{"id":2385,"date":"2016-08-04T12:40:52","date_gmt":"2016-08-04T19:40:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2385"},"modified":"2022-05-16T10:12:36","modified_gmt":"2022-05-16T17:12:36","slug":"tuta-absoluta-meyrick-tomato-leafminer","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2385","title":{"rendered":"Tuta absoluta (Meyrick): Tomato Leafminer"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"tomato-leafminer-5431766-photo-by-Marja-van-der-Straten-bugwood\"<\/a>
\nCalifornia Pest Rating for<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Tuta absoluta<\/em><\/strong> (Meyrick): Tomato Leafminer<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pest Rating: \u00a0A<\/strong><\/h5>\n
\n
PEST RATING PROFILE<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Initiating Event: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

A pest rating proposal is required to determine a permanent pest rating for Tuta absoluta<\/em> (tomato leafminer).<\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background<\/u><\/strong>:\u00a0 Tuta absoluta<\/em> is a moth that feeds on the leaves and fruit of solanaceous plants.\u00a0 Known hosts include: Solanaceae:<\/strong> Capsicum annuum<\/em> (pepper), Datura ferox<\/em> (long spined thorn apple), Datura stramonium<\/em> (Jimson weed), Lycium chilense<\/em> (coralillo), Lycopersicum puberulum<\/em>, Nicotiana glauca<\/em> (tree tobacco), Nicotiana tabacum<\/em> (tobacco), Phaseolus vulgaris<\/em> (common bean), Physalis angulata<\/em> (gooseberry), Physalis peruviana<\/em> (cape gooseberry), Solanum americanum<\/em> (American black nightshade), Solanum bonariense<\/em>, Solanum elaeagnifolium<\/em> (silverleaf nightshade), Solanum gracilius<\/em>, Solanum hirtum<\/em>, Solanum lycopersicum<\/em> (tomato), Solanum muricatum<\/em> (sweet cucumber), Solanum nigrum<\/em> (black nightshade), Solanum melongena<\/em> (eggplant), Solanum pseudo-capsicum<\/em> (Jerusalem cherry), Solanum sisymbriifolium<\/em> (sticky nightshade), Solanum tuberosum<\/em> (potato)1<\/sup>.\u00a0 Eggs are laid on all above ground parts of host plants1<\/sup>.\u00a0 Young larvae mine leaves, stems, shoots, flowers, and developing fruit1<\/sup>.\u00a0 Later instars may feed on mature fruit1<\/sup>.\u00a0 Pupae can be found attached to all plant parts (leaves, stems, flowers, fruit) as well as in soil1<\/sup>.\u00a0 Tuta absoluta<\/em> can be transported long distances when infested plants, fruit, or reusable packing boxes are moved1<\/sup>.\u00a0 Significant quantities of fresh host material from infested areas enters California by air through Los Angeles each year.\u00a0 In 2008 570 tons of fresh tomatoes were flown into Los Angeles from the Netherlands as were 14 tons from Spain and 6 tons from Chile1<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong> Tuta absoluta<\/em> is native to South America1<\/sup>.\u00a0 Since 2008 it has invaded much of Europe, northern Africa, and the Middle East1<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/u><\/strong>: Tuta absoluta<\/em> is also listed as a harmful organism by Canada, Guatemala, Honduras, Japan, Georgia and the Russian Federation3<\/sup>.\u00a0 It is also under official control in Mexico4<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong>\u00a0 Tuta absoluta<\/em> has never been found in California.<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/u>:<\/strong>\u00a0 Tuta absoluta<\/em> has never been intercepted by CDFA.<\/p>\n

The risk Tuta absoluta<\/em> (tomato leafminer) would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h5>\n

1) Climate\/Host Interaction:<\/strong> Tuta absoluta<\/em> is likely to establish throughout southern California, the central coast, and the San Joaquin valley. It receives a High (3)<\/strong> <\/span>in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.\u00a0 Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/span><\/p>\n

2) Known Pest Host Range<\/span>:<\/strong> Tuta absoluta<\/em> is known to feed on 22 species of plants in one plant family.\u00a0 It receives a Medium (2)<\/strong> <\/span>in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> has a very limited host range.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> has a moderate host range.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has a wide host range.<\/p>\n

3) Pest Dispersal Potential<\/span>:<\/strong> Tuta absoluta<\/em> has high reproductive potential.\u00a0 It can complete 7-12 generations per year with each female laying up to 260 eggs1<\/sup>.\u00a0 The moth can rapidly spread long distances when infested plants, fruit, or packing containers are moved.\u00a0 It receives a High (3)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

