{"id":2749,"date":"2016-10-25T16:17:07","date_gmt":"2016-10-25T23:17:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2749"},"modified":"2024-04-26T10:42:48","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T17:42:48","slug":"hemicycliophora-arenaria-raski-1958-citrus-sheath-nematode","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2749","title":{"rendered":"Hemicycliophora arenaria Raski, 1958 | Citrus sheath nematode"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating for<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Hemicycliophora arenaria<\/em><\/strong> Raski, 1958<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Citrus sheath nematode<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pest Rating: <\/strong>B<\/h5>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n
PEST RATING PROFILE<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Initiating Event: \u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

None.\u00a0 The current status and rating of Hemicycliophora arenaria<\/em> is assessed.<\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background<\/u>:<\/strong>\u00a0 The citrus sheath nematode, Hemicycliophora arenaria<\/em>, was first reported in 1957 as an unknown species parasitizing rough lemon seedlings in a grower\u2019s nursery in the Coachella Valley, near Mecca, southern California (Van Gundy, 1957).\u00a0 The effect on seedling roots was noteworthy due to symptoms of \u2018peculiar galling\u2019 produced in infected plants, quite unlike those caused by the root-knot nematode. Soon after, in 1964, the same species was found in a citrus ranch approximately 2 miles from the original site in Riverside County and on citrus land in Imperial County.\u00a0 All properties were planted with citrus trees from a commercial nursery located near Niland in Imperial County, approximately 40 miles from the original site in Riverside County. This nursery had been planted on virgin desert soil and failed due to lack of moisture, and consequently, was abandoned in 1956.\u00a0 Surveys were conducted by the CDFA at that time to establish origin and extent of spread of the nematode species.\u00a0 In 1965, H. arenaria<\/em> was found in a number of soil samples collected from cheese bush, a California native plant, growing in a virgin desert region about one mile north of the original abandoned nursery.\u00a0 At about the same time, the nematode species was also found on cheese bush in another native situation near Palm Springs, about 30 miles northwest from the infestation in Mecca.\u00a0 Additionally, another California native plant, coyote melon, was experimentally shown to be a host of the nematode species (McElroy & Van Gundy, 1967). \u00a0In 1971, H. arenaria<\/em> was found in soil and root samples collected from roadside cheese bush plants near the entrance of a desert state park in San Diego County. \u00a0\u00a0These detections indicated that H. arenaria<\/em> is indigenous to native plants in low and high elevation deserts of California and had been spread with citrus nursery stock from the abandoned nursery planting near Niland.\u00a0 The species was assigned an \u2018A\u2019 rating because of its limited distribution and demonstrated potential for injury to citrus and vegetables (discussed below<\/em>), and the infested sites were placed under a county \u201chold-order\u201d quarantine.\u00a0 This action restricted the movement of all soil, bare-rooted plants and equipment with soil.\u00a0 Also, at the time of its discovery the citrus sheath nematode in California was of great concern to other state trading partners thereby making quarantine action necessary.\u00a0 In 2006, in statewide, USDA APHIS CAPS-sponsored surveys, CDFA once again detected H. arenaria<\/em> in lemon and grapefruit soils in Imperial County (Chitambar, 2008).<\/p>\n

Hemicycliophora arenaria<\/em> was named and described by Raski (1958).\u00a0 Since its original discovery, the citrus sheath nematode had only been reported from California until more than 25 years later, when it was also reported from Australia and southern Argentina (Chitambar & Subbotin, 2014; Reay, 1984; Brugni & Chaves, 1994).<\/p>\n

