{"id":2975,"date":"2016-12-01T10:43:00","date_gmt":"2016-12-01T18:43:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2975"},"modified":"2024-04-26T11:02:00","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T18:02:00","slug":"coleophoma-empetri-rostr-petr-1929","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2975","title":{"rendered":"Coleophoma empetri (Rostr,) Petr. 1929"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating for<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Coleophoma empetri<\/em><\/strong> (Rostr,) Petr. 1929<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pest Rating: B<\/strong><\/h5>\n
\n
PEST RATING PROFILE<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Initiating Event: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

On April 27, 2016 a mail shipment containing cut foliage of Galax<\/em> sp. was intercepted by the Santa Barbara County Dog Team, at the FedEx Service Center in Goleta, Santa Barbara County.\u00a0 The shipment had originated in Florida and was destined to a nursery in Carpinteria, Santa Barbara County.\u00a0 Samples of diseased leaves exhibiting leaf spots were collected by the County and sent to the CDFA Plant Pathology Laboratory for disease diagnosis.\u00a0 On April 29, 2016 Suzanne Latham, CDFA plant pathologist, identified the fungal pathogen, Coleophoma empetri<\/em>, as the cause for the disease.\u00a0\u00a0 The pathogen has not been previously reported in California and therefore, was assigned a temporary Q rating.\u00a0 Subsequent action taken by the County resulted in the destruction of the intercepted shipment of Galax<\/em> sp. foliage (CDFA, 2016). The risk of infestation of Coleophoma empetri<\/em> in California is evaluated and a permanent rating is herein proposed.<\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background<\/u><\/strong>:\u00a0Originally described as Septoria empetri<\/em>, the fungal pathogen Coleophoma empetri<\/em> is also known by other synonyms, Rhabdostromina empetri, Sporonema oxycocci, <\/em>and Coleophoma rhododendri,<\/em> and Coleophoma ericae<\/em>.\u00a0 The pathogen is widely distributed and found on living and dead leaves and fruit of many different plant species (Farr & Rossman, 2016; Sutton, 1980).<\/p>\n

Disease cycle<\/u><\/strong>: \u00a0\u00a0There is a paucity of specific information on Coleophoma empetri.\u00a0 <\/em>However, <\/em>it is likely that the development of disease caused by the pathogen would be similar to other pycnidia-forming fungal pathogens.\u00a0\u00a0 The pathogen overwinters as mycelium or immature pycnidia in infected fruit and diseased plant debris. Under high moisture and cool temperature conditions, pycnidia swell and release conidia which are spread by splashing rain, irrigation, water, and so on.\u00a0 Seed transmission is not known for C. empetri.<\/em>\u00a0 Infection of host plants and severity of disease development is likely to require high moisture and cool temperatures.\u00a0 In the development of fruit rot of berries, conidia initiate infection during bloom and early berry development.\u00a0 As infected fruit mature, hyphae continue to invade the fruit and rot symptoms do not develop until the late growing season and mostly in storage (Kusek, 1995).<\/p>\n

Dispersal and spread<\/em>: Splashing rain and irrigation water, air currents, infected plants, infected plant debris, cultivation tools, animals, and contaminated clothing.<\/p>\n

