{"id":2425,"date":"2016-08-10T10:42:21","date_gmt":"2016-08-10T17:42:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2425"},"modified":"2024-04-26T11:04:06","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T18:04:06","slug":"pseudocercospora-smilacicola-u-braun-2014","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2425","title":{"rendered":"Pseudocercospora smilacicola U. Braun, 2014"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating for<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pseudocercospora smilacicola <\/em><\/strong>U. Braun, 2014<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pest Rating:\u00a0B<\/strong><\/h5>\n
\n
PEST RATING PROFILE<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Initiating Event: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

On July 21, 2016, a shipment of lance leaf greenbrier (Smilax<\/em> sp.) plants from Texas, destined to a wholesale plant company in Santa Barbara, was intercepted by the Santa Barbara County officials.\u00a0 Diseased plants exhibiting leaf spot symptoms were collected and sent the CDFA Plant Pathology Laboratory for disease diagnosis.\u00a0 The fungal pathogen, Pseudocercospora smilacicola<\/em>, was identified as the cause for the leaf spots, by Cheryl Blomquist, CDFA plant pathologist.\u00a0 This pathogen was also detected on March 23, 2016 and September 30, 2015, from Smilax<\/em> sp. plant shipments that had originated in Texas and were destined for wholesale plant companies in Santa Barbara and Riverside Counties respectively.\u00a0 The pathogen was given a temporary Q rating.\u00a0 The risk of infestation of P. smilacicola <\/em>in California is evaluated and a permanent rating is herein proposed.<\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background:<\/u>\u00a0<\/strong> Pseudocercospora smilacicola<\/em> is a fungal plant pathogen that belongs to a larger group of Cercospora<\/em>-like fungi most of which cause leaf spot symptoms in host plants. The pathogen has previously been referred to as Ceracospora petersii<\/em> and C. (or Pseudocercospora<\/em>) mississippiensis<\/em>, which are synonym species of Exosporium petersii<\/em> which is morphologically distinguished from P. smilacicola<\/em> (Braun et al.,<\/em> 2014; Farr & Rossman, 2016).\u00a0 However, Braun et al.,<\/em> (2014) reported that Pseudocercospora mississippiensis<\/em> on Smilax riparia<\/em> from Korea is morphologically indistinguishable from the Cuban and North American collections of P. smilacicola<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Disease cycle:<\/u><\/strong> Infected plants produce conidiophores (specialized hypha) that arise from the plant surface in clusters through stomata and form conidia (asexual spores) successively.\u00a0 Conidia are easily detached and blown by wind often over long distances.\u00a0 On landing on surfaces of a plant host, conidia require water or heavy dew to germinate and penetrate the host.\u00a0 Substomatal stroma (compact mycelial structure) may form from which conidiophores develop.\u00a0 Development of the pathogen is favored by high temperatures and the disease is most destructive during summer months and warmer climates.\u00a0 High relative humidity is necessary for conidial germination and plant infection.\u00a0 The pathogen can overwinter in or on seed and as mycelium (stromata) in old infected leaves (Agrios, 2005). \u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Dispersal and spread<\/em>:<\/strong> air-currents, infected nursery plants, infected leaves, seeds.<\/p>\n

Hosts:<\/em><\/strong> Smilax auriculata<\/em> (earleaf greenbrier), S. laurifolia<\/em> (laurel greenbrier), S. pseudochina<\/em> (bamboo vine), S. riparia, S. rotundifolia<\/em> (roundleaf greenbrier), Smilax<\/em> sp. (Braun et al<\/em>., 2014).<\/p>\n

Symptoms<\/em>:<\/strong> \u00a0Infected host plants exhibit leaf spots on both leaf surfaces and are sub-circular to angular or irregular, 1-10 mm in diameter, initially pale then turn dark brown and later develop a paler center, brownish to greyish brown, occasionally somewhat zonate with darker brown to black margin.\u00a0 Lesions or spots may be slightly raised and occasionally surrounded by a diffuse lighter halo (Braun et al.,<\/em> 2014).<\/p>\n

