{"id":270,"date":"2015-03-16T01:15:36","date_gmt":"2015-03-16T08:15:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=270"},"modified":"2022-04-29T15:21:11","modified_gmt":"2022-04-29T22:21:11","slug":"chrysanthemoides-monilifera-bitou-bush","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=270","title":{"rendered":"Chrysanthemoides monilifera: Bitou bush"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating for<\/h5>\n
Chrysanthemoides monilifera<\/em>: Bitou bush<\/h5>\n
Asterales: Asteraceae<\/h5>\n
Pest\u00a0Rating: A \u00a0| \u00a0Proposed Seed Rating: R<\/h5>\n
\n
PEST RATING PROFILE<\/h5>\n
Initiating Event:<\/h5>\n

This plant has been recently discovered spreading from a single population in Orange County.<\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/h5>\n

Background:<\/strong> <\/span>\u00a0Bitou bush is a small shrub (to 2 meters) native the Cape Region of South Africa. It is a semi-succulent plant with ascending candelabra-like branches and elliptical leaves without a petiole about 80 mm long. The flowers heads are borne in summer through fall. The ray flowers and disk flowers are bright yellow. Although it most likely arrived in CA as a garden plant, it is no longer available in the trade (except rarely as seed). Its distribution is limited by cold, as it is intolerant of frost.<\/p>\n

Official Control:<\/strong><\/span> Bitou bush has not been subject to official control.<\/p>\n

California Distribution:<\/strong><\/span> \u00a0Known from 3 historic populations in Orange and San Diego Counties. These most likely are or were persisting from cultivation.<\/p>\n

California Interceptions:<\/strong><\/span> \u00a0None.<\/p>\n

United States:<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Bitou bush has been reported from California only.<\/p>\n

International:<\/strong><\/span> \u00a0Bitou bush is native to South Africa. It is reported as naturalized and as an environmental weed in Australia and New Zealand where millions of dollars have been spent on control efforts.<\/p>\n

This risk Bitou bush would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:<\/h5>\n

1) \u00a0Climate\/Host Interaction:<\/span><\/strong> The plant has had at least 3 introductions in CA. One of these populations is beginning to spread. It is very invasive in eastern Australia in areas with a similar climate to parts of California. Therefore Bitou bush receives a High (3)<\/strong> <\/span>in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:<\/p>\n

\u2013 Low (1)<\/strong> Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.
\n\u2013 Medium (2)<\/strong> may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.
\n\u2013 High (3)<\/strong> likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/span><\/p>\n

2) \u00a0Host Range:<\/span><\/strong> \u00a0Risk is High (3)<\/strong> as weeds do not require any one host, but grow wherever ecological conditions are favorable.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

\u2013 Low (1)<\/strong> has a very limited host range.
\n\u2013 Medium (2)<\/strong> has a moderate host range.
\n\u2013 High (3)<\/strong> has a wide host range.<\/span><\/p>\n

3) \u00a0Pest Dispersal Potential:<\/span><\/strong> \u00a0Bitou bush produces via numerous achenes (\u201cseeds\u201d) that are enclosed in a fleshy fruit dispersed by birds. Bird dispersal is an efficient means of plants establishing new populations. The seed bank is moderately persistent. Known populations have not spread until recently. Bitou bush receives a Medium (2)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

\u2013 Low (1)<\/strong> does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.
\n\u2013 Medium (2)<\/strong> has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/span>
\n\u2013 High (3)<\/strong> has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

4) \u00a0Economic Impact:<\/span><\/strong> \u00a0Bitou bush does not persist well in grazed areas due to browsing and trampling. Bitou bush receives a Low (1)<\/strong> <\/span>in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:<\/p>\n

A. \u00a0 The pest could lower crop yield.
\nB. \u00a0 The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).
\nC. \u00a0 The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).
\nD. \u00a0 The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.
\nE. \u00a0 The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.
\nF. \u00a0 The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.
\nG. \u00a0 The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

\u2013 Low (1)<\/strong> causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.<\/span>
\n\u2013 Medium (2)<\/strong> causes 2 of these impacts.
\n\u2013 High (3)<\/strong> causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/p>\n

