{"id":2037,"date":"2016-06-24T12:31:08","date_gmt":"2016-06-24T19:31:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2037"},"modified":"2022-05-16T10:03:43","modified_gmt":"2022-05-16T17:03:43","slug":"clavaspis-herculeana-common-name-herculeana-scale","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2037","title":{"rendered":"Clavaspis herculeana (Common Name): Herculeana Scale"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating for<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Clavaspis herculeana<\/em><\/strong> (Common Name): Herculeana Scale<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Hemiptera: Diaspididae<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pest\u00a0Rating: A<\/strong><\/h5>\n
\n
PEST RATING PROFILE<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Initiating Event:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Clavaspis herculeana<\/em> is commonly intercepted by CDFA.\u00a0 A pest rating proposal is required to support its pest rating.<\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background<\/u>:<\/strong>\u00a0 Clavaspis herculeana<\/em> is a polyphagous armored scale insect.\u00a0 It burrows beneath the surface of twigs and branches and feeds by sucking juices from plants while concealed beneath the epidermis of its host-plants1,2<\/sup>. Known hosts include: Anacardiaceae<\/strong>: mango (Mangifera indica<\/em>1,2<\/sup>), Mangifera cambodiana<\/em>1,2<\/sup>, Mangifera <\/em>spp.1,2<\/sup>; Florida poisontree (Metopium toxiferum<\/em>1,2<\/sup>), ambarella (Spondias dulcis<\/em>1,2<\/sup>), jocote (Spondias purpurea<\/em>1,2<\/sup>), Spondias cytherea<\/em>1,2<\/sup>; Annonaceae<\/strong>: sugar apple (Annona squamosa<\/em>1,2<\/sup>), soursop (Annona muricata<\/em>1,2<\/sup>), Annona<\/em> spp.1,2<\/sup>; Apocynaceae:<\/strong> Plumeria rubra<\/em>, Plumeria<\/em> sp. (numerous CDFA interceptions); Bignoniaceae<\/strong>: pink trumpet tree (Tabebuia heterophylla<\/em>1,2<\/sup>); Bixaceae<\/strong>: buttercup tree (Cochlospermum vitifolium<\/em>1,2)<\/sup>; Caricaceae<\/strong>: papaya (Carica papaya<\/em>1,2<\/sup>); Euphorbiaceae<\/strong>: tung-oil tree (Aleurites fordii<\/em>1,2<\/sup>), Aleurites <\/em>spp.1,2<\/sup>; Fabaceae<\/strong>: sweet acacia (Acacia farnesiana<\/em>1,2<\/sup>), Acacia flexicaulis<\/em>1,2<\/sup>, golden shower tree (Cassia fistula<\/em>1,2<\/sup>), royal Poinciana (Delonix regia<\/em>1,2<\/sup>), coast coral tree (Erythrina caffra<\/em>1,2<\/sup>), coral tree (Erythrina indica<\/em>1,2<\/sup>), Erythrina <\/em>spp.1,2<\/sup>, Lonchocarpus <\/em>spp.1,2<\/sup>, Lonchocarpus latifolius<\/em>1,2<\/sup>, sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica<\/em>1,2<\/sup>), monkey-pod (Pithecellobium saman<\/em>1,2<\/sup>); Lauraceae<\/strong>: Cinnamomum<\/em> sp.1,2<\/sup>, true cinnamon tree (Cinnamomum zeylanicum<\/em>1,2<\/sup>); Magnoliaceae<\/strong>: southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora<\/em>1,2<\/sup>); Malvaceae<\/strong>: Eriodendron anfractuosum<\/em>1,2<\/sup>, Eriodendron <\/em>spp.1,2<\/sup>, Gossypium <\/em>spp.1,2<\/sup>; Meliaceae<\/strong>: Cedrela toona<\/em>1,2<\/sup>; Moraceae<\/strong>: common fig (Ficus carica<\/em>1,2<\/sup>), Ficus <\/em>spp.1,2<\/sup>, Roxburgh fig (Ficus roxburgii<\/em>1,2<\/sup>), sacred fig (Ficus religiosa<\/em>1,2<\/sup>), Ficus capensis<\/em>1,2<\/sup>, old fustic (Maclura tinctoria<\/em>1,2<\/sup>), white mulberry (Morus alba<\/em>1,2<\/sup>); Myristicaceae<\/strong>: Myristica hypargyraea<\/em>1,2<\/sup>; Myrtaceae<\/strong>: Eugenia<\/em> spp.1,2<\/sup>; Polygonaceae<\/strong>: Muehlenbeckia sagittiformis<\/em>1,2<\/sup>; Proteaceae<\/strong>: southern silky oak (Grevillea robusta<\/em>1,2<\/sup>); Rhizophoraceae<\/strong>: Rhizophora <\/em>spp.1,2<\/sup>; Rosaceae<\/strong>: loquat (Eriobotrya japonica<\/em>1,2<\/sup>), pear (Pyrus <\/em>spp.1,2<\/sup>), rose (Rosa <\/em>spp.1,2<\/sup>); Rubiaceae<\/strong>: buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis<\/em>1,2<\/sup>); Rutaceae<\/strong>: Citrus <\/em>spp.1,2<\/sup>; Salicaceae<\/strong>: poplar (Populus <\/em>spp.1,2<\/sup>), Xylosma venosum<\/em>1,2<\/sup>; Santalaceae<\/strong>: Phoradendron randiae<\/em>1,2<\/sup>; Styracaceae<\/strong>: Halesia <\/em>spp.1,2<\/sup>; Verbenaceae<\/strong>: Avicennia nitida<\/em>1,2<\/sup>.\u00a0 Clavaspis herculeana<\/em> may be transported long distances when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved.<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong> Clavaspis herculeana<\/em> is widespread in many parts of the Australasian, Afrotropical, Oriental, Palearctic, and Neotropical regions1,2<\/sup>.\u00a0 It is present in Mexico, Texas, Florida, and Hawaii1,2<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/u>:<\/strong> Clavaspis herculeana<\/em> is listed as a harmful organism by Japan and the Republic of Korea3<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/u>:\u00a0<\/strong> Clavaspis herculeana<\/em> has never been found in the environment of California.<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/u>:\u00a0<\/strong> From 1988 through 2015 Clavaspis herculeana<\/em> was intercepted 45 times by California\u2019s high risk programs, dog teams, and border stations.\u00a0 Most of these interceptions have occurred on plants or fresh plant parts from Hawaii, primarily Plumeria rubra<\/em> or Plumeria<\/em> sp.<\/p>\n

