{"id":2376,"date":"2016-08-03T15:53:00","date_gmt":"2016-08-03T22:53:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2376"},"modified":"2024-08-22T15:29:09","modified_gmt":"2024-08-22T22:29:09","slug":"meloidogyne-enterolobii-yang-and-eisenback-1983","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2376","title":{"rendered":"Meloidogyne enterolobii Yang and Eisenback, 1983."},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating Profile for<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Meloidogyne enterolobii<\/em><\/strong> Yang and Eisenback, 1983.<\/strong><\/h5>\n
(A Root knot Nematode)<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pest Rating: <\/strong>A<\/h5>\n
\n
PEST RATING PROFILE*<\/strong><\/h5>\n

*Revised August 22, 2024<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Initiating Event: \u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

None.<\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background<\/u><\/strong>: Meloidogyne enterolobii<\/em>\u00a0is considered one of the most important root-knot nematode species because of its ability to overcome resistance in important crops carrying genes of resistance to the main\u00a0Meloidogyne<\/em>\u00a0spp. thereby causing a substantial reduction in crop yields. Meloidogyne enterolobii<\/em>\u00a0was first discovered parasitizing roots of the pacara earpod tree,\u00a0Enterolobium contortisiliquum<\/em>\u00a0in China in 1983 (Yang & Eisenback, 1983). The nematode species was later described from other regions in China, mainly on guava,\u00a0Psidium guajava<\/em>. Taxonomically,\u00a0M. enterolobii\u00a0<\/em>is a senior synonym of\u00a0M. mayaguensis\u00a0<\/em>that was originally described from Puerto Rico parasitizing eggplant (Solanum melongena<\/em>) roots (Xu\u00a0et al.<\/em>, 2004; Tigano\u00a0et al.<\/em>, 2010). \u00a0Meloidogyne enterolobii<\/em>\u00a0belongs to the family Meloidogynidae in the order Tylenchida.<\/p>\n

In 2023\/2024, CDFA\u2019s Pest Detection Emergency Projects branch and the Merced County Agricultural Commissioner\u2019s Office conducted a multi-county detection survey in commercial sweet potato fields. Samples were taken from fields just prior to harvest, just after harvest, or from nursery blocks in Merced, Kern, and Stanislaus counties. Samples of sweet potato roots and associated rhizosphere soil were sent to CDFA\u2019s Pest Diagnostics Center at Meadowview. Nematode extraction and identification was done by State Nematologists K. Dong and S. Subbotin.<\/p>\n

A total of 375 samples were collected. The samples were examined for all plant pathogenic nematodes and the results were as follows: 115 samples were positive for Meloidogyne incognita<\/em>, the Southern root-knot nematode, and 260 samples were negative for all pathogenic nematodes. There were no detections of Meloidogyne enterolobii <\/em>(CDFA PDR Database, 2024).<\/p>\n

Life Cycle<\/strong>: Meloidogyne enterolobii <\/em>is a root knot nematode species with a life cycle and feeding behavior similar to other root knot nematode species.\u00a0 It is a sedentary endoparasite that feeds within host plant roots.\u00a0 Adult females embedded in host roots produce eggs within a mass either on the surface of, or within roots.\u00a0 The first stage juvenile develops within the egg and molts to develop into the second stage.\u00a0 The second-stage juveniles (J2) are the infective stage that hatch from eggs, migrate in rhizosphere soil to host roots, reinfest the roots or are attracted to other nearby host roots which are then penetrated.\u00a0 Within roots, J2 establish a specialized feeding site or giant plant cells that are formed at the head end of the nematode in response to its feeding. \u00a0The second stage juveniles become sedentary while feeding at the specialized site, increase in size and undergo two more molts and non-feeding stages before developing into mature adult females or males and completing the life cycle.\u00a0 Reproduction is by mitotic parthenogenesis.\u00a0 Generally, the life cycle for root knot nematodes may take about 30 days at 25-28\u00b0C and longer at lower temperatures.<\/p>\n