4) Economic Impact<\/span>:<\/strong> Tuta absoluta<\/em> reduces tomato yields by up to 100% and is considered one of the worst pests of processing tomatoes in Brazil1<\/sup>.\u00a0 This moth has the potential to lower crop yields and increase production costs in California.\u00a0 If Tuta absoluta<\/em> were to establish in California it is also likely to disrupt markets for California fresh fruit and plants.\u00a0 Tuta absoluta<\/em> receives a High (3)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:<\/p>\n

A<\/strong>. \u00a0The pest could lower crop yield.<\/span><\/p>\n

B<\/strong>. \u00a0The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).<\/span><\/p>\n

C<\/strong>. \u00a0The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).<\/span><\/p>\n

D. \u00a0The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.<\/p>\n

E. \u00a0The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/p>\n

F. \u00a0The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G. \u00a0The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes 2 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

5) Environmental Impact<\/span>:<\/strong> If Tuta absoluta<\/em> were to establish in California it is likely to trigger new treatment programs by growers and residents who find infested plants unacceptable.\u00a0 Tomatoes are one of the most popular plants in home\/urban gardens and are likely to be significantly affected by this pest.\u00a0 Tuta absoluta<\/em> receives a High (3)<\/strong> <\/span>in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

A. \u00a0The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/p>\n

B. \u00a0The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/p>\n

C. \u00a0The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/p>\n

D<\/strong>. \u00a0The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/span><\/p>\n

E<\/strong>. \u00a0The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/span><\/p>\n

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> causes none of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes one of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Tuta absoluta<\/em> (Tomato Leafminer):<\/strong>\u00a0 High (14)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Add up the total score and include it here<\/p>\n

–Low<\/strong> = 5-8 points<\/p>\n

–Medium<\/strong> = 9-12 points<\/p>\n

–High<\/strong> = 13-15 points<\/span><\/p>\n

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information:<\/strong> Tuta absoluta<\/em> has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.<\/p>\n

–Not established (0)<\/strong> Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/span><\/p>\n

–Low (-1)<\/strong> Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).<\/p>\n

–Medium (-2)<\/strong> Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

–High (-3)<\/strong> Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: High (14) <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Uncertainty: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

A closely related Gelechiid species, Keiferia lycopersicella<\/em> (the tomato pinworm) occupies the ecological niche of the tomato leafminer in the United States1,2<\/sup>.\u00a0 It is possible that existing treatments for tomato pinworm will preclude economic and ecological impacts of Tuta absoluta<\/em>.\u00a0 Alternatively, it is possible that if Tuta absoluta<\/em> were to establish in California it could displace our native moth, causing unknown ecological effects.<\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Tuta absoluta<\/em> meets the threshold to likely cause unacceptable consequences of introduction and it has an overall likelihood of introduction risk rating above negligible.\u00a0 The moth is likely to have significant economic and environmental impacts if it were to establish in California.\u00a0 An \u201cA\u201d rating is justified.<\/p>\n

References:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

1<\/sup> Bloem, Stephanie and Esther Spaltenstein. 2011. New Pest Response Guidelines: Tomato Leafminer (Tuta absoluta<\/em>).\u00a0 United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.\u00a0 https:\/\/www.aphis.usda.gov\/import_export\/plants\/manuals\/emergency\/downloads\/Tuta-absoluta.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

2<\/sup> Poe, S.L. 1999. Common name: tomato pinworm. Scientific name: Keiferia lycopersicella<\/em> (Walshingham) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).\u00a0 University of Florida Featured Creatures.\u00a0 http:\/\/entnemdept.ufl.edu\/creatures\/veg\/tomato\/tomato_pinworm.htm<\/a><\/p>\n

3<\/sup> USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD).\u00a0 https:\/\/pcit.aphis.usda.gov\/pcit\/<\/a><\/p>\n

4<\/sup> Dr. Julio Cesar Vel\u00e1zquez Gonz\u00e1lez. 2013. Operating instructions to implement the emergency device against Tuta absoluta<\/em> (Lepidoptera: Gelichiidae) in Mexico.\u00a0 Department of Plant Health Senasica.\u00a0 https:\/\/translate.google.com\/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http:\/\/senasica.gob.mx\/includes\/asp\/download.asp%3FIdDocumento%3D25489%26IdUrl%3D60944%26down%3Dtrue&prev=search<\/a><\/p>\n