Damage Potential:<\/strong> <\/em>Specific losses due to Pseudocercospora smilacicola<\/em> have not been reported.\u00a0 Photosynthetic area can be reduced due to leaf spotting.\u00a0 In severe infections, leaf wilt and drop may be expected.\u00a0 However, damage potential due to this pathogen is likely to be similar to other Cercospora<\/em> diseases which is usually low (Agrios, 2005).\u00a0 In California, Smilax californica<\/em> and S. jamesii<\/em> grow indigenously in the northern mountain and valley regions (Calflora, 2016).\u00a0 Smilax<\/em> sp. vines and foliage are used in floral decorations and therefore, diseased plants could be of concern to greenbrier floral\/ornamental production nurseries.<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong> Asia: Japan, Korea; North America: USA, Cuba. (Braun et al<\/em>., 2014).\u00a0 In the USA, Pseudocercospora smilacicola<\/em> has been found in Georgia, Florida, Louisiana Mississippi, and Pennsylvania (Braun et al., <\/em>2014).<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/u>:<\/strong> None reported.<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong> Pseudocercospora smilacicola<\/em> has not been reported from California.\u00a0 The pathogen is not known to be established in California.<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/u>:<\/strong>\u00a0 Pseudocercospora smilacicola<\/em> was detected shipments of Smilax<\/em> sp. plants intercepted thrice from September 2015 to July 2016 (see \u2018Initiating Event\u2019).<\/p>\n

The risk Pseudocercospora smilacicola<\/em> would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h5>\n

1) Climate\/Host Interaction<\/span>:<\/strong> Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/p>\n

Risk is Medium (2): <\/em><\/strong>In California, host plants<\/em> (Smilax spp<\/em>.)<\/span> grow indigenously in warm and humid conditions in northern mountain and valley regions.\u00a0 If introduced, the pathogen could establish in those limited areas.\u00a0<\/span> <\/em>\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

2) Known Pest Host Range<\/span>:<\/strong> Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> has a very limited host range.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.<\/p>\n

– High (3) has a wide host range.<\/p>\n

Risk is Low (1):\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>The host range for <\/em>Pseudocercospora smilacicola is limited to <\/em>Smilax spp.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

3) Pest Dispersal Potential<\/span>:<\/strong> Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is High (3): \u00a0<\/em><\/strong>Pseudocercospora smilacicola has high reproductive potential resulting in the successive production of conidia which are dependent on air currents and infected plants and seed for dispersal and spread.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

4) Economic Impact<\/span>:<\/strong> Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:<\/p>\n

A. The pest could lower crop yield.<\/p>\n

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).<\/p>\n

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).<\/p>\n

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.<\/p>\n

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/p>\n

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/p>\n

Risk is Low (1):\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>Infected host plants with leaf spot symptoms could lower value of nursery-produced <\/em>Smilax plants used in floral\/ornamental decorations.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

5) Environmental Impact<\/span>:<\/strong> Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/p>\n

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/p>\n

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/p>\n

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/p>\n

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/p>\n

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is High <\/em><\/strong>(3): \u00a0<\/em><\/strong>Two plant species, namely, <\/em>Smilax californica and <\/em>S. jamesii, are native to California and grow under warm, humid conditions in northern mountain and valley regions of the State.\u00a0 The plants grow as under story plants in pine and mixed evergreen forest communities and provide food for wild animals and birds. Climate conditions may be conducive for the development of the pathogen if introduced.\u00a0 In severe infections, available food could be reduced for wildlife.\u00a0 <\/em>Smilax jamesii is included in the California Native Plant Society Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants on List 1B.3 7th<\/sup>\/8th<\/sup> edition.\u00a0 Also, the pathogen could significantly impact nursery production of ornamental greenbrier foliage and vines. <\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Pseudocercospora smilacicola<\/em>:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Add up the total score and include it here. (Score)<\/p>\n

-Low = 5-8 points<\/p>\n

–Medium<\/strong> = 9-12 points<\/span><\/p>\n

-High = 13-15 points<\/p>\n

Total points obtained on evaluation of consequences of introduction to California =\u00a010<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information<\/span>:<\/strong> Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included. (Score)<\/p>\n

–Not established (0)<\/strong> Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/span><\/p>\n

-Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).<\/p>\n

-Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

-High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

Evaluation is not established (0):\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>Pseudocercospora smilacicola is not established in California and has only detected in intercepted plant shipments to the State.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

7) The final score is<\/strong> the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: (Score)<\/p>\n

Final Score: <\/em><\/strong><\/span>\u00a0Score of Consequences of Introduction \u2013 Score of Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information =\u00a010<\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Uncertainty: \u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

None.<\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Based on the evidence provided above the proposed rating for Pseudocercospora smilacicola<\/em> is B.<\/strong><\/p>\n

References:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

A<\/strong>grios, G. N.\u00a0 2005.\u00a0 Plant Pathology (Fifth Edition).\u00a0 Elsevier Academic Press, USA.\u00a0 922 p.<\/p>\n

Braun, U., Crous, P.W., and Nakashima, C.<\/strong> 2014. Cercosporoid fungi (Mycosphaerellaceae<\/em><\/strong>) 2. Species on monocots (Acoraceae<\/em><\/strong> to Xyridaceae<\/em><\/strong>,<\/strong> excluding Poaceae<\/em><\/strong>). IMA Fungus 5: 203-390.<\/p>\n