Hosts:<\/em>\u00a0 Archontophoenix alexandrae<\/em> (Alexander palm), Arctostaphylos<\/em> sp. (Manzanita), A. uva-ursi, Arctous alpine<\/em> (bearberries), Betula <\/em>sp. <\/em>(birch), Camellia <\/em>sp., Cajanus cajan <\/em>(pigeon pea), Canavalia ensiformis <\/em>(Jack bean), Capsicum annuum <\/em>(bell peppers), Croton<\/em> sp., Diapensia sp<\/em>., D. obovata <\/em>(pincushion plant), Elaeagnus sp. <\/em>(oleaster), E. macrophylla, Empetrum <\/em>sp., E. nigrum<\/em> (black browberry), Erica carnea<\/em> (winter heath), Eucalyptus<\/em> sp. E. tereticornis (<\/em>forest red gum), Ficus <\/em>sp., Fraxinus <\/em>sp. <\/em>(ash), Galax aphylla<\/em> (beetleweed\/coltsfoot), Gaultheria shallon <\/em>(shallon), Gaylussacia brachycera <\/em>(box huckleberry), Juniperus<\/em> sp. (juniper), Kalmia angustifolia<\/em> (sheep laurel), Laurus<\/em> sp., L. nobilis<\/em> (sweet bay), Leucothoe <\/em>sp., Loiseleuria<\/em> sp., L. procumbens, Lonicera<\/em> sp. (honeysuckle), L. periclymenum,<\/em> Malus sylvestris<\/em> (European crab apple), Paxistima canbyi<\/em> (Canby\u2019s mountain-lover), Plea europaea, Prunus laruocerasus<\/em> (cherry laurel), P. ponticum, Rhododendron <\/em>sp., R. maximum, Solanum tuberosum <\/em>(potato), Stransvaesia <\/em>sp., Taxus baccata<\/em> (English yew), Vaccinium <\/em>sp. (blueberry), V. macrocarpon<\/em> (American cranberry), V. ovatum <\/em>(California huckleberry), V. oxycoccos<\/em> (bog cranberry), V. vitis-idaea <\/em>(lingonberry) (Farr & Rossman, 2016; Kusek, 1995; Sutton, 1980).<\/p>\n

Symptoms:<\/em>\u00a0 Coleophoma empetri<\/em> causes leaf spot, fruit rot and tuber skin spot disease on numerous hosts in numerous families.\u00a0 Symptoms of ripe rot on cranberry fruit initially appear as a small soft area which expands over the entire fruit.\u00a0 Diseased fruit appear off-red or reddish orange, and internally watery, squirting a watery fluid when squeezed.\u00a0 However, as not all watery-soft fruit is caused by the pathogen, the latter must be isolated from the diseased fruit to confirm an association with the symptoms (Kusek, 1995).<\/p>\n

Disease Potential<\/em>:\u00a0 Specific information on quantitative crop losses caused by Coleophoma empetri<\/em> has not been reported. Photosynthetic area can be reduced due to leaf spotting.\u00a0 In severe infections, leaf wilt and drop may be expected. Symptomatic host plants infected with the pathogen may be more of a serious problem for nursery greenhouse productions where favorable wet requirements for disease development and spread are more likely to occur under controlled environments than in open field environments in California.\u00a0 The disease could negatively impact value and marketability of nursery-grown plants including ornamental and landscape plants such as Manzanita, Camellia, Rhododendron, and Eucalyptus. The pathogen causes fruit rot that is apparent during late growing season and mainly in storage.<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/u><\/strong>: Coleophoma empetri<\/em> is globally widely distributed.\u00a0 Asia<\/em>: India, USSR; Europe: Finland, Lithuania, Poland, USSR, United Kingdom, Ukraine, Scotland, Germany; North America: Alaska, Maryland, Massachusetts, Maine, Michigan, New Jersey, Oregon, Tennessee, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, and Northwestern states (Farr & Rossman, 2016).<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/u><\/strong>:\u00a0 Currently, has a temporary Q rating in California.<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/u><\/strong>:\u00a0 is not established in California.<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/u><\/strong>: A single shipment of Coleophoma empetri<\/em>-infected Galax<\/em> sp. foliage was intercepted on April 27, 2016 at the FedEx Service Center in Goleta, Santa Barbara County (see \u2018Initiating Event\u2019).<\/p>\n

The risk Coleophoma empetri<\/em> would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Climate\/Host Interaction<\/strong>: Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California:<\/p>\n

Score: 2<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/p>\n

Risk is Medium (2)<\/span>: <\/em><\/strong>Coleophoma empetri may be able to establish on suitable host plants growing in high moisture and cool to warm climate conditions.\u00a0 These conditions would likely limit natural establishment to northern coastal regions of California.<\/em><\/p>\n

2) Known Pest Host Range:<\/strong> Evaluate the host range of the pest:<\/p>\n

Score: 2<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> has a moderate host range.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) has a wide host range.<\/p>\n

Risk is Medium (2)<\/span>:\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>Coleophoma empetri has a moderate host range that includes many host species in different plant families.\u00a0 Most hosts grow under cool and wet climates.\u00a0 In California, main hosts include ornamental, landscape, and fruit berry plants such as, Manzanita, Camellia, Rhododendron, Eucalyptus, blueberry, and cranberry.<\/em><\/p>\n

