{"id":1933,"date":"2016-05-10T11:18:39","date_gmt":"2016-05-10T18:18:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1933"},"modified":"2024-04-26T11:14:02","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T18:14:02","slug":"ascochyta-aquilegiae-rabenh-boerema-fruyter-noorder-1997","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1933","title":{"rendered":"Ascochyta aquilegiae (Rabenh.) Boerema, Fruyter & Noorder, 1997"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating for<\/h5>\n
\"Ascochyta<\/a>
Ascochyta fungi; Ascochyta spp. Lib.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
Ascochyta aquilegiae<\/em> (Rabenh.) Boerema, Fruyter & Noorder, 1997<\/h5>\n
Pest Rating: \u00a0C<\/h5>\n
\n
PEST RATING PROFILE<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Initiating Event: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

On March 28, 2016, a sample of diseased Aquilegia<\/em> sp. (columbine) <\/strong>plants showing symptoms of dieback, was voluntarily submitted by a nursery in Contra Costa County to the CDFA Plant Pathology Laboratory for disease diagnosis.\u00a0 Suzanne Latham, CDFA plant pathologist, identified the associated fungus plant pathogen, Ascochyta aquilegiae<\/em>, as the cause for the disease.\u00a0 The pathogen was assigned a temporary \u201cZ\u201d rating as it has been reported earlier in California and is considered widely distributed.\u00a0 That rating is reassessed here and a permanent rating is proposed.<\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background<\/u><\/strong>:\u00a0 Ascochyta aquilegiae<\/em> causes dark leaf spots, stem lesions, and crown rots in plants belonging to the family Ranunculaceae, including several species in the genera Aquilegia<\/em> and Delphinium<\/em>.\u00a0 The fungal species has undergone several name changes in fungal taxonomy and is known by several synonyms including, Stagonosporopsis aquilegiae, Actinonema aquilegiae, Ascochyta laskarisii, Diplodina delphinii, Phoma aquilegiicola, Phyllosticta aquilegiae<\/em>, and Phyllosticta aquilegicola<\/em> (Farr & Rossman, 2016).<\/p>\n

Disease development and spread<\/em>:\u00a0 Ascochyta aquilegiae<\/em> attack primarily plant leaves by means of spores (conidia) and, following infection, produce numerous condia that are spread to other plants by wind, wind-blown rain, water, and insects.\u00a0 Conditions that favor prolonged leaf-wetness in warm climates often favor development of the pathogen. The pathogen is also transmitted to non-infected sites through the movement of infected plant materials and debris. The fungus overwinters primarily in fallen leaves or infected leaf debris, or as mycelium in infected tissues of perennial plants (Agrios, 2005; Pscheidt & Ocamb, 2016a, 2016b).<\/p>\n

Hosts:<\/em> Aquilegia<\/em> spp. (columbine), Aconitum<\/em> spp. (aconite\/wolf\u2019s bane), Clematis<\/em> sp. (clematis), Consolida<\/em> spp. (larkspur), Coptis<\/em> chinensis<\/em> (goldthread), Delphinium<\/em> spp. (delphinium\/larkspur) (Farr & Rossman, 2016; French, 1989; Garibaldi et al<\/em>., 2011; Yu et al<\/em>., 2014).<\/p>\n

Symptoms and damage potential<\/em>: Ascochyta aquilegiae<\/em> causes leaf spots, stem cankers and crown rots.\u00a0 Leaf lesions of infected Aquilegia<\/em> and Coptis<\/em> plants are extensive, usually beginning at the leaf margin and extending to the central leaf blade eventually coalescing to cover entire leaf, irregular, brown to black, necrotic, slightly sunken with a well-defined border and surrounded by a violet-brown halo.\u00a0\u00a0 As the disease progresses, stems are also affected causing death of the apical part of the plant (Garibaldi et al<\/em>., 2011; Yu et al.,<\/em> 2014). In Delphinium<\/em> spp., petioles develop brown water-soaked lesions near the base of succulent plants.\u00a0 Less vigorous plants show black local lesions on the petiole.\u00a0 Inflorescences and seed pods develop a blackish decay. \u00a0Generally, crown rot may be found in plants two years or older (Pscheidt & Ocamb, 2016a, 2016b).\u00a0 Small, dark brown to black fungal fruiting bodies (pycnidia) may be present in the lesions.<\/p>\n