Hosts<\/strong>: <\/em>Major hosts include\u00a0Capsicum annuum<\/em>\u00a0(pepper),\u00a0Citrullus lanatus<\/em>\u00a0(watermelon),\u00a0Coffeae arabica<\/em>\u00a0(coffee),Glycine max<\/em>\u00a0(soybean),\u00a0Ipomoea batatas<\/em>\u00a0(sweet potato),\u00a0Nicotiana tabacum<\/em>\u00a0(tobacco),\u00a0Psidium guajava<\/em>\u00a0(guava),Solanum lycopersicum<\/em>\u00a0(tomato),\u00a0S. melongena<\/em>\u00a0(eggplant),\u00a0Gossypium<\/em>\u00a0sp. (cotton),\u00a0Capsicum annuum<\/em>\u00a0(bell pepper),\u00a0Apium graveolens<\/em>\u00a0(celery),\u00a0Brassica oleracea<\/em>\u00a0var. oleracea (cabbage),\u00a0Phaseolus vulgaris<\/em>\u00a0(common bean), (garden beet), (mustard), squash (all types), (sweet basil).\u00a0 Other minor hosts include\u00a0Angelonia angustifolia, Aquilaria malaccensis, Brugmansia, Enterolobium contortisiliquum, Euphorbia punicea, Hibiscus, Maranta arundinacea, Morinda citrifolia,\u00a0Morus nigra,\u00a0Ocimum basilicum, Paulownia elongata, Syzygium aromaticum, Thunbergia, Tibouchina, Solanum tuberosum<\/em>\u00a0(potato), Bidens pilosa, Lactuca sativa\u00a0<\/em>(lettuce), and\u00a0Cucumis sativus<\/em>(cucumber) (CABI, 2014; EPPO, 2014,\u00a0Paes-Takahashi et al. 2015,\u00a0Overstreet et al., 2018). \u00a0Several weed plants have also been reported as hosts for the guava root-knot nematode: American black nightshade, Bristly hawkbit, Bull nettle, Common purslane, Dichondra, Ground cherry, Hairy beggarticks, Hairy crabweed, Pokeweed, Purple nutsedge, Redroot pigweed, Sicklepod, Smooth pigweed, Spiny amaranth, three-lobed morning glory, Wild, mustard, Wild, poinsettia, and Yellow nutsedge (Overstreet et al., 2018)<\/p>\n

Symptoms<\/em><\/strong>:\u00a0 Galls are produced on the roots of infected galls.\u00a0 Galls may occur singly or coalesce to form compounded root swellings. Above-ground symptoms are general and typical of an impaired root system caused by biotic or abiotic factors.\u00a0 Visible symptoms of infection usually include unthriftiness, yellowing of leaves, wilting, defoliation, reduced growth, and even death in three years.<\/p>\n

Damage Potential<\/em><\/strong>:\u00a0 Populations of\u00a0Meloidogyne enterolobii<\/em>\u00a0are able to overcome resistance in tomato cv. Rossol, soybean cv. Forrest, and sweet potato cv. CDH in West Africa.\u00a0 Damage to coffee has been observed in Cuba where the nematode is able to reproduce on resistant tomato varieties with the\u00a0Mi\u00a0<\/em>1.2 gene. The species may occur with and is considered more damaging than the commonly distributed species,\u00a0M. incognita, M. arenaria<\/em>\u00a0, and\u00a0M. javanica<\/em>\u00a0(Brito\u00a0et al<\/em>., 2002; CABI, 2014).\u00a0 Severe damage to guava (stunted growth, reduced leaf size, and reduced yield) has been observed in South Africa and Brazil (CABI, 2014; Carneiro\u00a0et al.,<\/em>\u00a02001).<\/p>\n

Movement and Dispersal<\/strong>:\u00a0 <\/em>Infected roots, bare root propagative material, and soil debris.<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/u><\/strong>: M. enterolobii <\/em>was first reported from China (Yang & Eisenback, 1983).\u00a0\u00a0Since then it has been reported from\u00a0Asia<\/em>: Vietnam;\u00a0Africa<\/em>: Burkina Faso, Congo (Democratic Republic), Cote d\u2019Ivoire, Malawi, Senegal, South Africa, Togo; South America: Brazil, Venezuela;\u00a0Central America and Caribbean<\/em>: Cuba, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Martinique, Puerto Rico, Trinidad, Tobago;\u00a0North America<\/em>:\u00a0Mexico, USA (Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina, Louisiana);Europe<\/em>: Switzerland (Brito\u00a0et al<\/em>., 2004; CABI, 2014; EPPO, 2014; Ram\u00edrez-Su\u00e1rez\u00a0et al<\/em>., 2014; Ye\u00a0et al.,<\/em>2013, Overstreet\u00a0et al<\/em>., 2018; Rutter\u00a0et al<\/em>., 2019).<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/u><\/strong>:\u00a0Meloidogyne enterolobii<\/em>\u00a0is on the A2 list for EPPO since 2010, and on the Alert list for NAPPO since 2002 (EPPO, 2014).\u00a0\u00a0Currently, it is on the Harmful Organism list for Costa Rica and the Republic of Korea (PCIT-APHIS, 2014).\u00a0\u00a0In the USA,\u00a0Meloidogyne enterolobii<\/em>\u00a0is on the quarantine list of nematodes in Florida, and Mississippi (National Plant Board, 2019). In North Carolina, there is an internal quarantine (Wilson, 2018).<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/u><\/strong>:\u00a0 Meloidogyne enterolobii<\/em>\u00a0is not known to be present in California.<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/u><\/strong>: There have been 13 detections of\u00a0Meloidogyne enterolobii<\/em>\u00a0in incoming shipments of plants and soil to California. The origins of the shipments were China, Florida, Texas, and Puerto Rico. The hosts were Psidium<\/em> sp., Scindapsus<\/em> sp., Ochina<\/em> sp., Plectranthus amboinicus<\/em> and an unidentified genus of palm (CDFA PDR database, 2024).<\/p>\n