The risk Clavaspis herculeana<\/em> (Herculeana scale) would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

1) Climate\/Host Interaction<\/span>:<\/strong> Clavaspis herculeana<\/em> is polyphagous on a wide variety of plants that are widely grown in California and is likely to establish wherever they are grown. It receives a High (3)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.\u00a0 Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/span><\/p>\n

2) Known Pest Host Range<\/span>:<\/strong> Clavaspis herculeana<\/em> is known to feed on plants in at least 25 families.\u00a0 It receives a High (3)<\/strong> <\/span>in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> has a very limited host range.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> has a moderate host range.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has a wide host range.<\/span><\/p>\n

3) Pest Dispersal Potential<\/span>:<\/strong> Scale insects are capable of rapid reproduction and can be transported long distances when infested plants or fresh plant parts are moved.\u00a0 They may also disperse locally by crawling, wind, or by hitchhiking on clothing, equipment, or animals. Its cryptic habits mean that herculeana scale may easily be dispersed by trade in infested plants without being detected.\u00a0 Clavaspis herculeana<\/em> receives a High (3)<\/strong> <\/span>in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

4) Economic Impact<\/span>:<\/strong> Clavaspis herculeana<\/em> has not been documented as lowering any crop yields.\u00a0 It may lower the value of nursery stock by disfiguring plants with its presence and increase fresh fruit production costs.\u00a0 Herculeana scale is listed as a harmful organism by several of California\u2019s trading partners and its entry to the state may disrupt fresh fruit and nursery stock export markets.\u00a0 This scale is not expected to change cultural practices, vector other organisms, injure animals, or disrupt water supplies.\u00a0 Clavaspis herculeana receives a Medium (2)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:<\/p>\n

A. The pest could lower crop yield.<\/p>\n

B<\/strong>. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).<\/span><\/p>\n

C<\/strong>. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).<\/span><\/p>\n

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.<\/p>\n

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/p>\n

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes 2 of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/p>\n

5) Environmental Impact<\/span>:<\/strong> Clavaspis herculeana<\/em> is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes.\u00a0 It is likely to feed on endangered or threatened species including small-leaved rose (Rosa minutifolia<\/em>). Herculeana scale is not expected to disrupt critical habitats.\u00a0 It may trigger additional treatment programs in fresh fruit and nursery industries.\u00a0 It is not expected to significantly impact cultural practices, home\/urban gardening, or ornamental plantings.\u00a0 Clavaspis herculeana<\/em> receives a High (3)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/p>\n

B<\/strong>. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/span><\/p>\n

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/p>\n

D<\/strong>. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/span><\/p>\n

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/p>\n

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> causes none of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes one of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Clavaspis herculeana<\/em> (Herculeana scale): High (14)<\/span><\/strong><\/h5>\n

