup>.\u00a0 It is considered to be a serious pest of citrus2,3,4,5<\/sup>; however, biological control programs have been successful at keeping populations below damaging levels1,3<\/sup>.\u00a0\u00a0 In addition to citrus, other economically important hosts in California include avocado, Prunus<\/em> spp., apple, fig, and an extremely wide variety of ornamentals1,5<\/sup>.\u00a0 Adults and nymphs feed on foliage, twigs, and stems and are said to have a preference for the upper surface of leaves4<\/sup>.\u00a0 Red wax scale can move long distances through the international trade of infested plants or plant parts.<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/u><\/strong>: Ceroplastes rubens<\/em> is so widely distributed that its origin is uncertain.\u00a0 It is thought to possibly be native to Africa, India, or Sri Lanka2<\/sup>.\u00a0 From there it has spread widely across much of Asia, Oceania, Australia, and the Caribbean1<\/sup>.\u00a0 It has also been found in Colombia and greenhouses in Europe1<\/sup>.\u00a0 The scale has been known from Hawaii since 1894 and Florida since 19551<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/u><\/strong>: Ceroplastes rubens<\/em> is not known to be under official control in any states or nations.<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/u><\/strong>:\u00a0 Ceroplastes rubens<\/em> has not been found in the environment of California.<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/u><\/strong>:\u00a0 Ceroplastes rubens<\/em> is commonly intercepted by California on shipments of nursery stock from Florida and Hawaii.\u00a0 The scale is also frequently intercepted by USDA on plants, cuttings, cut flowers, leaves, and fruit1<\/sup>.\u00a0 Although these interceptions are most common in passenger baggage, they also include finds on large permitted commercial shipments of plants (Aglaonema<\/em> sp. and Schefflera<\/em> sp.) from Costa Rica to California1<\/sup> that would have been likely to contaminate the state\u2019s nursery industry.<\/p>\n

The risk Ceroplastes rubens<\/em> (red wax scale) would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

1) Climate\/Host Interaction:<\/strong> The present distribution of Ceroplastes rubens<\/em> extends across USDA plant hardiness zones 7-13. This corresponds to most of California, with the exception of high elevation areas.\u00a0 The polyphagous nature of the scale makes it likely that it will find suitable hosts throughout this area.\u00a0 Red wax scale receives a High(3)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.\u00a0 Score: 3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/span><\/p>\n

2) Known Pest Host Range:<\/strong> Ceroplastes rubens<\/em> is known to feed on hundreds of plant species in at least 80 families1,5<\/sup>.\u00a0 The scale receives a High(3)<\/strong> <\/span>in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score: 3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> has a very limited host range.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> has a moderate host range.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has a wide host range.<\/span><\/p>\n

3) Pest Dispersal Potential:<\/strong> Ceroplastes rubens<\/em> has a high reproductive rate.\u00a0 In Australia the scale has two generations per year with each female producing an average of about 300 eggs4<\/sup>.\u00a0 The scales may be spread long distances by wind, as hitchhikers on clothing or animals, or by commerce in infested plants.\u00a0 Red wax scale receives a High(3)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. \u00a0Score: 3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

4) Economic Impact:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0Ceroplastes rubens<\/em> may lower crop value and increase production costs in the nursery and fresh fruit industries.\u00a0 The insects disfigure plants by their presence and their honeydew contributes to the development of sooty mold, which can lower the value of ornamental plants and fruit.\u00a0 The scale is not known to be listed as a quarantine pest in any nations; however, due to its absence from most of the Americas and New Zealand, it is reasonable to conclude that the scale could interrupt some fresh fruit export markets.\u00a0 Red wax scale receives a Medium(2)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

Economic Impact:\u00a0B, C<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

A. The pest could lower crop yield.<\/p>\n

B. <\/span><\/strong>The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).<\/span><\/p>\n

C. <\/span><\/strong>The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).<\/span><\/p>\n

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.<\/p>\n

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/p>\n

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

Economic Impact Score: 2<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes 2 of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/p>\n

