{"id":2979,"date":"2016-12-01T10:52:29","date_gmt":"2016-12-01T18:52:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2979"},"modified":"2022-05-16T10:25:34","modified_gmt":"2022-05-16T17:25:34","slug":"dysmicoccus-neobrevipes-annonagray-pineapple-mealybug","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2979","title":{"rendered":"Dysmicoccus neobrevipes (Annona\/Gray Pineapple Mealybug)"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating for<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Dysmicoccus neobrevipes <\/em><\/strong>(Annona\/Gray Pineapple Mealybug)<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pest Rating: A<\/strong><\/h5>\n
\n
PEST RATING PROFILE<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Initiating Event: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Dysmicoccus neobrevipes<\/em> has an internal CDFA rating of \u201cQ\u201d. <\/strong>A permanent pest rating proposal is required to support an official pest rating.<\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background<\/span>:<\/strong> Dysmicoccus neobrevipes<\/em> is a mealybug with pantropical distribution. It is a highly polyphagous mealybug presenting a host range of more than 40 families of plants, including among others Agave<\/em>, Ananas<\/em>, Annona<\/em>, Brassica<\/em>, Citrus<\/em>, Cucurbita<\/em>, Ficus<\/em>, Mangifera<\/em>, Musa<\/em>, Solanum lycopersicum,<\/em> and Yucca<\/em> (4, 10). It vectors pineapple wilt and green spot disease (9) and due to this, it is considered the most economically important pest of pineapple and is the primary cause of pineapple crop failure in Hawaii (3). The Annona mealybug is ovoviviparous; the eggs hatch within the female resulting in live births of young nymphs. One female produces about 350 nymphs in 30 days. Adults are found on leaves, stems, aerial roots and fruit clusters (7).<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/span>:<\/strong> Dysmicoccus neobrevipes<\/em> is thought to be native to tropical America, with a few records from sub-tropical localities. It is found in 39 countries (see 10), including all pineapple growing areas of Fiji, Jamaica, Malaysia, Mexico, Micronesia, Philippines, and Taiwan (3). It is known to have been introduced in China, Japan, Sri Lanka and Lithuania (2<\/em>).<\/p>\n

U.S. Distribution<\/span>: <\/strong>Dysmicoccus neobrevipes <\/em>is present in Hawaii and Florida (1, 2, and 10).<\/em><\/p>\n

U.S. Quarantine Interceptions<\/span>: <\/strong>Dysmicoccus neobrevipes <\/em>has been intercepted 3,600 times on a variety of hosts at U.S. ports of entry between 1995 and 2012. This species is commonly intercepted from southern Asia, particularly The Philippines, on a diversity of tropical fruits and from many areas of South America on agave and tropical fruits (4).<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/span>:<\/strong> Dysmicoccus neobrevipes<\/em> has been listed as a harmful organism in Japan (8).<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/span>:<\/strong>\u00a0 Dysmicoccus neobrevipes <\/em>has not been found in the natural environment in California (5).<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/span>:<\/strong>\u00a0 Dysmicoccus neobrevipes<\/em> has been intercepted multiple times through border station inspections, dog teams, high risk pest exclusion and through incoming quarantine shipments. Between January 2000 and August 2016, it has been intercepted 71 times (5). It has not yet been found in the natural or agricultural environment in California.<\/p>\n

The risk Dysmicoccus neobrevipes<\/em> (Annona\/Gray Pineapple Mealybug) would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

1) Climate\/Host Interaction:<\/strong> Hosts like beans, citrus, cotton, cowpeas, pumpkin and tomatoes are grown throughout California and this presents the possibility of rapid spread and establishment of this pest throughout the state (2). Pineapples and Banana are grown in coastal areas of California and Dysmicoccus neobrevipes<\/em> could spread and get established in these areas (6). It receives a High (3)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California:<\/p>\n

Score: 3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.<\/p>\n

– High (3) <\/strong>likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/span><\/p>\n

2) Known Pest Host Range:<\/strong> Dysmicoccus neobrevipes<\/em> is highly polyphagous and is found on 40 plant families (10). It receives a High (3)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the host range of the pest:<\/p>\n

Score: 3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> has a very limited host range.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> has a moderate host range.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has a wide host range.<\/span><\/p>\n

3)\u00a0Pest Dispersal Potential: <\/strong>Dysmicoccus neobrevipes <\/em>reproduces parentally. One female can give birth to 350 nymphs in 30 days. The life span averages about 90 days. Larvae, also known as crawlers, have flattened bodies and long hairs which aid in their dispersal by wind. (3). Certain species of caretaking ants aid the mealybugs in colonizing new plants by providing them shelter, protecting them from predators and keeping them clean from secreted honeydew. \u00a0It receives a High (3)<\/strong><\/span> in this category<\/p>\n