Damage Potential:\u00a0 <\/em>While information on the economic importance of the disease caused by Ascochyta aquilegiae <\/em>is limited, the development of leaf spots, stem cankers and crown rots in infected plants may result in reduced plant production, yield, and marketability of columbine and other host plants used in residential gardens and commercial landscapes.\u00a0 Plants are particularly at risk of pathogen infection in warm and moist natural climates of California, and in nursery-controlled productions.\u00a0 In China, A. aquilegiae<\/em> caused yield losses of 15-75% in gold thread, an important herbaceous plant used in traditional Chinese medicine (Yu et al.,<\/em> 2014).<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong>\u00a0 Asia<\/em>: \u00a0Armenia, China, Japan, Russia; Africa<\/em>: South Africa, Zimbabwe, Europe<\/em>: Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Scotland, United Kingdom; North America<\/em>: Canada, USA; Oceania<\/em>: New Zealand.\u00a0 It is widespread within the USA in Alaska, California, Connecticut, Iowa, Idaho, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Texas, Washington, Wisconsin (Farr & Rossman, 2016; Garibaldi et al<\/em>., 2011; Pscheidt & Ocamb, 2016a, 2016b; Yu et al<\/em>., 2014).<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/u>:<\/strong> None reported. Currently, the pathogen has a temporary \u2018Z\u2019 rating in California, which indicates that it is a previously unrated organism of known economic and\/or environmental detriment but generally distributed in the state.<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong> Ascochyta aquilegiae<\/em> has been detected in California\u2019s northern and southern coastal counties which include: Del Norte, Humboldt, Mendocino, Sonoma, Marin, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Cruz, Alameda, Santa Clara, San Benito, Monterey, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Ventura, Los Angeles, Orange, and San Diego Counties (French, 1989).<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/u>:<\/strong> None reported.<\/p>\n

The risk Ascochyta aquilegiae <\/em>would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h5>\n

1) Climate\/Host Interaction<\/span>:<\/strong> Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/p>\n

Risk is Medium (2):<\/span> <\/em><\/strong>Conditions that favor prolonged leaf-wetness in warm climates often favor development of <\/em>Ascochyta aquilegiae.\u00a0 The pathogen is already known to be present in northern and southern coastal counties in California.<\/em><\/p>\n

2) Known Pest Host Range<\/span>:<\/strong> Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) <\/strong>has a very limited host range.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.<\/p>\n

– High (3) has a wide host range.<\/p>\n

Risk is Low (1)<\/span>: <\/em><\/strong>Presently, the host range is limited to few species within Ranunculaceae.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

3) Pest Dispersal Potential<\/span>:<\/strong> Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

Risk is Medium (2): <\/em><\/strong><\/span>Ascochyta aquilegiae produces numerous condia the infect plants, however, to spread to other plants, they are dependent on wind, wind-blown rain, water, and insects.\u00a0 Furthermore, prolonged leaf-wetness in warm climates is needed to favor development of the pathogen in plants. The pathogen is also transmitted to non-infected sites through the movement of infected plant materials and debris.<\/em><\/p>\n

4)\u00a0Economic Impact<\/span>:<\/strong> Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:<\/p>\n

A. The pest could lower crop yield.<\/p>\n

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).<\/p>\n

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).<\/p>\n

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.<\/p>\n

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/p>\n

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes 2 of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/p>\n

Risk is Medium (2): <\/em><\/strong><\/span>While information on the economic importance of the disease caused by <\/em>Ascochyta aquilegiae is limited, the development of leaf spots, stem cankers and crown rots in infected plants may result in reduced plant production value and marketability of columbine and other host plants used in residential gardens and commercial landscapes.\u00a0 Plants are particularly at risk of pathogen infection in warm and moist natural climates of California, and in nursery-controlled productions<\/em><\/p>\n

5) Environmental Impact<\/span>:<\/strong> Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/p>\n

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/p>\n

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/p>\n

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/p>\n

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/p>\n

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is <\/em><\/strong><\/span>High (3):<\/span> <\/em><\/strong>Commercial landscape and home garden plantings could be negatively impacted if infected by <\/em>Ascochyta aquilegiae under favorable moist climate conditions.\u00a0 The pathogen could directly affect certain species of larkspur, namely, <\/em>Delphinium bakeri (Baker\u2019s larkspur), <\/em>D. hesperium ssp. <\/em>cuyamacae (Cuyanaca larkspur), <\/em>D. luteum (golden larkspur), and <\/em>D. variegatum ssp. <\/em>kinkiense (San Clemente Island larkspur) included in the \u2018State and Federally Listed Endangered, Threatened, and Rare Plants of California, July 2015\u2019 thereby, potentially lowering biodiversity, natural communities or ecosystem processes.<\/em><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Ascochyta aquilegiae<\/em>:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Add up the total score and include it here. (Score)<\/p>\n