5) Environmental Impact:<\/strong> Ceroplastes rubens<\/em> is likely to trigger new chemical treatments by the nursery industry and by residents who find infested plants unsightly.\u00a0 Potential hosts of red wax scale include plants listed as threatened or endangered in California including Nevin\u2019s barberry (Berberis nevenii<\/em>), island barberry (Berberis pinnata<\/em> insularis<\/em>), small-leaved rose (Rosa minutifolia<\/em>), and Algodones Dunes sunflower (Helianthus niveus<\/em> ssp. tephrodes<\/em>).\u00a0 Red wax scale receives a High(3)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

Environmental Impact: B, D<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/p>\n

B. <\/span><\/strong>The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/span><\/p>\n

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/p>\n

D. <\/span><\/strong>The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/span><\/p>\n

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/p>\n

Score the pest for Environmental Impact.<\/p>\n

Environmental Impact Score: 3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> causes none of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes one of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Ceroplastes rubens<\/em> (red wax scale):<\/strong>\u00a0 High(14)<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n

Add up the total score and include it here.<\/p>\n

–Low<\/strong> = 5-8 points<\/p>\n

–Medium<\/strong> = 9-12 points<\/p>\n

–High<\/strong> = 13-15 points<\/span><\/p>\n

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information:<\/strong> Ceroplastes rubens<\/em> has not been found in the environment of California and receives a Not established(0)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.<\/p>\n

–Not established (0)<\/strong> Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/span><\/p>\n

–Low (-1)<\/strong> Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).<\/p>\n

–Medium (-2)<\/strong> Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

–High (-3)<\/strong> Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High(14) <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Uncertainty:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

It is possible that Ceroplastes rubens<\/em> would be managed by existing IPM programs in California fruit production.\u00a0 It is also possible that existing packing house procedures would mitigate potential trade disruptions.<\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Ceroplastes rubens<\/em> (red wax scale) is a highly polyphagous scale insect that is likely to have significant economic and environmental impacts in California.\u00a0 The scale is likely to contaminate fresh fruit (Citrus<\/em> and Prunus<\/em> spp.) with its presence and sooty mold, reducing fruit marketability and possibly disrupting export markets.\u00a0 The scale is also likely to increase production costs in the nursery industry as it feeds on an extremely wide variety of ornamental plants.\u00a0 Red wax scale is likely to trigger new chemical treatments in the nursery and fruit industries, as well as by residents who find infested plants unsightly.\u00a0 At least four threatened or endangered plants are potential hosts of the scale in California and are likely to be directly affected by feeding.\u00a0 These potential economic and environmental impacts justify an A-rating for Ceroplastes rubens<\/em>.<\/p>\n

References:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

1<\/sup>Culliney, T.W.\u00a0 2014.\u00a0 Deregulation Evaluation of Established Pests (DEEP); DEEP Report on Ceroplastes rubens<\/em> Maskell: Red wax scale.<\/p>\n

2<\/sup>Loch, A.D. 1997.\u00a0 Natural enemies of pink wax scale, Ceroplastes rubens<\/em> Maskell (Hemiptera: Coccidae), on umbrella trees in southeastern Queensland.\u00a0 Australian Journal of Entomology 36:303-306.\u00a0 http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1440-6055.1997.tb01475.x\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

3<\/sup>UC Riverside, Red wax scale.\u00a0 http:\/\/www.faculty.ucr.edu\/~legneref\/biotact\/ch-92.htm<\/a><\/p>\n

4<\/sup>Malumphy, C. and D. Eyre.\u00a0 2011.\u00a0 Pink wax scale: Ceroplastes rubens<\/em>.\u00a0 Plant pest factsheet.\u00a0 The Food and Environment Research Agency (Fera). U.K.\u00a0 http:\/\/www.fera.defra.gov.uk\/plants\/publications\/documents\/factsheets\/ceroplastesRubens.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

5<\/sup>Dekle, G.W.\u00a0 2001.\u00a0 Featured Creatures: Red wax scale: Ceroplastes rubens<\/em>.\u00a0 Florida Dept. of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry.\u00a0 http:\/\/entnemdept.ufl.edu\/creatures\/orn\/scales\/red_wax_scale.htm<\/a><\/p>\n