Add up the total score and include it here.<\/p>\n

–Low<\/strong> = 5-8 points<\/p>\n

–Medium<\/strong> = 9-12 points<\/p>\n

–High<\/strong> = 13-15 points<\/span><\/p>\n

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information<\/span>:<\/strong> Clavaspis herculeana<\/em> has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.<\/p>\n

–Not established (0)<\/strong> Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/span><\/p>\n

–Low (-1)<\/strong> Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).<\/p>\n

–Medium (-2)<\/strong> Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

–High (-3)<\/strong> Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

Final Score<\/h5>\n

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: \u00a0High (14)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Uncertainty: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Clavaspis herculeana<\/em> is reported to be associated with the fungus Septobasidium saccardinum<\/em>1,2<\/sup>.\u00a0 This relationship is not clear.<\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Clavaspis herculeana<\/em> has never been found in California and is expected to have significant economic impacts to California\u2019s fresh fruit and nursery industries if it enters the state.\u00a0 It is also expected to have significant environmental impacts.\u00a0 An \u201cA\u201d rating is justified.<\/p>\n

References:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

1<\/sup> Miller, Dug, Yair Ben-Dov, Gary Gibson, and Nate Hardy.\u00a0 ScaleNet.\u00a0 http:\/\/scalenet.info\/validname\/Clavaspis\/herculeana\/<\/p>\n

2<\/sup> SEL Catalog.\u00a0 http:\/\/www.sel.barc.usda.gov\/catalogs\/diaspidi\/Clavaspisherculeana.htm<\/p>\n

3<\/sup> USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD).\u00a0 https:\/\/pcit.aphis.usda.gov\/pcit\/<\/p>\n

\n
Responsible Party:<\/h5>\n

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n
Comment Format:<\/h5>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s)\u00a0being commented on, as shown below.<\/p>\n

Example Comment<\/span>:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction: \u00a01. Climate\/Host Interaction:\u00a0[Your comment that relates to \u201cClimate\/Host Interaction\u201d here.<\/em>]<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may not be posted if they:<\/p>\n

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to\u00a0the pest rating proposal;<\/p>\n

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic,\u00a0sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal\u00a0material;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms\u00a0of discrimination;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the\u00a0website to be viewed, not just submitted.<\/p>\n

\n

Pest\u00a0Rating: A<\/strong><\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating for Clavaspis herculeana (Common Name): Herculeana Scale Hemiptera: Diaspididae Pest\u00a0Rating: A PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: Clavaspis herculeana is commonly intercepted by CDFA.\u00a0 A pest rating proposal is required to support its pest rating. History & Status: Background:\u00a0 Clavaspis herculeana is a polyphagous armored scale insect.\u00a0 It burrows beneath the surface of … Continue reading Clavaspis herculeana (Common Name): Herculeana Scale<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[18,5],"tags":[340,52],"class_list":["post-2037","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hemiptera","category-entomology","tag-clavaspis-herculeana","tag-insects-and-mites"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-wR","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":7438,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=7438","url_meta":{"origin":2037,"position":0},"title":"Ceroplastes dugesii Lichtenstein: Duges wax scale Hemiptera: Coccidae","author":"Kyle Beucke","date":"August 18, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating Profile for Ceroplastes dugesii Lichtenstein: Dugg wax scale Hemiptera: CoccidaePest Rating: A download pest rating Profile *NOTE: You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. Posted by ka","rel":"","context":"In "A-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"A-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=669"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":7493,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=7493","url_meta":{"origin":2037,"position":1},"title":"Coccus capparidis (Green): soft scale Hemiptera: Coccidae","author":"Kyle Beucke","date":"September 1, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Coccus capparidis (Green): soft scalePest Rating: A download pest rating *NOTE: You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. Posted by ka","rel":"","context":"In "A-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"A-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=669"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":7442,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=7442","url_meta":{"origin":2037,"position":2},"title":"Thysanofiorinia leei Williams: lychee scale Hemiptera: Diaspididae","author":"Kyle Beucke","date":"August 18, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating Profile for Thysanofiorinia leei Williams: lychee scale Hemiptera: DiaspididaePest Rating: A download pest rating Profile *NOTE: You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. Posted by ka","rel":"","context":"In "A-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"A-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=669"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":7497,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=7497","url_meta":{"origin":2037,"position":3},"title":"Coccus moestus De Lotto: soft scale Hemiptera: Coccidae","author":"Kyle Beucke","date":"September 1, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Coccus moestus De Lotto: soft scalePest Rating: A download pest rating *NOTE: You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. Posted by ka","rel":"","context":"In "A-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"A-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=669"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":8323,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=8323","url_meta":{"origin":2037,"position":4},"title":"Aspidiella hartii (Cockerell): a scale","author":"Kyle Beucke","date":"April 15, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating Profile for Aspidiella hartii (Cockerell): a scalePest Rating: A download pest rating profile *NOTE\u00a0 You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. 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