Hemicycliophora arenaria<\/em> is a plant parasitic nematode species whose females feed ectoparasitically on host plant roots and lay their eggs singly in the soil.\u00a0 Each egg has a gelatinous coating that makes it adhere to soil and roots. The optimum range for reproduction is 30-32.5\u00b0C with 32.5\u00b0C being the optimum. Within this temperature, the nematode completes a life cycle of 15-18 days. \u00a0Males do not feed and are not required for reproduction, which can be parthenogenetic.\u00a0 Almost no reproduction occurs at 20\u00b0C and at 35\u00b0C reproduction is greatly reduced.\u00a0 Furthermore, reproduction is greatest in sandy soils. Reproduction was determined to be greatest on tomato grown in 90% sand, 5% silt, and 5% clay, and at the original detection site in the Coachella Valley, the soil comprised 75% sand, 9% silt and 16% clay (Van Gundy & Rackham, 1961; Maggenti, 1981).\u00a0 The nematode also requires adequate aeration and maybe killed by reduced aeration caused by prolonged irrigation cycles.\u00a0 This preference of high temperature and sandy soils explains the very limited distribution of the citrus sheath nematode within desert regions of California, where it was discovered to be endemic on native desert plants namely, cheese bush and coyote melon (McElroy et al.<\/em> 1966; McElroy & Van Gundy, 1967).\u00a0 Subsequently, the citrus sheath nematode gained economic importance as a parasite of agricultural crops with the reclamation of southern California deserts (Maggenti, 1981).<\/p>\n

Hosts:\u00a0 <\/em>\u00a0Citrus is the main host.\u00a0 Citrus limonia<\/em> (Rough lemon), C. aurantifolia <\/em>(West Indian lime), C. limon <\/em>(Dorshapo sweet lemon), C. reticulata <\/em>(Cleopatra mandarin), C. taiwanica <\/em>(Taiwanica), Severinia buxifolia<\/em>, Solanum lycopersicum<\/em> (Rutgers tomato), Vigna sinensis<\/em> (blackeye bean), Capsicum frutescens<\/em> var. grossum <\/em>(pepper), Apium graveolens<\/em> (celery), Cucurbita moschata<\/em> (squash) (Van Gundy, 1959; Van Gundy & Rackham, 1961; Van Gundy & McElroy, 1969), Hymenoclea salsola<\/em> (syn. Ambrosia salsola<\/em>; cheesebush), Cucurbita palmata <\/em>(coyote melon), and Vitis vinifera<\/em> (Tokay grape) (McElroy et al.<\/em> 1966; McElroy & Van Gundy, 1967). Moura & <\/a>Almeida (1982) found this species in sugar-cane field.<\/a> Reay (1984) reports the following hosts from Australia: Auraucaria bidwillii<\/em>, Acacia euthycarpa<\/em>, A.<\/em> gracilifolia<\/em>, A. continua<\/em>, A. myrtifolia<\/em>, A. paradoxa<\/em>, A. pycnantha,<\/em> Banksia marginata,<\/em> B. ornata<\/em>, Callitris preisii<\/em>, Eucalyptus anceps<\/em>, E. baxteri<\/em>, E. fasciculosa<\/em>, E. foecunda<\/em>, E. goniocalyx<\/em>, E. incrassata<\/em>, E. maculata<\/em>, E. obliqua<\/em>, E. odorata<\/em>, E. oleosa<\/em>, E. socialis<\/em>, E. vitrea<\/em>, Macrozamia spiralis<\/em>, cycad, Melaleuca acuminata<\/em>, M. lanceolata<\/em>, and M. uncinata<\/em>, Pteridium esculentum<\/em>, bracken, Xanthorrhoea quadrangulata, <\/em>and Austrocedrus chilensis<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Symptoms: <\/em>\u00a0Plants infected by H. arenaria<\/em> are easily recognized by swellings or galls produced on lateral and terminal roots.\u00a0 Unlike galls formed along the length of roots parasitized by root-knot nematodes, galls caused by H. arenaria<\/em> are produced at the tips of lateral and terminal roots.\u00a0 The nematodes remain tightly attached to freshly dug roots and are visible through a hand lens (McElroy & Van Gundy, 1967).<\/p>\n

