{"id":2963,"date":"2016-11-30T15:36:08","date_gmt":"2016-11-30T23:36:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2963"},"modified":"2024-04-26T11:02:23","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T18:02:23","slug":"pseudocercospora-purpurea-cooke-deighton-1976","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2963","title":{"rendered":"Pseudocercospora purpurea (Cooke) Deighton 1976"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating for<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pseudocercospora purpurea <\/em><\/strong>(Cooke) Deighton 1976<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pest Rating: B<\/strong><\/h5>\n
\n
PEST RATING PROFILE<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Initiating Event: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

On November 17, 2016, USDA APHIS PPQ inquired if CDFA had conducted a pest risk assessment of the fungal pathogen, Pseudocercospora purpurea<\/em> on avocados in California.\u00a0 Subsequently, the risk of infestation of P. purpurea <\/em>in California is evaluated and a permanent rating is herein proposed.<\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background<\/u><\/strong>:\u00a0 Pseudocercospora purpurea<\/em> is a fungal plant pathogen that causes Pseudocercospora (Cercospora) spot (blotch) disease exhibiting leaf and fruit spot symptoms in Persea<\/em> spp., including avocado (P. americana<\/em>) plants. The pathogen was originally known as Cercospora purpurea.<\/em> In South Africa, the disease is known as black spot or Cercospora spot and is the most serious pre-harvest disease affecting all cultivars of avocado, particularly, cv<\/em>. Fuerte (Crous et al<\/em>., 2000; Pohronezny et al.,<\/em> 1994). \u00a0The disease occurs in warm, humid and rainy climates and is found in southeastern USA, South America, northern Australia, Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean (CABI, 2016; Menge & Ploetz, 2003).\u00a0 The pathogen has not been reported from California.<\/p>\n

Disease cycle<\/u><\/strong>: \u00a0<\/em>Initial inoculum of conidia (asexual spores) mostly comes from infected leaves.\u00a0 New shoot tissues are infected wherever this disease occurs.\u00a0 The pathogen penetrates host tissue either directly or through wounds. Conidia are easily detached and blown by wind often over long distances.\u00a0 On landing on surfaces of a plant host, conidia require water or heavy dew to germinate and penetrate the host.\u00a0 In South Africa, the pathogen remains latent for about 3 months after penetration.\u00a0 Infected plants produce conidiophores (specialized hypha) that arise from the plant surface in clusters through stomata and form conidia successively.\u00a0 Substomatal stroma (compact mycelial structure) may form from which conidiophores develop.\u00a0 Fruit are susceptible when developed to a quarter to three-quarter of their full size.\u00a0 Very small fruit (< 4 cm diameter) and those at or near maturity are almost immune.\u00a0 Disease development is severe during warm, rainy weather when fruit are about a quarter size (Agrios, 2005; Menge & Ploetz, 2003; Pohronezny et al.,<\/em> 1994). \u00a0High relative humidity is necessary for conidial germination and plant infection.\u00a0 The pathogen can overwinter as mycelium (stromata) in old infected leaves (Agrios, 2005). \u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Dispersal and spread<\/em>: Wind, rain, irrigation water, infected nursery plants, infected leaves, insects (Menge & Ploetz, 2003).<\/p>\n

Hosts:<\/em> Avocado is the main host; Persea<\/em> spp. in the family Lauraceae, namely, P. americana<\/em> (syn. P. gratissima<\/em>, avocado), P. borbonia<\/em> (redbay), P. drymifolia<\/em> (Mexican avocado), P. palustris<\/em> (swamp bay),<\/em> and Persea<\/em> sp. (Farr & Rossman, 2016).<\/p>\n

Symptoms<\/em>: Symptoms occur on leaves, stems, and fruit (Pohronezny et al.,<\/em> 1994).\u00a0 On leaves, lesions initially appear as small (1-5 mm) angular, purple to purplish brown flecks or spots near leaf margins.\u00a0 Over time, chlorotic halos surround older spots and are visible on both leaf surfaces.\u00a0 The fungus sporulates under high humid conditions, appearing as gray, felty mycelial growths in the center of lesions. Individual lesions may coalesce forming larger regions of necrotic tissue.\u00a0 Leaves become curled, deformed and may fall.<\/p>\n

On fruit, lesions initiate as small flecks which later become slightly sunken, expand or coalesce becoming somewhat circular, and turn brown to brownish black in color.\u00a0 Fissures or cracks usually develop in fruit lesions and serve as avenues for infection by other pathogens.\u00a0 In certain cases, if the disease is temporarily arrested, the lesions appear as minute, raised, shiny, black specks associated with the corking of lenticels.\u00a0 While blotch is usually confined to the rind of fruit, in advanced cases, the flesh may be invaded. \u00a0Once defoliation occurs, fruit may turn chlorotic, shrivel and drop.\u00a0 Dark brown to black, 2-10 mm lesions may also form on green twigs and fruit pedicels (Pohronezny et al<\/em>., 1994; Menge & Ploetz, 2003).<\/p>\n