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest:<\/p>\n

Score: 3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– High (3) <\/strong>has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

4) Economic Impact:<\/strong> Since the ants aid mealybugs to colonize new plants, there can be significant costs associated with cultural and chemical control of ant species throughout the state on its many hosts. Dysmicoccus neobrevipes <\/em>is a vector of mealybug wilt and green spot disease of pineapples. The wilt disease alone can cause yield loss of up to 35% in pineapples (9). It receives a High (3)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below:<\/p>\n

Economic Impact: \u00a0A, B, E<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

A. <\/strong>The pest could lower crop yield. <\/span><\/p>\n

B. <\/strong>The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).<\/span><\/p>\n

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).<\/p>\n

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.<\/p>\n

E. <\/strong>The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/span><\/p>\n

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

Economic Impact Score: 3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes 2 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

5) Environmental Impact:<\/strong> Dysmicoccus neobrevipes<\/em> is not likely to impact threatened or endangered species. However infestations could trigger additional private treatment by growers. Chemicals used for ant control may have detrimental environmental impacts because of their slow degradation (3). Pineapple and banana growing regions of southern California coast are likely to be impacted by this pest. It receives a High (3)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below:<\/p>\n

Environmental Impact: \u00a0A, D<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

A. <\/strong>The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/span><\/p>\n

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/p>\n

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/p>\n

D. <\/strong>The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/span><\/p>\n

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/p>\n

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:<\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> causes none of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– <\/strong>Medium (2)<\/strong> causes one of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction of Annona\/Gray Pineapple Mealybug into California:<\/strong>\u00a0 High (15)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

–Low<\/strong> = 5-8 points<\/p>\n

–Medium<\/strong> = 9-12 points<\/p>\n

–High<\/strong> = 13-15 points<\/span><\/p>\n

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information:<\/strong> Dysmicoccus neobrevipes<\/em> has not been found in the natural or agricultural environment of California. Therefore, it receives a Not Established<\/strong> (0)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included:<\/p>\n

Score: 0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

–Not established (0) <\/strong>Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/span><\/p>\n

–Low (-1)<\/strong> Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).<\/p>\n

–Medium (-2)<\/strong> Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

–High (-3)<\/strong> Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

The final score is<\/strong> the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry\u00a0distribution and survey information score: (15) <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Uncertainty: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Dysmicoccus neobrevipes<\/em> has been intercepted many times by CDFA through regulatory pathways. There are ample opportunities for this pest to be introduced into California through various ports of entry. \u00a0If it goes undetected, there is a good possibility that it can spread and get established based on its rapid dispersal potential and wide host range.<\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Dysmicoccus neobrevipes<\/em> has not been found in the natural or agricultural environment in California. If this species were to become established in California, there could be significant economic and environmental impacts. Based on all the above evidence, an \u201cA\u201d rating is proposed at this time.<\/p>\n

References:<\/strong><\/h5>\n
    \n
  1. Egelie, Ashley A and Gillett-Kaufman, Jennifer L., University of Florida, Entomology and Nematology Department: Publication # EENY-635, September 2015\u00a0http:\/\/entnemdept.ufl.edu\/creatures\/FRUIT\/MEALYBUGS\/pineapple_mealybug.htm<\/a><\/li>\n
  2. Invasive Species Compendium: Distribution maps for plant pests, Accessed 10\/14\/2016\u00a0http:\/\/www.cabi.org\/isc\/datasheet\/20251<\/a><\/li>\n
  3. Kessing JLM, Mau RFL, 2007. Dysmicoccus neobrevipes<\/em> (Beardsley). Crop Knowledge Master.\u00a0http:\/\/www.extento.hawaii.edu\/kbase\/crop\/type\/d_neobre.htm<\/a><\/li>\n
  4. Miller, D., A. Rung, G. Parikh, G. Venable, A.J. Redford, G.A. Evans, and R.J. Gill. 2014. Scale Insects, Edition 2<\/em>. USDA APHIS Identification Technology Program (ITP). Fort Collins, CO. [August 13 2016] <http:\/\/idtools.org\/id\/scales\/>: Dysmicoccus brevipes<\/em> (Cockerell)\u00a0http:\/\/idtools.org\/id\/scales\/factsheet.php?name=6966<\/a><\/li>\n
  5. Pest and Damage Report Database: Plant Health and Pest Prevention Services, California Department of Food and Agriculture: Accessed 9\/30\/2016<\/li>\n
  6. Pineapple fruit facts: California rare fruit Growers\u00a0https:\/\/www.crfg.org\/pubs\/ff\/pineapple.html<\/a><\/li>\n
  7. Plant Health Australia: Exotic Threat: Pineapple Mealybug- Fact Sheet\u00a0http:\/\/www.planthealthaustralia.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/03\/Grey-pineapple-mealy-bug-FS.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n
  8. USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT): Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD), Accessed 10\/13\/2016 \u00a0https:\/\/pcit.aphis.usda.gov\/PExD\/faces\/ReportFormat.jsp<\/a><\/li>\n
  9. Sether DM, Hu JS, 2002. Yield impact and spread of Pineapple mealybug wilt associated virus-2 and mealybug wilt of pineapple in Hawaii. Plant Disease, 86(8):867-874.<\/li>\n
  10. ScaleNet: http:\/\/scalenet.info\/catalogue\/Dysmicoccus%20neobrevipes\/ Accessed 10\/13\/2016<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
    \n

