{"id":2717,"date":"2016-10-13T05:00:29","date_gmt":"2016-10-13T12:00:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2717"},"modified":"2022-05-16T10:23:50","modified_gmt":"2022-05-16T17:23:50","slug":"fiorinia-externa-ferris-elongate-hemlock-scale","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2717","title":{"rendered":"Fiorinia externa Ferris: Elongate Hemlock Scale"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"1122010-ElongateHemlockScale-byEricDay-VirginiaPolytech-bugwood-web\"<\/a><\/strong><\/h5>\n
California Pest Rating for<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Fiorinia externa<\/em><\/strong> Ferris:\u00a0 Elongate Hemlock Scale<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Hemiptera:\u00a0 Diaspididae<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pest Rating: \u00a0A<\/strong><\/h5>\n
\n
PEST RATING PROFILE<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Initiating Event: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Fiorinia externa<\/em> is often intercepted by CDFA and presently has a temporary rating of \u201cQ\u201d.\u00a0 A pest rating proposal is required to determine a permanent pest rating.<\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background<\/u><\/strong>:\u00a0 Fiorinia externa<\/em> is an armored scale insect that is considered to be a pest of ornamental and forest conifers1<\/sup>.\u00a0 These insects overwinter as mated females or eggs1<\/sup>.\u00a0 Females begin laying eggs within their waxy covers in early spring1<\/sup>.\u00a0 As eggs hatch, crawlers disperse to other needles on the same plant where they settle on the underside1<\/sup>.\u00a0 There they insert their mouthparts and feed1<\/sup>.\u00a0 They reach maturity in 7-8 weeks in Pennsylvania1<\/sup>.\u00a0 Feeding causes needles to develop yellow banding and drop prematurely1<\/sup>.\u00a0 This damage causes foliage to appear thin and weakens the trees, making them vulnerable to secondary invaders1<\/sup>.\u00a0 Known hosts include 43 species2<\/sup> including: Cupressaceae<\/strong>:\u00a0 Biota orientalis<\/em>5<\/sup>, Juniperus chinensis<\/em>5<\/sup> (Chinese juniper), Juniperus rigida<\/em>5<\/sup> (temple juniper); Pinaceae<\/strong>:\u00a0 Abies<\/em> spp.1,3<\/sup> (firs), Cedrus<\/em> spp.1<\/sup> (cedars), Picea<\/em> spp.1,3<\/sup> (spruces), Pinus<\/em> spp.1,3<\/sup> (pines), Pseudotsuga menziesii<\/em>1,3<\/sup> (douglas fir), Tsuga canadensis<\/em>1,2<\/sup> (eastern hemlock), T. caroliniana<\/em>1,2<\/sup> (Carolina hemlock), and Tsuga diversifolia<\/em> (northern Japanese hemlock); Taxaceae<\/strong>: Taxus<\/em> spp.1<\/sup> (yews).\u00a0\u00a0 Fiorinia externa<\/em> may be carried long distances when infested plants or plant parts are moved.<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/u><\/strong>: Fiorinia externa<\/em> is native to Japan1,2 <\/sup>and is also found in China5<\/sup>.\u00a0 It was first found in New York in 19081<\/sup> and has since been found in Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Ohio, Rhode Island, Virginia, and the District of Columbia.\u00a0 Interceptions by CDFA also indicate that the scale is also established in North Carolina.<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/u><\/strong>: Neither Fiorinia externa<\/em> nor Fiorinia<\/em> spp. are known to be under official control by any other states or nations4<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/u><\/strong>:\u00a0 Fiorinia externa<\/em> has never been found in the environment of California.<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/u><\/strong>:\u00a0 Fiorinia externa<\/em> was intercepted 97 times between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2014 by CDFA\u2019s high risk inspections, dog teams, and other quarantine programs.\u00a0 Most of the interceptions have been on fraser fir (Abies fraseri<\/em>) from North Carolina.<\/p>\n

The risk Fiorinia externa<\/em> (elongate hemlock scale) would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

1) Climate\/Host Interaction:<\/strong> Species of Abies<\/em>, Picea<\/em>, Pinus<\/em>, Pseudotsuga<\/em>, Taxus<\/em>, and Tsuga<\/em> are native to the forests of California and are grown as ornamentals. Fiorinia externa<\/em> is likely to establish wherever these host plants are grown.\u00a0 Elongate hemlock scale receives a High (3)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.\u00a0 Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/span><\/p>\n

2) Known Pest Host Range:<\/strong> Fiorinia externa<\/em> is known to feed on 43 species of plants in 9 genera in three plant families.\u00a0 It receives a Medium (2)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> has a very limited host range.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> has a moderate host range.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has a wide host range.<\/p>\n

3) Pest Dispersal Potential:<\/strong> Female elongate hemlock scales produce an average of 20 eggs during their lifetime and a generation may be completed every seven to eight weeks during the growing season1<\/sup>.\u00a0 Crawlers typically remain on the same plant but may be dispersed long distances by wind or by hitchhiking on clothing, animals, or equipment.\u00a0 They may also be carried long distances when infested plants or plant parts are moved.\u00a0 Elongate hemlock scale receives a High (3)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