3) Pest Dispersal Potential:<\/strong> Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest:<\/p>\n

Score: 2<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

Risk is High (2)<\/span>: <\/em><\/strong>Coleophoma empetri has high reproduction and dispersal potential.\u00a0 The pathogen can be spread over short and long distance by splashing rain and irrigation water, air currents, infected plants, infected plant debris, cultivation tools, animals, and contaminated clothing.<\/em><\/p>\n

4) Economic Impact:<\/strong> Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below:<\/p>\n

A. The pest could lower crop yield.<\/p>\n

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).<\/p>\n

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).<\/p>\n

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.<\/p>\n

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/p>\n

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

Score: 2<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes 2 of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/p>\n

Risk is Medium (2):<\/span> \u00a0<\/em><\/strong>The pathogen may be more of a serious problem for nursery greenhouse productions where favorable wet requirements for disease development and spread are more likely to occur under controlled environments than in open field environments in California.\u00a0 The disease could negatively impact value and marketability of nursery-grown plants including ornamental and landscape plants.\u00a0 Also, the pathogen may cause fruit rot that is apparent during late growing season and mainly in storage.<\/em><\/p>\n

5) Environmental Impact:<\/strong> Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below:<\/p>\n

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/p>\n

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/p>\n

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/p>\n

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/p>\n

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/p>\n

Score the pest for Environmental Impact:<\/p>\n

Score: 3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Risk is <\/em><\/strong><\/span>High (3)<\/span>:<\/em><\/strong> Severe infections caused of <\/em>Coleophoma empetri could impact ornamental plantings.\u00a0 Under suitable conditions that result in severe disease, threatened or endangered plant species, namely, manzanita (<\/em>Arctostaphylos spp.) could be affected and disrupt critical habitats.\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Coleophoma empetri:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Add up the total score and include it here:<\/p>\n

-Low = 5-8 points<\/p>\n

–Medium<\/strong> = 9-12 points<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 -High = 13-15 points<\/p>\n

Total points obtained on evaluation of consequences of introduction to California = 11 (Medium)<\/span><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information:<\/strong> Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included:<\/p>\n

Score: 0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

–Not established (0)<\/strong> Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/span><\/p>\n

-Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).<\/p>\n

-Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

-High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

Evaluation is Not Established (0)<\/span>. \u00a0<\/em><\/strong>Coleophoma empetri is not established in California<\/em>.\u00a0 \u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

7) The final score is<\/strong> the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: (Score)<\/p>\n

Final Score: <\/em><\/strong>\u00a0Score of Consequences of Introduction \u2013 Score of Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information = 11 (Medium)<\/span>.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Uncertainty: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

None.<\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Based on the evidence provided above the proposed rating for Coleophoma empetri <\/em>is B.<\/strong><\/p>\n

References:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

A<\/strong>grios, G. N.\u00a0 2005.\u00a0 Plant Pathology (Fifth Edition).\u00a0 Elsevier Academic Press, USA.\u00a0 922 p.<\/p>\n

C<\/strong>DFA.\u00a0 2016.\u00a0 Santa Barbara County Dog Team Interception.\u00a0 CDFA AQW Pest Report No. 18-2016, weekly AQW report: for the week of April 28 to May 04, 2016.<\/p>\n

D<\/strong>uan, J. X., W. P. Wu, and X. Z. Liu.\u00a0 2007.\u00a0 Reinstatement of Coleonaema<\/em> for Coleophoma oleae<\/em> and notes on Coleophoma<\/em>.\u00a0 Fungal Diversity 26: 187-204.<\/p>\n

F<\/strong>arr, D. F. and A. Y. Rossman.\u00a0 2016.\u00a0 \u00a0Fungal databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA.\u00a0 Retrieved August 24, 2016 from http:\/\/nt.ars-grin.gov\/fungaldatabases\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Kusek, C. C.\u00a0 1995.\u00a0 Cranberry Ripe Rot.\u00a0 In<\/em> Compendium of Blueberry and Cranberry Diseases Edited by F. L. Caruso and D. C. Ramsdell.\u00a0 APS Press, The American Phytopathological Society, page 43.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sutton, B. C.<\/strong> 1980. The Coelomycetes. Fungi Imperfecti with pycnidia, acervuli and stromata. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England, 696 pages<\/p>\n