5) \u00a0Environmental Impact:<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0 Chrysanthemoides monilifera<\/em> out competes native vegetation in coastal environments in Australia and New Zealand, and invasion can lead to a decline in both floral and faunal diversity, changing ecosystem composition. It changes ecosystem processes by altering nutrient cycling, particularly nitrogen cycling, at the expense of native species and creating heavy shade in normally high light areas. It is considered a \u201cweed of national significance\u201d in Australia and has replaced entire stands of native species. This species is tolerant of saline conditions near coastal areas. In addition, it can create a favorable environment for other invasive weeds. Rare taxa that might be affected include strand species such as Laguna Beach dudleya (Dudleya stolonifera<\/em>) and sagebrush scrub species such as California gnatcatcher (Polioptila californica<\/em>). Because it forms dense patches, it could interfere with recreation along the coast and invade expensive coastal properties requiring control. Bitou bush receives a High (3)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

A.<\/strong> \u00a0 The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/span>
\nB. \u00a0 The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.
\nC.<\/strong> \u00a0 The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/span>
\n D.<\/strong> \u00a0 The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/span>
\nE. \u00a0 The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/p>\n

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:<\/p>\n

\u2013 Low (1)<\/strong> causes none of the above to occur.
\n\u2013 Medium (2)<\/strong> causes one of the above to occur.
\n\u2013 High (3)<\/strong> causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Bitou bush: Medium (12)<\/h5>\n

Add up the total score and include it here.<\/p>\n

\u2013 \u00a0Low<\/strong> = 5-8 points
\n\u2013 \u00a0Medium<\/strong> = 9-12 points<\/span>
\n\u2013 \u00a0High<\/strong> = 13-15 points<\/p>\n

6) \u00a0Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information:<\/span><\/strong> \u00a0Bitou bush is very local in CA. It receives a Low (-1)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.<\/p>\n

\u2013 \u00a0Not established (0)<\/strong> Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.
\n\u2013 \u00a0Low (-1)<\/strong> Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).<\/span>
\n\u2013 \u00a0Medium (-2)<\/strong> Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.
\n\u2013 \u00a0High (-3)<\/strong> Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: Medium (11)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Uncertainty:<\/h5>\n

As Bitou bush has invaded Australia and is beginning to spread in CA, uncertainty is low.<\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification:<\/h5>\n

A potentially bad weed in CA. \u00a0Bitou bush merits an \u201cA\u201d rating to prevent its further spread in California. It has a low risk as a potential seed contaminant, so it should be restricted in seed for planting.<\/p>\n

References:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Adamson, R. S. & T. M. Salter 1950. Flora of the Cape Peninsula. Juta & Co. Cape Town.<\/p>\n

Baldwin, B. G., D. H. Goldman, D. J. Keil, R. Patterson, T. J. Rosatti, & D. H. Wilken, editors. 2012. The Jepson manual: vascular plants of California, second edition. University of California Press, Berkeley.<\/p>\n

Bond, P. & P. Goldblatt 1984. Plants of the Cape Flora: A descriptive catalogue. National Botanic Gardens of South Africa, Kirstenbosch.<\/p>\n

Consortium of California Herbaria accessed 1\/21\/2015: ucjeps.berkeley.edu\/consortium\/<\/p>\n

Coutts-Smith, A. J., & P. O. Downey. 2006. Impact of weeds on threatened biodiversity in NSW. CRC for Australian Weed Management, Adelaide, Australia.<\/p>\n

Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+. Flora of North America North of Mexico. 16+ vols. New York and Oxford.<\/p>\n

Grice, A. C., S. Campbell, R. Breaden, F. Bebawi, & W. Vogler. 2008. Habitat management guide-Rangelands: Ecological principles for the strategic management of weeds in rangeland habitats. CRC for Australian Weed Management, Adelaide, Australia.<\/p>\n

Lindsay, E. A., & K. French. 2005. Litterfall and nitrogen cycling following invasion by Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata in coastal Australia. Journal of Applied Ecology 42: 556-566.<\/p>\n

USDA Weed Risk Assessment of Chrysanthmoides monilifera accessed 1\/21\/2015: http:\/\/www.aphis.usda.gov\/plant_health\/plant_pest_info\/weeds\/downloads\/wra\/Chrysanthemoides_monilifera_WRA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

Responsible Party:<\/h5>\n

Dean G. Kelch, Primary Botanist; California Department of Food and Agriculture; 1220 N Street,\u00a0Sacramento, CA 95814; Tel. (916) 654-0312; plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n