Damage Potential: <\/em>Feeding of H. arenaria<\/em> results in the production of galls at tips of lateral and terminal roots, as well as a reduction in the number of feeder roots and top growth. The growth of rough lemon seedlings in H. arenaria<\/em> infested soil at 30\u00b0C for 5 months was reduced by 36% in comparison to seedlings in non-infested soil.\u00a0 Dry weight of tomato plants was reduced by 28%, and a 10-20% yield reduction in field-grown tomato and squash occurred at the original locality in Mecca, California. Growth of citrus and tomato was reduced from 12% at 25\u00b0C to 37% at 30\u00b0C (McElroy & Van Gundy, 1967, 1968; Van Gundy & Rackham, 1961).\u00a0 Significant damage may affect citrus production under climates suitable for the development of the nematode species.<\/p>\n

Transmission:\u00a0 <\/em>Infested rootstock, rooted plants, soil, irrigation and run-off water, cultivation tools and equipment that can move infested soil and plant roots to non-infested sites. \u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong> Oceania<\/em>: Australia (South Australia, New South Wales, Queensland); North America<\/em>: USA (California); South America<\/em>: Argentina, Brazil (Brugni & Chaves, 1994; Reay, 1984; Van Gundy, 1957; McElroy & Van Gundy, 1967; Moura & Almeida, 1982).<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/u>:<\/strong> Hemicycliophora arenaria<\/em> is on the \u2018Harmful Organism Lists\u2019 for Honduras, Republic of Korea, and Taiwan (USDA PCIT, 2016).\u00a0 Within the USA, Florida has listed H. arenaria<\/em> as a plant pest of quarantine significance and potentially subject to quarantine action (FDACS, 2016).<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong> Limited desert regions within Imperial, Riverside and San Diego Counties.<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/u><\/strong>: Hemicycliophora arenaria<\/em> has never been detected in intercepted plant and soil shipments to California.<\/p>\n

The risk citrus sheath nematode would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

1) Climate\/Host Interaction:<\/strong> Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:<\/p>\n

-Low (1) not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas<\/p>\n

-Medium (2)<\/strong> may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/p>\n

Risk is Medium (2). <\/em><\/strong>\u00a0Hemicycliophora arenaria is naturally endemic to limited hot desert regions within Imperial, Riverside and San Diego Counties.\u00a0 Within those regions it has been found naturally infesting coyote melon and cheese bush which are indigenous desert plants commonly found in the sandy washes and stream beds in the Coachella and Imperial valleys and provide a reservoir of nematodes for infesting plantings in non-infested soils.\u00a0 High soil temperatures and coarse soils are needed for the nematode to develop and affect plant growth and production.\u00a0 Agricultural host plants grown under those climate conditions are likely to establish and further spread the nematode to non-infested regions particularly in reclaimed desert regions of southern California. <\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

2) Known Pest Host Range:<\/strong> Evaluate the host range of the pest:<\/p>\n

-Low (1) has a very limited host range<\/p>\n

-Medium (2)<\/strong> has a moderate host range<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) has a wide host range.<\/p>\n

Risk is Medium (2).\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>Hemicycliophora arenaria has a moderate host range which includes citrus as the main host, also tomato and other vegetable plants, and grape (Tokay variety).\u00a0 California native desert plants, cheese bush and coyote melon are hosts of the nematode species in California.<\/em>\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

3) Pest Dispersal Potential:<\/strong> Evaluate the dispersal potential of the pest:<\/p>\n

-Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential<\/p>\n

-Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is High (3).\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>Hemicycliophora arenaria has high reproduction and is dispersed primarily by movement of infested rootstock, plant roots, soil, irrigation and run-off water, cultivation tools and equipment that can move infested soil and plant roots to non-infested sites.<\/em> \u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

4)\u00a0Economic Impact:<\/strong> Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using these criteria:<\/p>\n

A. The pest could lower crop yield<\/p>\n

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs)<\/p>\n

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines by other states or countries)<\/p>\n