The risk\u00a0Meloidogyne enterlobii<\/em>\u00a0would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

1) Climate\/Host Interaction<\/span>:<\/strong> Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:<\/p>\n

-Low (1) not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas<\/p>\n

-Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is High (3).<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 California has suitable climate and hosts for <\/em>M. enterolobii.\u00a0 If introduced, the species is likely to establish a widespread distribution.\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

2) Known Pest Host Range<\/span><\/strong>: Evaluate the host range of the pest:<\/p>\n

-Low (1) has a very limited host range<\/p>\n

-Medium (2) has a moderate host range<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has a wide host range.<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is High (3).<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 M. enterolobii has a wide and diverse host range.<\/em>\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

3) Pest Dispersal Potential<\/span><\/strong>: Evaluate the dispersal potential of the pest:<\/p>\n

-Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential<\/p>\n

-Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is High (3).\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>M. enterolobii has high reproduction.\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>A single female\u00a0M. enterolobii\u00a0may produce several hundreds to over one thousand eggs in an egg mass, similar to other\u00a0Meloidogyne\u00a0species.\u00a0 Dispersal is mainly passive through the movement of infected roots and soils. The potential for spread is high.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

4)\u00a0<\/i>Economic Impact<\/span><\/strong>: Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using these criteria:<\/p>\n

A. The pest could lower crop yield.<\/p>\n

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).<\/p>\n

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines by other states or countries).<\/p>\n

D. The pest could negatively change normal production cultural practices.<\/p>\n

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/p>\n

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

-Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts<\/p>\n

-Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is High (3).\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>M. enterolobii\u00a0<\/em>is able to break resistance in important crops carrying genes of resistance to the main\u00a0Meloidogyne\u00a0spp. thereby causing substantial reduction in crop yields, crop value, loss of markets, including the likely imposition of quarantines by other states and countries against California.\u00a0 Pest management strategies may adversely affect normal cultural practices.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

5) Environmental Impact<\/span><\/strong>: Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using these criteria:<\/p>\n

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/p>\n

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/p>\n

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/p>\n

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/p>\n

E. Significantly impacting cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/p>\n

Score the pest for Environmental Impact:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is High (3).<\/em><\/strong> Several ornamental and perennial shrub plants are probable hosts of the nematode species.\u00a0 Infestations of\u00a0M. enterolobii\u00a0may lower biodiversity and disrupt natural plant communities, endanger critical habitats.\u00a0 Home gardening and ornamental plantings may also be impacted.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Common Name:<\/strong>\u00a0 Score<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Add up the total score and include it here. (Score)<\/p>\n

Low = 5-8 points<\/p>\n

Medium = 9-12 points<\/p>\n

\u00a0 High<\/strong> = 13-15 points<\/span><\/p>\n

Total points obtained on evaluation of consequences of introduction to California = 15.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information<\/span>:<\/strong> Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included. (Score)<\/p>\n

–Not established (0)<\/strong> Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/span><\/p>\n

-Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).<\/p>\n

-Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

-High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas<\/p>\n

Surveys of sweet potatoes have not made any detections of M. enterolobii.<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

Final Score: <\/em><\/strong><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Score of Consequences of Introduction \u2013 Score of Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information =<\/strong> 15.<\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Uncertainty: <\/strong>It is possible that the nematodes species may have entered the State undetected prior to 2005.\u00a0 This is largely due to the fact that prior to 2005\u00a0<\/em>Meloidogyne\u00a0spp. were not always identified, at the CDFA Nematology Laboratory, to species level when detected in samples that originated outside and within California.\u00a0 However, since 2005,\u00a0M. enterolobii\u00a0has never been detected in regulatory samples generated through CDFA\u2019s nematode control and phytosanitary certification programs or through statewide nematode surveys of host plants grown in agricultural production sites and nurseries in California.\u00a0Also,\u00a0M. enterolobii\u00a0has not been reported from California by other researchers\/nematologists.\u00a0\u00a0The status of M. enterolobii in non-cultivated and residential environments is not known.\u00a0 Those environments may serve as sources of inoculum for infestations of cultivated production sites.\u00a0 Identification to species level through DNA analysis is now essential for accurate identification of this species.\u00a0 Future detection of the species in California soils may result in alteration of its current proposed rating.<\/em><\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Based on the evidence above the proposed rating for Meloidogyne enterlobii<\/em> is A.<\/strong><\/p>\n

References:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

B<\/strong>rito, J. A., Stanley, J., Cetintas, R., Powers, T., Inserra, R., McAvoy, G., Mendes, M.L., Crow, B., and Dickson, D. 2004. Identification and host preference of\u00a0Meloidogyne mayaguensis<\/em>\u00a0and other root-knot nematodes from Florida, and their susceptibility to\u00a0Pasteuria penetrans<\/em>. Journal of Nematology 36:308-309.<\/p>\n

C<\/strong>ABI.\u00a0 2014.\u00a0\u00a0Meloidogyne mayaguensis<\/em>\u00a0full datasheet.\u00a0 Crop Protection Compendium.\u00a0\u00a0www.cabi.org\/cpc\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

E<\/strong>PPO.\u00a0 2014.\u00a0\u00a0Meloidogyne enterolobii<\/em>\u00a0(MELGMY).\u00a0 PQR database.\u00a0 Paris, France:\u00a0 European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization.\u00a0\u00a0http:\/\/newpqr.eppo.int<\/a>\u00a0.<\/p>\n

H<\/strong>an, H., Brito, J.A., and Dickson, D.W. 2012. \u00a0First report of\u00a0Meloidogyne enterolobii<\/em>\u00a0infecting\u00a0Euphorbia punicea<\/em>in Florida. Plant Disease 96 (11), p 1706.<\/p>\n

O<\/strong>verstreet, C., McGawley, E.C., Clark, C., Rezende, J., Smith, T., and Sistrunk, M. 2018. Guava root knot nematode a potentially serious new pest in Louisiana. LSU Ag Center publication.\u00a0https:\/\/msfb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/guava-root-knot-nematode-adapdf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

P<\/strong>aes-Takahashi, V. S., Soares, P. L. M., Carneiro, F. A., Ferreira, R. J., de Almeida, E. J., and dos Santos, J. M. 2015. Detection of\u00a0Meloidogyne enterolobii\u00a0<\/em>in mulberry seedlings (Morus nigra\u00a0<\/em>L.). Ci\u00eancia Rural 45(5):757-759.\u00a0\u00a0http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1590\/0103-8478cr20130350<\/a>.<\/p>\n

R<\/strong>am\u00edrez-Su\u00e1rez, A., Rosas-Hern\u00e1ndez, l., Alcasio-Rangel, S., P\u00e9rez Valenzuela, G., and Powers, T.O.\u00a0 2014.\u00a0 First report of the root-knot\u00a0Meloidogyne enterolobii<\/em>\u00a0parasitizing watermelon from Veracruz, Mexico.\u00a0 Plant Disease, 98:428.3.<\/p>\n

R<\/strong>utter, W. B., Skantar, A. M., Handoo, Z. A., Mueller, J. D., Aultman, S.P., and Agudelo, P. 2019.\u00a0Meloidogyne enterolobii<\/em>\u00a0found infecting root-knot nematode resistant sweetpotato in South Carolina, United States. Plant Disease 103:4<\/p>\n

T<\/strong>igano, M., de Siqueira, K., Castagnone-Sereno, P., Mulet, K., Queiroz, P., Dos Santos, M., Teixeira, C., Almeida, M., Silva, J., and Carneiro, R.\u00a0 2010.\u00a0 Genetic diversity of the root-knot\u00a0Meloidogyne enterolobii<\/em>\u00a0and development of a SCAR marker for this guava-damaging species.\u00a0 Plant Pathology 59:1054-1061.<\/p>\n

U<\/strong>SDA PCIT.\u00a0 2014.\u00a0 USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance and Tracking System.\u00a0 Phytosanitary Export Database.\u00a0\u00a0https:\/\/pcit.aphis.usda.gov\/PExD\/faces\/ReportHarmOrgs.jsp<\/a>\u00a0.<\/p>\n

W<\/strong>ilson, P. 2018. NCDA&CS declares an internal quarantine for all North Carolina counties for the Guava knot nematode. http:\/\/www.ncagr.gov\/paffairs\/release\/2018\/10-18guavarootknotnematode.htm<\/a><\/p>\n