C<\/strong>alflora.\u00a0 2016.\u00a0 Information on California plants for education, research and conservation. [Web application].\u00a0 Berkeley, California: The Calflora Database [a non-profit organization]. http:\/\/www.calflora.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n

F<\/strong>arr, D.F., & A. Y. Rossman. \u00a02016.\u00a0 Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. \u00a0Retrieved August 1, 2016, from http:\/\/nt.ars-grin.gov\/fungaldatabases\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\n
Responsible Party:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

John J. Chitambar, Primary Plant Pathologist\/Nematologist, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832. Phone: 916-262-1110, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n
Comment Format:<\/h5>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s)\u00a0being commented on, as shown below.<\/p>\n

Example Comment<\/span>:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction: \u00a01. Climate\/Host Interaction:\u00a0[Your comment that relates to \u201cClimate\/Host Interaction\u201d here.<\/em>]<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may not be posted if they:<\/p>\n

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to\u00a0the pest rating proposal;<\/p>\n

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic,\u00a0sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal\u00a0material;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms\u00a0of discrimination;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the\u00a0website to be viewed, not just submitted.<\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0Pest Rating: B<\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating for Pseudocercospora smilacicola U. Braun, 2014 Pest Rating:\u00a0B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: On July 21, 2016, a shipment of lance leaf greenbrier (Smilax sp.) plants from Texas, destined to a wholesale plant company in Santa Barbara, was intercepted by the Santa Barbara County officials.\u00a0 Diseased plants exhibiting leaf spot symptoms were … Continue reading Pseudocercospora smilacicola U. Braun, 2014<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1117,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[8,4],"tags":[156,45,386],"class_list":["post-2425","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fungi","category-plant-pathology","tag-fungus","tag-plant-pathogen","tag-pseudocercospora-smilacicola"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-D7","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":5128,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=5128","url_meta":{"origin":2425,"position":0},"title":"Pseudocercospora theae","author":"Admin","date":"April 6, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Pseudocercospora theae (Cavara) Deighton 1987 Pest Rating: C \u00a0 PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event:\u00a0 On March 6, 2018, the USDA APHIS PPQ requested State Regulatory Officials to review PPQ\u2019s consideration of deregulation of the pathogen, Pseudocercospora theae at US ports of entry.\u00a0 A \u2018Deregulation evaluation of\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "C-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"C-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=671"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2764,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2764","url_meta":{"origin":2425,"position":1},"title":"Pseudocercospora myrticola (Speg.) 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History & Status: Background:\u00a0 Pseudocercospora myrticola is a fungal plant pathogen that belongs to\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Fungi"","block_context":{"text":"Fungi","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2963,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2963","url_meta":{"origin":2425,"position":2},"title":"Pseudocercospora purpurea (Cooke) Deighton 1976","author":"Admin","date":"November 30, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Pseudocercospora purpurea (Cooke) Deighton 1976 Pest Rating: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: On November 17, 2016, USDA APHIS PPQ inquired if CDFA had conducted a pest risk assessment of the fungal pathogen, Pseudocercospora purpurea on avocados in California.\u00a0 Subsequently, the risk of infestation of P.\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Fungi"","block_context":{"text":"Fungi","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":8734,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=8734","url_meta":{"origin":2425,"position":3},"title":"Pseudocercospora fuligena (Roldan) Deighton 1976 Black leaf mold","author":"Heather.Martin","date":"August 10, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Pseudocercospora fuligena (Roldan) Deighton 1976 Black leaf moldPest Rating: A DOWNLOAD PEST RATING *NOTE You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. 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Posted by ta","rel":"","context":"In "A-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"A-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=669"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":5779,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=5779","url_meta":{"origin":2425,"position":4},"title":"Cercospora insulana Sacc. 1915","author":"Admin","date":"September 13, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Cercospora insulana Sacc. 1915 Pest Rating: C PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event:\u00a0 On May 11, 2018 a postal shipment of statice dried flowers showing symptoms of leaf spots was intercepted by the CDFA at a Federal Express (FedEx) office.\u00a0 The shipment was destined to a private\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "C-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"C-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=671"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2975,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2975","url_meta":{"origin":2425,"position":5},"title":"Coleophoma empetri (Rostr,) Petr. 1929","author":"Admin","date":"December 1, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Coleophoma empetri (Rostr,) Petr. 1929 Pest Rating: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: On April 27, 2016 a mail shipment containing cut foliage of Galax sp. was intercepted by the Santa Barbara County Dog Team, at the FedEx Service Center in Goleta, Santa Barbara County.\u00a0 The\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Fungi"","block_context":{"text":"Fungi","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2425","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1117"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2425"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2425\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10538,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2425\/revisions\/10538"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2425"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2425"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2425"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}