    Responsible Party:<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Raj Randhawa, 1220 \u2018N\u2019 Street, Room 221, Sacramento CA 95814, (916)403-6617, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov<\/p>\n

    \n
    Comment Format:<\/h5>\n

    \u2666 \u00a0Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s)\u00a0being commented on, as shown below.<\/p>\n

    Example Comment:
    \n<\/strong>Consequences of Introduction: \u00a01. Climate\/Host Interaction:\u00a0[Your comment that relates to \u201cClimate\/Host Interaction\u201d here.<\/em>]<\/p>\n

    \u2666 \u00a0Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.<\/p>\n

    \u2666 \u00a0Comments may not be posted if they:<\/p>\n

    Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to\u00a0the pest rating proposal;<\/p>\n

    Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic,\u00a0sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal\u00a0material;<\/p>\n

    Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms\u00a0of discrimination;<\/p>\n

    Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.<\/p>\n

    \u2666 \u00a0Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.<\/p>\n

    \u2666 \u00a0Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the\u00a0website to be viewed, not just submitted.<\/p>\n

    \n

    Pest Rating: A<\/strong><\/h3>\n
    \n

    Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    California Pest Rating for Dysmicoccus neobrevipes (Annona\/Gray Pineapple Mealybug) Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Pest Rating: A PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: Dysmicoccus neobrevipes has an internal CDFA rating of \u201cQ\u201d. A permanent pest rating proposal is required to support an official pest rating. History & Status: Background: Dysmicoccus neobrevipes is a mealybug with pantropical distribution. It is … Continue reading Dysmicoccus neobrevipes (Annona\/Gray Pineapple Mealybug)<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":127,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[18,5],"tags":[446,445,179,52],"class_list":["post-2979","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hemiptera","category-entomology","tag-annonagray-pineapple-mealybug","tag-dysmicoccus-neobrevipes","tag-hemiptera-pseudococcidae","tag-insects-and-mites"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-M3","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":3016,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=3016","url_meta":{"origin":2979,"position":0},"title":"Dysmicoccus grassii (Leonardi): Alazon Mealybug","author":"Jason Leathers","date":"December 21, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Dysmicoccus grassii (Leonardi): Alazon Mealybug Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Pest Rating: A PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: Dysmicoccus grassii is frequently intercepted by CDFA and requires a pest rating proposal to support its pest rating. 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Posted by tn","rel":"","context":"In "A-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"A-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=669"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2164,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2164","url_meta":{"origin":2979,"position":2},"title":"Dysmicoccus texensis (Tinsley): A Mealybug","author":"Jason Leathers","date":"June 22, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Dysmicoccus texensis (Tinsley): A Mealybug Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Pest\u00a0Rating: A PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: Dysmicoccus texensis is regularly intercepted by CDFA and presently has a temporary rating of \u201cQ\u201d.\u00a0 A pest rating proposal is required to assign a permanent pest rating. History & Status: Background:\u00a0 Dysmicoccus\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Hemiptera"","block_context":{"text":"Hemiptera","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=18"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":4328,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=4328","url_meta":{"origin":2979,"position":3},"title":"Gray Sugarcane Mealybug | Trionymus boninsis (Kuwana)","author":"Raj Randhawa","date":"January 5, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Gray Sugarcane Mealybug | Trionymus boninsis (Kuwana) Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Pest Rating: A \u00a0 PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: Trionymus boninsis has been intercepted on January 18, 2017 at a nursery in Los Angles during a regulatory inspection. This species has a temporary Q rating. 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