Pest\u00a0Rating: A \u00a0| \u00a0Proposed Seed Rating: R<\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating for Chrysanthemoides monilifera: Bitou bush Asterales: Asteraceae Pest\u00a0Rating: A \u00a0| \u00a0Proposed Seed Rating: R PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: This plant has been recently discovered spreading from a single population in Orange County. History & Status: Background: \u00a0Bitou bush is a small shrub (to 2 meters) native the Cape Region of South … Continue reading Chrysanthemoides monilifera: Bitou bush<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[7],"tags":[77,76,33,75],"class_list":["post-270","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-plants","tag-asteraceae","tag-asterales","tag-bitou-bush","tag-chrysanthemoides-monilifera"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":false,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-4m","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":5489,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=5489","url_meta":{"origin":270,"position":0},"title":"A Seed Bug | Ochrimnus mimulus (Stal)","author":"Kyle Beucke","date":"June 21, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Ochrimnus mimulus (St\u00e5l): A Seed Bug Hemiptera: Lygaeidae Pest Rating: A \u00a0 PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: Ochrimnus mimulus is currently Q-rated.\u00a0 A permanent pest rating proposal is required to support an official pest rating. History & Status: Background: \u00a0Adult Ochrimnus mimulus measure 5-6 mm in\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "A-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"A-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=669"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":6122,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=6122","url_meta":{"origin":270,"position":1},"title":"Youngia japonica (L.) DC. (Japanese hawkweed)","author":"Karen Olmstead","date":"May 22, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating Profile for Youngia japonica (L.) DC. (Japanese hawkweed)Synonym: Crepis japonica (L.) Benth.Family: AsteraceaePest Rating: B | Proposed Seed Rating: R Download pest rating profile Author: Karen Olmstead, Environmental Scientist; California Department of Food and Agriculture; 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA 95814; Tel. (916) 403-6879; plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov Responsible Party:\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "B-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"B-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=670"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2781,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2781","url_meta":{"origin":270,"position":2},"title":"Gymnocoronis spilanthoides | Senegal tea plant","author":"Raj Randhawa","date":"November 2, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Family: Asteraceae Gymnocoronis spilanthoides \u2013 Senegal tea plant Synonym- Alomia splanthoides (D. Don ex Hook & Arnott) Pest Rating: A | \u00a0Proposed\u00a0Seed Rating: P PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: This plant was recently intercepted by a county dog team in a USPS shipment from Arizona. The\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Weeds"","block_context":{"text":"Weeds","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=7"},"img":{"alt_text":"5399455-SenegalTeaPlant-by-Robert-VidekiDoronicumKft-Bugwood","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/5399455-SenegalTeaPlant-by-Robert-VidekiDoronicumKft-Bugwood-200x300.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":3825,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=3825","url_meta":{"origin":270,"position":3},"title":"Orange Hawkweed | Hieracium aurantiacum","author":"Javaid Iqbal","date":"July 6, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Hieracium aurantiacum:\u00a0 Orange hawkweed Family : Asteraceae Pest Rating : B | \u00a0Proposed\u00a0Seed Rating: P PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: Orange hawkweed had no previous pest rating, it has been reported in Nevada, Siskiyou, and Mono counties.\u00a0A pest rating proposal is required to determine a permanent\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Weeds"","block_context":{"text":"Weeds","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=7"},"img":{"alt_text":"Orange Hawkweed, photo by Becca MacDonald, Sault College, bugwood.org","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/web5516326-OrangeHawkweed-byBeccaMacDonald-SaultCollege-bugwood-1024x751.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":5807,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=5807","url_meta":{"origin":270,"position":4},"title":"desert knapweed: Volutaria tubuliflora","author":"Dean Kelch","date":"September 25, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Desert knapweed: Volutaria tubuliflora (Murb.) Sennen Family: Asteraceae Pest Rating: A |\u00a0Seed Rating: R \u00a0 PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: This plant has been rated as \u201cQ\u201d on the CDFA Plant Pest Rating list for 2 years.\u00a0 History & Status: The genus Volutaria comprises plants in\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "A-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"A-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=669"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2978,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2978","url_meta":{"origin":270,"position":5},"title":"False Yellowhead | Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter","author":"Dean Kelch","date":"December 1, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for False Yellowhead | Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter Asteridae: Asteraceae Pest Rating: A \u00a0| \u00a0 Proposed\u00a0Seed Rating: P PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: False yellowhead (Dittrichia viscosa) has been rated as \u201cQ\u201d on the CDFA Plant Pest Rating since 2014. This plant is on the \u201cAlert list\u201d\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Weeds"","block_context":{"text":"Weeds","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=7"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/270","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=270"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/270\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10147,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/270\/revisions\/10147"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=270"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=270"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=270"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}