\n
Responsible Party:<\/h5>\n

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n
Comment Format:<\/h5>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s)\u00a0being commented on, as shown below.<\/p>\n

Example Comment<\/span>:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction: \u00a01. Climate\/Host Interaction:\u00a0[Your comment that relates to \u201cClimate\/Host Interaction\u201d here.<\/em>]<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may not be posted if they:<\/p>\n

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to\u00a0the pest rating proposal;<\/p>\n

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic,\u00a0sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal\u00a0material;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms\u00a0of discrimination;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the\u00a0website to be viewed, not just submitted.<\/p>\n

\n

Pest Rating: \u00a0A<\/strong><\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating for Tuta absoluta (Meyrick): Tomato Leafminer Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae Pest Rating: \u00a0A PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: A pest rating proposal is required to determine a permanent pest rating for Tuta absoluta (tomato leafminer). History & Status: Background:\u00a0 Tuta absoluta is a moth that feeds on the leaves and fruit of solanaceous plants.\u00a0 … Continue reading Tuta absoluta (Meyrick): Tomato Leafminer<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[5,23],"tags":[52,287,385],"class_list":["post-2385","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-entomology","category-lepidoptera","tag-insects-and-mites","tag-lepidoptera","tag-tuta-absoluta"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-Ct","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":1954,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1954","url_meta":{"origin":2385,"position":0},"title":"Insects, Mites & Earthworms","author":"Admin","date":"May 13, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"Insects and mites are related in that their skeletons are on the outside (Phyllum: Arthropoda), but differ in that adult insects have six legs and adult mites have eight.\u00a0 Both groups can be beneficial, neutral or destructive to their environment.\u00a0 Like nematodes, they can cause yearly losses in the billions\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Ratings"","block_context":{"text":"Ratings","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=333"},"img":{"alt_text":"Insects and Mites Banner","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/insects-and-mites-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/insects-and-mites-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/insects-and-mites-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/insects-and-mites-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1644,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1644","url_meta":{"origin":2385,"position":1},"title":"Ophiomyia kwansonis Sasakawa: Daylily Leafminer","author":"Jason Leathers","date":"March 3, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Ophiomyia kwansonis Sasakawa: Daylily Leafminer Diptera: Agromyzidae Pest Rating: \u00a0B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: June 23, 2015 Dr. Martin Hauser tentatively identified an intercepted insect as Ophiomyia kwansonis.\u00a0 This is the first time this insect has been intercepted by CDFA and a pest rating proposal\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Diptera"","block_context":{"text":"Diptera","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=17"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2548,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2548","url_meta":{"origin":2385,"position":2},"title":"Allium Leafminer | Phytomyza gymnostoma Loew","author":"Jason Leathers","date":"September 21, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Phytomyza gymnostoma Loew: Allium Leafminer Diptera: Agromyzidae Pest Rating: A PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: On July 12, 2016 USDA inquired if states were interested in surveying for Phytomyza gymnostoma (Allium leafminer).\u00a0 A pest rating proposal is required to determine a permanent rating for this pest.\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Diptera"","block_context":{"text":"Diptera","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=17"},"img":{"alt_text":"Allium Leafminer","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Allium-Leafminer-by-Ag.PA_.gov-web-1024x683.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":6473,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=6473","url_meta":{"origin":2385,"position":3},"title":"Arcola malloi (Pastrana): Alligatorweed stem borer moth","author":"Kyle Beucke","date":"September 27, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Arcola malloi (Pastrana): Alligatorweed stem borer moth Lepidoptera: PyralidaePest Rating: D download pest rating *NOTE: You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov. Posted by ka","rel":"","context":"In "D-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"D-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=673"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":8123,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=8123","url_meta":{"origin":2385,"position":4},"title":"Choreutis cf. emplecta (Turner): a moth","author":"Kyle Beucke","date":"February 19, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Choreutis cf. emplecta (Turner): a mothPest Rating: C DOWNLOAD PEST RATING *NOTE You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. Posted by tn","rel":"","context":"In "C-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"C-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=671"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":8885,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=8885","url_meta":{"origin":2385,"position":5},"title":"Cydalima perspectalis (Walker): box tree moth","author":"Kyle Beucke","date":"September 7, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Cydalima perspectalis (Walker): box tree mothPest Rating: A download pest rating *NOTE You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. 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