\n
Responsible Party:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n
Comment Format:<\/h5>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s)\u00a0being commented on, as shown below.<\/p>\n

Example Comment:
\n<\/strong>Consequences of Introduction: \u00a01. Climate\/Host Interaction:\u00a0[Your comment that relates to \u201cClimate\/Host Interaction\u201d here.<\/em>]<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may not be posted if they:<\/p>\n

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to\u00a0the pest rating proposal;<\/p>\n

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic,\u00a0sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal\u00a0material;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms\u00a0of discrimination;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the\u00a0website to be viewed, not just submitted.<\/p>\n

\n

Pest Rating: \u00a0A<\/strong><\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating for Ceroplastes rubens Maskell: Red wax scale Hemiptera:\u00a0 Coccidae Pest Rating: \u00a0A PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: February 26, 2014, USDA distributed a Deregulation Evaluation of Established Pests (DEEP) report proposing to change the status of Ceroplastes rubens, red wax scale, from actionable to non-actionable for the entire United States.\u00a0 The insect … Continue reading Ceroplastes rubens Maskell: Red wax scale<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[18,5],"tags":[455,453,52,454],"class_list":["post-3008","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hemiptera","category-entomology","tag-ceroplastes-rubens","tag-homoptera-coccidae","tag-insects-and-mites","tag-red-wax-scale"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-Mw","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":7438,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=7438","url_meta":{"origin":3008,"position":0},"title":"Ceroplastes dugesii Lichtenstein: Duges wax scale Hemiptera: Coccidae","author":"Kyle Beucke","date":"August 18, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating Profile for Ceroplastes dugesii Lichtenstein: Dugg wax scale Hemiptera: CoccidaePest Rating: A download pest rating Profile *NOTE: You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. 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History & Status: Background: Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock, is one of the\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Hemiptera"","block_context":{"text":"Hemiptera","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=18"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":14268,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=14268","url_meta":{"origin":3008,"position":3},"title":"Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus): Fig wax scale","author":"Kyle Beucke","date":"December 4, 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating Profile for Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus): Fig wax scale Pest Rating: B Comment Period: 12\/04\/2025 \u2013 01\/18\/2026 Download Pest Rating Profiile *NOTE You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "B-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"B-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=670"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2036,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2036","url_meta":{"origin":3008,"position":4},"title":"Ceroplastes stellifer (Westwood): Stellate Scale","author":"Jason Leathers","date":"June 24, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Ceroplastes stellifer (Westwood): Stellate Scale (synonym Vinsonia stellifera) Hemiptera: Coccidae Pest Rating: A PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: Ceroplastes stellifer is regularly intercepted by CDFA and is presently assigned a temporary rating of \u201cQ\u201d.\u00a0 A pest rating proposal is required to determine a permanent pest rating.\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Hemiptera"","block_context":{"text":"Hemiptera","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=18"},"img":{"alt_text":"5169063-WEB-stellate-scale-by-Charles-Olsen-USDA-APHIS-PPQ-Bugwood","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/5169063-WEB-stellate-scale-by-Charles-Olsen-USDA-APHIS-PPQ-Bugwood.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/5169063-WEB-stellate-scale-by-Charles-Olsen-USDA-APHIS-PPQ-Bugwood.jpg?resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/5169063-WEB-stellate-scale-by-Charles-Olsen-USDA-APHIS-PPQ-Bugwood.jpg?resize=525%2C300 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1954,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1954","url_meta":{"origin":3008,"position":5},"title":"Insects, Mites & Earthworms","author":"Admin","date":"May 13, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"Insects and mites are related in that their skeletons are on the outside (Phyllum: Arthropoda), but differ in that adult insects have six legs and adult mites have eight.\u00a0 Both groups can be beneficial, neutral or destructive to their environment.\u00a0 Like nematodes, they can cause yearly losses in the billions\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Ratings"","block_context":{"text":"Ratings","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=333"},"img":{"alt_text":"Insects and Mites Banner","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/insects-and-mites-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/insects-and-mites-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/insects-and-mites-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/insects-and-mites-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3008","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3008"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3008\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10416,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3008\/revisions\/10416"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3008"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3008"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3008"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}