\n
Responsible Party:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

John J. Chitambar, Primary Plant Pathologist\/Nematologist, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832. Phone: 916-262-1110, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n
Comment Format:<\/h5>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s)\u00a0being commented on, as shown below.<\/p>\n

Example Comment:
\n<\/strong>Consequences of Introduction: \u00a01. Climate\/Host Interaction:\u00a0[Your comment that relates to \u201cClimate\/Host Interaction\u201d here.<\/em>]<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may not be posted if they:<\/p>\n

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to\u00a0the pest rating proposal;<\/p>\n

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic,\u00a0sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal\u00a0material;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms\u00a0of discrimination;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the\u00a0website to be viewed, not just submitted.<\/p>\n

\n

Pest Rating: B<\/strong><\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating for Coleophoma empetri (Rostr,) Petr. 1929 Pest Rating: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: On April 27, 2016 a mail shipment containing cut foliage of Galax sp. was intercepted by the Santa Barbara County Dog Team, at the FedEx Service Center in Goleta, Santa Barbara County.\u00a0 The shipment had originated in Florida … Continue reading Coleophoma empetri (Rostr,) Petr. 1929<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1117,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[8,4],"tags":[444,156,45],"class_list":["post-2975","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fungi","category-plant-pathology","tag-coleophoma-empetri","tag-fungus","tag-plant-pathogen"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-LZ","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":1010,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1010","url_meta":{"origin":2975,"position":0},"title":"Tranzschelia mexicana M. 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Abbasi Pest Rating: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: During April, 2015, Heather Scheck, plant pathologist, Santa Barbara County Agricultural Commissioner\u2019s office detected symptoms of rust on capulin cherry nursery stock growing in a nursery in Santa Barbara County.\u00a0 Cheryl\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Fungi"","block_context":{"text":"Fungi","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1008,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1008","url_meta":{"origin":2975,"position":1},"title":"Podosphaera caricae-papayae","author":"Admin","date":"June 1, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Podosphaera caricae-papayae Pest Rating: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event:\u00a0 In March 2014, Podosphaera caricae-papayae, a powdery mildew fungal pathogen, was identified by morphological and sequence analyses by Suzanne Latham, plant pathologist, CDFA. The symptomatic papaya leaf sample was collected from an ornamental container nursery in\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Fungi"","block_context":{"text":"Fungi","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2762,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2762","url_meta":{"origin":2975,"position":2},"title":"Phakopsora phyllanthi Dietel 1910","author":"Admin","date":"October 26, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Phakopsora phyllanthi Dietel 1910 Pest Rating: C PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: On December 4, 2015, a shipment of cut foliage of an unidentified plant species was intercepted at the USPS West Sacramento Distribution Center by the CDFA Dog Team.\u00a0 The shipment had originated in Florida\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Fungi"","block_context":{"text":"Fungi","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":4307,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=4307","url_meta":{"origin":2975,"position":3},"title":"Diaporthe pseudophoenicicola R. R. Gomes, C. Glienke & Crous 2013","author":"Admin","date":"December 29, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Diaporthe pseudophoenicicola R. R. Gomes, C. Glienke & Crous 2013 Pest Rating: C PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: On June 15, 2017, a shipment of an unknown plant, exhibiting symptoms of leaf spotting and destined to a commercial florist in Los Angeles County, was intercepted by\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Fungi"","block_context":{"text":"Fungi","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":4257,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=4257","url_meta":{"origin":2975,"position":4},"title":"Colletotrichum aracearum","author":"Admin","date":"November 29, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Colletotrichum aracearum L. W. Hou & L. Cai 2016 PEST RATING: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: \u00a0 On July 28, 2017, diseased Cymbidium sp. plants exhibiting leaf spots, were detected by the CDFA Dog Team, in a shipment of plants that had originated in and\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Fungi"","block_context":{"text":"Fungi","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":3992,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=3992","url_meta":{"origin":2975,"position":5},"title":"Uromyces transversalis","author":"Admin","date":"August 14, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Uromyces transversalis (Th\u00fcm.) G. Winter Pest Rating: C PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: \u00a0 None.\u00a0 The status of Uromyces transversalis in California, is updated and the current rating is reviewed. 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