X<\/strong>u, J., Liu, P., Meng, Q., and Long, H. \u00a02004. Characterization of\u00a0Meloidogyne<\/em>\u00a0species from China using isozyme, phenotypes and amplified mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism. European Journal of Plant Pathology 110:309\u201315.<\/p>\n

Y<\/strong>ang, B., and Eisenback, J. D. 1983.\u00a0Meloidogyne enterolobii<\/em>\u00a0n. sp. (Meloidogynidae), a root-knot nematode parasitizing pacara earpod tree in China. Journal of Nematology 15:381\u201391.<\/p>\n

Y<\/strong>e, W., Koenning, M, S. R., Zhuo, K. and Liao, J. L.\u00a0 2013. \u00a0First report of\u00a0Meloidogyne enterolobii<\/em>\u00a0on cotton and soybean in North Carolina, United States. Plant Disease 97(9), p 1262.<\/p>\n

\n
Responsible Party:\u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

John J. Chitambar, and Heather J. Scheck, Former and Current Primary Plant Pathologist\/Nematologist, California Department of Food and Agriculture, permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov<\/p>\n

\n
Comment Period: \u00a0CLOSED<\/span><\/h5>\n

The 45-day comment period opened on Aug 3, 2016 and closed on Sep 17, 2016.<\/p>\n

\n
Comment Format:<\/h5>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s)\u00a0being commented on, as shown below.<\/p>\n

Example Comment<\/span>:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction: \u00a01. Climate\/Host Interaction:\u00a0[Your comment that relates to \u201cClimate\/Host Interaction\u201d here.<\/em>]<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may not be posted if they:<\/p>\n

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to\u00a0the pest rating proposal;<\/p>\n

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic,\u00a0sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal\u00a0material;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms\u00a0of discrimination;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the\u00a0website to be viewed, not just submitted.<\/p>\n

\n

Pest Rating: <\/strong>A<\/h3>\n
\n

Pest Rating Profile updated on 8\/22\/2024 by tn<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating Profile for Meloidogyne enterolobii Yang and Eisenback, 1983. (A Root knot Nematode) Pest Rating: A PEST RATING PROFILE* *Revised August 22, 2024 Initiating Event: \u00a0 None. History & Status: Background: Meloidogyne enterolobii\u00a0is considered one of the most important root-knot nematode species because of its ability to overcome resistance in important crops carrying … Continue reading Meloidogyne enterolobii Yang and Eisenback, 1983.<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1117,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[27],"tags":[381,188,382],"class_list":["post-2376","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nematodes","tag-meloidogyne-enterolobii","tag-nematodes","tag-root-knot"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-Ck","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":8635,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=8635","url_meta":{"origin":2376,"position":0},"title":"Meloidogyne haplanaria Eisenback et al. 2003 Texas peanut root-knot nematode","author":"Heather.Martin","date":"July 1, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Meloidogyne haplanaria Eisenback et al. 2003 Texas peanut root-knot nematodePest Rating: A DOWNLOAD PEST RATING *NOTE You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. Posted by ta","rel":"","context":"In "A-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"A-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=669"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1955,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1955","url_meta":{"origin":2376,"position":1},"title":"Nematodes","author":"Admin","date":"May 13, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"(Plant Parasitic Nematodes) Nematodes (also called \u2018roundworms\u2019) are relatively small, multicellular, worm-like animals. They are found in almost every environmental niche imaginable, living free in soil, marine and freshwater habitats while feeding on bacteria, fungi, and nematodes, or as parasites of humans, insects, fish, larger animals and plants. Plant parasitic\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Ratings"","block_context":{"text":"Ratings","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=333"},"img":{"alt_text":"Nematodes montage","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/nematodes-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/nematodes-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/nematodes-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/nematodes-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":5666,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=5666","url_meta":{"origin":2376,"position":2},"title":"Meloidogyne floridensis Handoo et al., 2004","author":"Admin","date":"July 27, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for\u00a0 Meloidogyne floridensis Handoo et al., 2004 Pest Rating: A \u00a0 PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event:\u00a0 On March 8 and 29, and April 19, 2018, unidentified root knot nematode female and juvenile specimens and galled Prunus sp. roots were sent by A. 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If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "A-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"A-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=669"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":6686,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=6686","url_meta":{"origin":2376,"position":5},"title":"MELOIDOGYNE HAPLA CHITWOOD, 1949 NORTHERN ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE","author":"Heather.Martin","date":"December 17, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood, 1949 Northern Root-Knot NematodePest Rating: C download pest rating *NOTE: You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. 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