D. The pest could negatively change normal production cultural practices<\/p>\n

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/p>\n

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses<\/p>\n

-Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts<\/p>\n

-Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is High (3).\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>Under suitable climates for infestations of the citrus sheath nematode, crop yield and value could be lowered.\u00a0 Reductions of 36% growth of rough lemon seedlings in <\/em>H. arenaria infested soil at 30\u00b0C has been reported.\u00a0 Also, reported was 28% reduction in dry weight of tomato plants and 10-20% yield reduction in field-grown tomato and squash. Growth of citrus and tomato was reduced from 12% at 25\u00b0C to 37% at 30\u00b0C. \u00a0<\/strong>The nematode may also spread along the flow of irrigation water in a field, thereby, requiring change in normal irrigation and cultural practices.\u00a0 The original detection of <\/em>H. arenaria in California resulted in establishment of quarantines by other states and to date, the citrus sheath nematode is a quarantine regulated pest in Florida. Therefore, a \u2018High\u2019 rating is given here for the potential economic impact of <\/em>H. arenaria.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

5) Environmental Impact:<\/strong> Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using these criteria:<\/p>\n

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/p>\n

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/p>\n

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/p>\n

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/p>\n

E. Significantly impacting cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/p>\n

Score the pest for Environmental Impact:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes one of the above to occur<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

Risk is Medium (2).\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>Under favorable conditions of warm to hot soil temperatures and coarse textured soils, the citrus sheath nematode could significantly impact home and commercial urban plantings and cultural practices.\u00a0 <\/em><\/span>\u00a0<\/span> \u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Common Name:<\/strong>\u00a0 Score<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Add up the total score and include it here. (Score)<\/p>\n

Low = 5-8 points<\/p>\n

Medium<\/strong> = 9-12 points<\/span><\/p>\n

High = 13-15 points<\/p>\n

Total points obtained on evaluation of consequences of introduction to California = 12.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information:<\/strong> Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included. (Score)<\/p>\n

-Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/p>\n

-Low (-1)<\/strong> Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).<\/span><\/p>\n

-Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

-High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas<\/p>\n

Evaluation Low (-1)<\/em><\/strong>:\u00a0 <\/strong>Hemicycliophora arenaria is established in limited hot desert regions within Imperial, Riverside and San Diego Counties<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

Final Score: <\/em><\/strong>\u00a0Score of Consequences of Introduction \u2013 Score of Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information =<\/strong> 11.<\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Uncertainty:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

None.<\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Based on the evidence presented above, the<\/strong> proposed<\/strong> pest rating for the citrus sheath nematode, Hemicycliophora arenaria<\/em> is B<\/span>.\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

References:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

B<\/strong>rugni, N., and E. Chaves.\u00a0 1994.\u00a0 Criconemoides from a cypress forest of South Argentina.\u00a0 Nematologica 40: 467-473.<\/p>\n

C<\/strong>ABI.\u00a0 2016.\u00a0 Hemicycliophora arenaria<\/em> (sheath nematode).\u00a0 http:\/\/www.cabi.org\/cpc\/datasheet\/46685<\/a> .<\/p>\n

C<\/strong>hitambar, J. J.\u00a0 2008.\u00a0 Status of ten quarantine \u201cA\u201d nematode pests in California.\u00a0 California Plant Pest and Disease Report 24: 62-75.<\/p>\n

C<\/strong>hitambar, J. J. and S. A. Subbotin.\u00a0 2014.\u00a0 Systematics of the sheath nematodes of the superfamily Hemicycliophoroidea.\u00a0 Nematology Monographs and Perspectives, Vol. 10 (Series Editors: D. J. Hunt and R. N. Perry).\u00a0 The Netherlands, Leiden, Brill, 2014. 732 p.<\/p>\n

F<\/strong>DACS.\u00a0 2016.\u00a0 Florida summary of plant protection regulations updated June 2016.\u00a0 Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Division of Plant Industry.\u00a0 http:\/\/nationalplantboard.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/docs\/summaries\/florida.pdf<\/a> .<\/p>\n