4) Economic Impact:<\/strong> If Fiorinia externa<\/em> were to enter California it is likely that the scale would lead to lower yields and increased production costs in managed forests, Christmas tree farms, and in the nursery industry.\u00a0 The scale is not expected to disrupt markets, change cultural practices, vector other pestiferous organisms, injure animals, or interfere with water supplies.\u00a0 Elongate hemlock scale receives a Medium (2)<\/strong> <\/span>in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:<\/p>\n

A<\/strong>. The pest could lower crop yield.<\/span><\/p>\n

B<\/strong>. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).<\/span><\/p>\n

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).<\/p>\n

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.<\/p>\n

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/p>\n

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes 2 of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/p>\n

5) Environmental Impact:<\/strong> The establishment of Fiorinia externa <\/em>in California would be likely to disrupt natural communities, as it infests forests and increases the susceptibility of trees to other pests and diseases.\u00a0 The scale is not expected to directly affect any threatened or endangered species or disrupt critical habitats.\u00a0 Elongate scale insect is likely to trigger additional treatment programs in managed forests, Christmas tree farms, and the nursery industry.\u00a0 The scale is also likely to significantly impact cultural practices and ornamental plantings.\u00a0 Fiorinia externa receives a High (3)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

A<\/strong>. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/span><\/p>\n

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/p>\n

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/p>\n

D<\/strong>. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/span><\/p>\n

E<\/strong>. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/span><\/p>\n

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> causes none of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes one of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Fiorinia externa<\/em> (elongate hemlock scale): High (13)<\/span><\/strong><\/h5>\n

Add up the total score and include it here.<\/p>\n

–Low<\/strong> = 5-8 points<\/p>\n

–Medium<\/strong> = 9-12 points<\/p>\n

–High<\/strong> = 13-15 points<\/span><\/p>\n

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information:<\/strong> Fiorinia externa<\/em> has never been found in the environment and receives a Not established (0)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.<\/p>\n

–Not established (0)<\/strong> Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/span><\/p>\n

–Low (-1)<\/strong> Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).<\/p>\n

–Medium (-2)<\/strong> Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

–High (-3)<\/strong> Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

The final score is<\/strong> the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (13) <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Uncertainty: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Impacts on forests may potentially be more significant than loss of trees.\u00a0 Stands of dead trees may affect the rate of runoff and water supplies and could affect the stability of mountain and canyon slopes.\u00a0 There have not been any recent formal surveys of the scales of conifers in California.\u00a0 It is possible that Fiorinia externa<\/em> could be present in some localities.<\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Elongate hemlock scale (Fiorinia externa<\/em>) has never been found in the environment of California and would likely have significant economic and environmental impacts if it were to enter the state.\u00a0 An \u201cA\u201d-rating is justified.<\/p>\n

References:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

1 <\/sup>Hoover, Gregory A. 2009. Elongate Hemlock Scale (Fiorinia externa<\/em> Ferris) Fact Sheet.\u00a0 Pennsylvania State University.\u00a0 http:\/\/ento.psu.edu\/extension\/factsheets\/elongate-hemlock-scale<\/a><\/p>\n

2<\/sup> McClure, Mark S.\u00a0 Pest Alert: Elongate Hemlock Scale.\u00a0 USDA Forest Service Northeastern Area NA-PR-01-02\u00a0 http:\/\/www.na.fs.fed.us\/spfo\/pubs\/pest_al\/ehscale\/ehscale.htm<\/a><\/p>\n

3<\/sup> Elongate Hemlock Scale Fiorinia externa<\/em> Ferris.\u00a0 PSU Christmas Tree Pest Fact Sheets.\u00a0 http:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/pests\/ipm\/agriculture\/christmas-tree\/pest-fact-sheets\/needle-discoloration-and-injury\/elongate-hemlock-scale.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

4<\/sup> USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD).\u00a0 https:\/\/pcit.aphis.usda.gov\/pcit\/<\/a><\/p>\n

5<\/sup> SEL Catalog Query results for Fiorinia externa Ferris.\u00a0 http:\/\/www.sel.barc.usda.gov\/catalogs\/diaspidi\/Fioriniaexterna.htm<\/a><\/p>\n

\n
Responsible Party:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n

Pest Rating: \u00a0A<\/strong><\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating for Fiorinia externa Ferris:\u00a0 Elongate Hemlock Scale Hemiptera:\u00a0 Diaspididae Pest Rating: \u00a0A PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: Fiorinia externa is often intercepted by CDFA and presently has a temporary rating of \u201cQ\u201d.\u00a0 A pest rating proposal is required to determine a permanent pest rating. History & Status: Background:\u00a0 Fiorinia externa is an … Continue reading Fiorinia externa Ferris: Elongate Hemlock Scale<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[18,5],"tags":[424,423,175,52],"class_list":["post-2717","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hemiptera","category-entomology","tag-elongate-hemlock-scale","tag-fiorina-externa","tag-hemiptera-diaspididae","tag-insects-and-mites"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-HP","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":9346,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=9346","url_meta":{"origin":2717,"position":0},"title":"Fiorinia japonica Kuwana: coniferous fiorinia scale","author":"Kyle Beucke","date":"December 15, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating Profile for Fiorinia japonica Kuwana: coniferous fiorinia scalePest Rating: B download pest rating Profile *NOTE You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. 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