Damage Potential:<\/em>\u00a0 Pseudocercospora spot (blotch) is one of the most common diseases of avocado in Florida (Pohronezny et al.,<\/em> 1994).\u00a0 Losses in avocado production may be severe and have been reported to be up to 69% in non-sprayed orchards in South Africa (Pohronezny et al.,<\/em> 1994; Menge & Ploetz, 2003).\u00a0 Photosynthetic area can be reduced due to leaf spotting.\u00a0 In severe infections, leaf wilt and drop may be expected.\u00a0 In California, avocado production is a major industry producing 75% and 92% of the nation\u2019s avocado fruit supplies (Lazicki et al.,<\/em> 2016).\u00a0 Therefore, losses due to this pathogen is of particular concern.<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/u><\/strong>: Pseudocercospora purpurea<\/em> is widespread in subtropical and tropical regions.\u00a0 Asia<\/em>:\u00a0 India, Japan, Philippines; Africa<\/em>: Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, C\u00f4te d’Ivoire<\/a>, Guinea, Kenya, South Africa; North America<\/em>: Bermuda, Mexico, USA; Central America and Caribbean<\/em>: Dominica, El Salvador, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, United States Virgin Islands; South America<\/em>: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; Oceania<\/em>: Australia, Palau (CABI, 2016; Farr & Rossman, 2016).<\/p>\n

In the USA, the pathogen has been found in the states of Florida, Georgia, and Mississippi (CABI, 2016).<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/u><\/strong>: \u00a0Presently, Cercospora purpurea<\/em> (syn. Pseudocercospora purpurea<\/em>) is on the \u2018Harmful Organism Lists\u2019 for Namibia and South Africa and P. purpurea<\/em> is on the \u2018Harmful Organism Lists\u2019 for French Polynesia and New Caledonia (USDA PCIT, 2016).<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/u><\/strong>: Pseudocercospora purpurea<\/em> has not been reported from California.\u00a0 The pathogen is not known to be established in California.<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/u><\/strong>:\u00a0 None reported.<\/p>\n

The risk Pseudocercospora purpurea<\/em> would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Climate\/Host Interaction:<\/strong> Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California:<\/p>\n

Score: 2<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/p>\n

Risk is Medium (2)<\/span>: <\/em><\/strong>In California, <\/em>Pseudocercospora purpurea may be able to establish on avocado, under high moisture and warm climate conditions.\u00a0 In the State, avocados are grown mostly along the southern coast (Lazicki <\/em>et al., 2016).<\/em><\/p>\n

2) Known Pest Host Range:<\/strong> Evaluate the host range of the pest.<\/p>\n

Score: 1<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> has a very limited host range.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.<\/p>\n

– High (3) has a wide host range.<\/p>\n

Risk is Low (1)<\/span>:\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>The host range for <\/em>Pseudocercospora purpurea is limited to Persea spp. with avocado being the main host.<\/em><\/p>\n

3) Pest Dispersal Potential<\/strong>: Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest.<\/p>\n

Score: 3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is High (3)<\/span>:\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>Pseudocercospora purpurea has high reproductive potential resulting in the successive production of conidia which are mainly dependent on wind, rain, and infected plants for dispersal and spread.<\/em><\/p>\n

4) Economic Impact<\/strong>: Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below:<\/p>\n

A. The pest could lower crop yield.<\/p>\n

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).<\/p>\n

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).<\/p>\n

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.<\/p>\n

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/p>\n

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

Score: 3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is High (3):<\/span>\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>Infected host plants with leaf and fruit spot symptoms caused by Pseudocercospora spot (blotch) disease could lower value and yield of commercially produced avocado plants as well as affect nursery productions resulting in loss of markets.<\/em><\/p>\n

5) Environmental Impact:<\/strong> Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below:<\/p>\n

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/p>\n

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/p>\n

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/p>\n

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/p>\n

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/p>\n

Score the pest for Environmental Impact:<\/p>\n

Score: 2<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes one of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

Risk is <\/em><\/strong>Medium<\/em><\/strong> (2): \u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/span>The pathogen could significantly impact avocado plants grown for fruit and aesthetic value in private residential and public environments.<\/em><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Pseudocercospora purpurea<\/em>:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Add up the total score and include it here:<\/p>\n

-Low = 5-8 point<\/p>\n

–Medium<\/strong> = 9-12 point<\/span><\/p>\n

-High = 13-15 points<\/p>\n

Total points obtained on evaluation of consequences of introduction to California = 11<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information:<\/strong> Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.<\/p>\n

Score: 0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

–Not established (0)<\/strong> Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/span><\/p>\n

-Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).<\/p>\n

-Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

-High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

Evaluation is not established (0):\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>Pseudocercospora purpurea is not established in California.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

7) The final score is<\/strong> the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score:<\/p>\n

Final Score: <\/em><\/strong><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Score of Consequences of Introduction \u2013 Score of Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information = 11<\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Uncertainty: \u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

None.<\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Based on the evidence provided above the proposed rating for Pseudocercospora purpurea<\/em> is B.<\/strong><\/p>\n

References:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

A<\/strong>grios, G. N.\u00a0 2005.\u00a0 Plant Pathology (Fifth Edition).\u00a0 Elsevier Academic Press, USA.\u00a0 922 p.<\/p>\n

CABI.\u00a0 2016.\u00a0 Pseudocercospora purpurea<\/em> (spot blotch) (basic) datasheet.\u00a0 Crop Protection Compendium.\u00a0 <\/strong>http:\/\/www.cabi.org\/cpc\/datasheet\/12266<\/a> .<\/strong><\/p>\n

Crous, P.W., A. J. L. Phillips, A. P. and Baxter.<\/strong> \u00a0<\/strong>2000. \u00a0Phytopathogenic fungi from South Africa. University of Stellenbosch, Department of Plant Pathology Press, 358 pages (referenced by Farr & Rossman, 2016).<\/p>\n

F<\/strong>arr, D. F., & A. Y. Rossman. \u00a02016.\u00a0 Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. \u00a0Retrieved August 18, 2016, from http:\/\/nt.ars-grin.gov\/fungaldatabases\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

L<\/strong>azicki, P., D. Geisseler, and W. R. Horwath.\u00a0 2016.\u00a0 Avocado production in California. https:\/\/apps1.cdfa.ca.gov\/FertilizerResearch\/docs\/Avocado_Production_CA.pdf<\/a>. (Last updated April, 2016.)<\/p>\n

M<\/strong>enge, J. A., and R. C. Ploetz.\u00a0 2003.\u00a0 Disease of Avocado.\u00a0 In<\/em> Diseases of Tropical Fruit Crops, Edited by R. C. Ploetz, CABI Publishing, CAB International, UK, USA, 527 p.<\/p>\n

P<\/strong>ohronezny, K. L., G. W. Simone, and J. Kotz\u00e9.\u00a0 1994.\u00a0 Pseudocercospora spot (blotch).\u00a0 In<\/em> Compendium of Tropical Fruit Diseases, Edited by R. C. Ploetz, G. A. Zentmeyer, W. T. Nishijima, K. G. Rohrbach, and H. D. Ohr, APS Press, The American Phytopathological Society, 79-80 p.<\/p>\n

Responsible Party:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

John J. Chitambar, Primary Plant Pathologist\/Nematologist, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832. Phone: 916-262-1110, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n
Comment Format:<\/h5>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s)\u00a0being commented on, as shown below.<\/p>\n

Example Comment:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction: \u00a01. Climate\/Host Interaction:\u00a0[Your comment that relates to \u201cClimate\/Host Interaction\u201d here.<\/em>]<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may not be posted if they:<\/p>\n

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to\u00a0the pest rating proposal;<\/p>\n

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic,\u00a0sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal\u00a0material;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms\u00a0of discrimination;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the\u00a0website to be viewed, not just submitted.<\/p>\n

\n

Pest Rating: B<\/strong><\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating for Pseudocercospora purpurea (Cooke) Deighton 1976 Pest Rating: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: On November 17, 2016, USDA APHIS PPQ inquired if CDFA had conducted a pest risk assessment of the fungal pathogen, Pseudocercospora purpurea on avocados in California.\u00a0 Subsequently, the risk of infestation of P. purpurea in California is evaluated … Continue reading Pseudocercospora purpurea (Cooke) Deighton 1976<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1117,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[8,4,333],"tags":[156,45,442],"class_list":["post-2963","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fungi","category-plant-pathology","category-ratings","tag-fungus","tag-plant-pathogen","tag-pseudocercospora-purpurea"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-LN","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":2764,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2764","url_meta":{"origin":2963,"position":0},"title":"Pseudocercospora myrticola (Speg.) 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Braun, 2014","author":"Admin","date":"August 10, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Pseudocercospora smilacicola U. 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If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. Posted by ta","rel":"","context":"In "A-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"A-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=669"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1852,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1852","url_meta":{"origin":2963,"position":4},"title":"Peronospora digitalidis G\u00e4um, 1923","author":"Admin","date":"April 14, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Peronospora digitalidis G\u00e4um, 1923 Pest Rating: C PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: On February 9, 2016, USDA\u2019s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) notified the CDFA that the downy mildew pathogen, Peronospora digitalidis, was added on February 2, 2016, to their \u2018List of Pests no\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Fungi"","block_context":{"text":"Fungi","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"Foxglove, Downy Mildew Plant Symptoms","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/FoxgloveDownyMildewPlantSymptoms2Glass_by_Jenny-Glass-2011_pnwhandbooks.org_-300x260.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":5779,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=5779","url_meta":{"origin":2963,"position":5},"title":"Cercospora insulana Sacc. 1915","author":"Admin","date":"September 13, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Cercospora insulana Sacc. 1915 Pest Rating: C PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event:\u00a0 On May 11, 2018 a postal shipment of statice dried flowers showing symptoms of leaf spots was intercepted by the CDFA at a Federal Express (FedEx) office.\u00a0 The shipment was destined to a private\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "C-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"C-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=671"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2963","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1117"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2963"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2963\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10525,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2963\/revisions\/10525"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2963"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2963"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2963"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}