M<\/strong>aggenti, A. 1981.\u00a0 General Nematology.\u00a0 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. 372 p.<\/p>\n

M<\/strong>cElroy, F. D., and S. D. Van Gundy.\u00a0 1967.\u00a0 The sheath nematode.\u00a0 The California Citrograph 52, 379-384.<\/p>\n

M<\/strong>cElroy, F. D., and S. D. Van Gundy.\u00a0 1968.\u00a0 Observations on the feeding process of Hemicycliophora arenaria<\/em>.\u00a0 Phytopathology 58: 1558-1565.<\/p>\n

M<\/strong>cElroy, F. D., S. A. Sher, and S. D. Van Gundy.\u00a0 1966.\u00a0 The sheath nematode, Hemicycliophora arenaria<\/em>, a native to California soils.\u00a0 Plant Disease Reporter 40: 581-583.<\/p>\n

M<\/strong>oura, R. M., and A. V. Almeida.\u00a0 1982.\u00a0 Preliminary studies on the occurrence of phytonematodes associated with sugarcane in areas of low productivity in Pernambuco State.\u00a0 Nematologia Brasileira 5: 213-220.<\/p>\n

R<\/strong>aski, D. J.\u00a0 1958.\u00a0 Four new species of Hemicycliophora<\/em> de Man, 1921, with further observations on H. brevis<\/em> Thorne, 1955 (Nematoda: Criconematidae).\u00a0 Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 25: 125-131.<\/p>\n

R<\/strong>eay, F.\u00a0 1984.\u00a0 Plant nematodes from Australia: new records of Hemicycliophoroidea (Nematoda: Tylenchida).\u00a0 Australasian Plant Pathology 13: 8-11.<\/p>\n

U<\/strong>SDA PCIT.\u00a0 2016.\u00a0 USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System. September 27, 2016.\u00a0 https:\/\/pcit.aphis.usda.gov\/PExD\/faces\/ReportHarmOrgs.jsp<\/a>.<\/p>\n

V<\/strong>an Gundy, S. D.\u00a0 1957.\u00a0 The first report of a species of Hemicycliophora<\/em> attacking citrus roots.\u00a0 Plant Disease Reporter 41: 1016-1018.<\/p>\n

V<\/strong>an Gundy, S. D.\u00a0 1959.\u00a0 The life history of Hemicycliophora arenaria<\/em> Raski (Nematoda: Criconematidae).\u00a0 Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 26: 67-72.<\/p>\n

V<\/strong>an Gundy, S. D. and R. L. Rackham.\u00a0 1961.\u00a0 Studies on the biology and pathogenicity of Hemicycliophora arenaria<\/em>.\u00a0 Phytopathology 51: 393-397.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n
\u00a0<\/strong>Responsible Party: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

John J. Chitambar, Primary Plant Pathologist\/Nematologist, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832. Phone: (916) 262-1110, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n
Comment Period: \u00a0CLOSED<\/span><\/h5>\n

Oct 25\u00a0\u2013 Dec 9, 2016<\/p>\n

\n
Comment Format:<\/h5>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s)\u00a0being commented on, as shown below.<\/p>\n

Example Comment:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction: \u00a01. Climate\/Host Interaction:\u00a0[Your comment that relates to \u201cClimate\/Host Interaction\u201d here.<\/em>]<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may not be posted if they:<\/p>\n

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to\u00a0the pest rating proposal;<\/p>\n

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic,\u00a0sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal\u00a0material;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms\u00a0of discrimination;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the\u00a0website to be viewed, not just submitted.<\/p>\n

\n

Pest Rating: <\/strong>B<\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating for Hemicycliophora arenaria Raski, 1958 Citrus sheath nematode Pest Rating: B   PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: \u00a0 None.\u00a0 The current status and rating of Hemicycliophora arenaria is assessed. History & Status: Background:\u00a0 The citrus sheath nematode, Hemicycliophora arenaria, was first reported in 1957 as an unknown species parasitizing rough lemon seedlings … Continue reading Hemicycliophora arenaria Raski, 1958 | Citrus sheath nematode<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1117,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[27],"tags":[431,430,188],"class_list":["post-2749","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nematodes","tag-citrus-sheath-nematode","tag-hemicycliophora-arenaria","tag-nematodes"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-Il","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":10641,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=10641","url_meta":{"origin":2749,"position":0},"title":"Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood, 1949 Peanut root-knot nematode","author":"Heather.Martin","date":"June 7, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood, 1949 Peanut root-knot nematodePest Rating: C download pest rating *NOTE You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. Posted by ta","rel":"","context":"In "C-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"C-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=671"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1955,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1955","url_meta":{"origin":2749,"position":1},"title":"Nematodes","author":"Admin","date":"May 13, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"(Plant Parasitic Nematodes) Nematodes (also called \u2018roundworms\u2019) are relatively small, multicellular, worm-like animals. They are found in almost every environmental niche imaginable, living free in soil, marine and freshwater habitats while feeding on bacteria, fungi, and nematodes, or as parasites of humans, insects, fish, larger animals and plants. Plant parasitic\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Ratings"","block_context":{"text":"Ratings","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=333"},"img":{"alt_text":"Nematodes montage","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/nematodes-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/nematodes-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/nematodes-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/nematodes-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":7781,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=7781","url_meta":{"origin":2749,"position":2},"title":"Mesocriconema (Macroposthonia) xenoplax (Raski) Loof & de Grisse 1989 ring nematode","author":"Heather.Martin","date":"November 25, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Mesocriconema (Macroposthonia) xenoplax (Raski) Loof & de Grisse 1989 ring nematodePest Rating: C download pest rating *NOTE\u00a0 You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. Posted by\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "C-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"C-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=671"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1196,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1196","url_meta":{"origin":2749,"position":3},"title":"Xiphinema index Thorne & Allen, 1950 (Dagger nematode)","author":"Admin","date":"October 14, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Xiphinema index Thorne & Allen, 1950 (Dagger nematode) Pest Rating:\u00a0 B \u00a0 PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: \u00a0 None. History & Status: Background:\u00a0 Xiphinema index was first described by Thorne and Allen in 1950, from soil around roots of fig (Ficus carica, variety Calimyrna) growing near\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Nematodes"","block_context":{"text":"Nematodes","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=27"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":10796,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=10796","url_meta":{"origin":2749,"position":4},"title":"Tylenchulus semipenetrans (Cobb, 1913) Citrus nematode","author":"Heather.Martin","date":"July 19, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Tylenchulus semipenetrans (Cobb, 1933) Citrus nematodePest Rating: C download pest rating *NOTE You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. Posted by ta","rel":"","context":"In "C-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"C-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=671"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2687,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2687","url_meta":{"origin":2749,"position":5},"title":"Radopholus similis (Cobb, 1893) Thorne, 1949","author":"Admin","date":"October 5, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Radopholus similis (Cobb, 1893) Thorne, 1949 (Burrowing Nematode) Pest Rating: A \u00a0 PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: \u00a0 None.\u00a0 The current status and rating of Radopholus similis is re-evaluated. \u00a0History & Status: Background:\u00a0 The burrowing nematode, Radopholus similis, is one of the most economically important plant\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Nematodes"","block_context":{"text":"Nematodes","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=27"},"img":{"alt_text":"1356104-burrowing-nematode-byMichaelMcClure-Univ-of-Ariz-bugwood","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/1356104-burrowing-nematode-byMichaelMcClure-Univ-of-Ariz-bugwood-1024x768.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2749","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1117"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2749"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2749\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4657,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2749\/revisions\/4657"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2749"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2749"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2749"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}