-Low = 5-8 points<\/p>\n

–Medium<\/strong> = 9-12 points<\/span><\/p>\n

-High = 13-15 points<\/p>\n

Total points obtained on evaluation of consequences of introduction to California = 10<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information<\/span>:<\/strong> Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included. (Score)<\/p>\n

-Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/p>\n

-Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).<\/p>\n

–Medium (-2)<\/strong> Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/span><\/p>\n

-High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

Evaluation is Medium (-2): <\/em><\/strong><\/span>Presently, <\/em>Ascochyta aquilegiae is known to be present in northern and southern coastal counties in California.<\/em><\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

7) The final score is<\/strong> the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: (Score)<\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/span> <\/em><\/strong>\u00a0Score of Consequences of Introduction \u2013 Score of Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information = 8.<\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Uncertainty: \u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em><\/h5>\n

The impact and spread of this pathogen to other intrastate regions where host species are grown, is not known.\u00a0 Future reports of the detection of <\/em>P. digitalidis in California could lower the overall score for the pathogen although it is unlikely to affect its final rating.<\/em><\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Based on the evidence provided above the proposed rating for Ascochyta aquilegiae<\/em> is C<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n

References:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

A<\/strong>grios, G. N.\u00a0 2005.\u00a0 Plant Pathology (Fifth Edition).\u00a0 Elsevier Academic Press, USA.\u00a0 922 p.<\/p>\n

F<\/strong>arr, D.F., & Rossman, A.Y. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved April 18, 2016, from http:\/\/nt.ars-grin.gov\/fungaldatabases\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

G<\/strong>aribaldi, A., D. Bertetti, M. T. Amatulli, and M. L. Gullino.\u00a0 2011.\u00a0 First report of leaf spot of fan columbine (Aquilegia flabellata<\/em>) caused by Phoma aquilegiicola<\/em> in Italy.\u00a0 Plant Disease 95:880.\u00a0 http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1094\/PDIS-05-10-0391.<\/p>\n

P<\/strong>scheidt, J.W., and Ocamb, C.M.\u00a0 2016a. Columbine (Aquilegia<\/em> spp.) leaf spots.\u00a0 Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook. \u00a9 Oregon State University. pnwhandbooks.org\/plantdisease\/node\/3020<\/a>. http:\/\/pnwhandbooks.org\/plantdisease\/columbine-aquile.<\/p>\n

P<\/strong>scheidt, J.W., and Ocamb, C.M.\u00a0 2016b. Delphinium \u2013 leaf spot and crown rot.\u00a0 Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook. \u00a9 Oregon State University. pnwhandbooks.org\/plantdisease\/node\/3118.\u00a0 http:\/\/pnwhandbooks.org\/plantdisease\/delphinium-leaf-spot-and-crown-rot<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Y<\/strong>u, Y., Z. C. Su, W. Z. Tan, and C. W. Bi.\u00a0 2014.\u00a0 First report of a leaf spot on goldthread (Coptis chinensis<\/em>) caused by Phoma aquilegiicola<\/em> in China. Plant Disease 98:1428. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1094\/PDIS-01-14-0010-PDN.<\/p>\n

\n
Responsible Party:<\/h5>\n

John J. Chitambar, Primary Plant Pathologist\/Nematologist, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832. Phone: 916-262-1110, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n
Comment Format:<\/h5>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s)\u00a0being commented on, as shown below.<\/p>\n

Example Comment<\/span>:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction: \u00a01. Climate\/Host Interaction:\u00a0[Your comment that relates to \u201cClimate\/Host Interaction\u201d here.<\/em>]<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may not be posted if they:<\/p>\n

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to\u00a0the pest rating proposal;<\/p>\n

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic,\u00a0sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal\u00a0material;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms\u00a0of discrimination;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the\u00a0website to be viewed, not just submitted.<\/p>\n

\n

Pest Rating: \u00a0C<\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating for Ascochyta aquilegiae (Rabenh.) Boerema, Fruyter & Noorder, 1997 Pest Rating: \u00a0C PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: On March 28, 2016, a sample of diseased Aquilegia sp. (columbine) plants showing symptoms of dieback, was voluntarily submitted by a nursery in Contra Costa County to the CDFA Plant Pathology Laboratory for disease diagnosis.\u00a0 … Continue reading Ascochyta aquilegiae (Rabenh.) Boerema, Fruyter & Noorder, 1997<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1117,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[8,4],"tags":[330,46,41],"class_list":["post-1933","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fungi","category-plant-pathology","tag-ascochyta-aquilegiae","tag-fungi-2","tag-plant-pathogens"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-vb","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":10994,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=10994","url_meta":{"origin":1933,"position":0},"title":"Didymella fabae G.J. Jellis & Punith. 1991 (teleomorph) Ascochyta fabae Speg. 1899 (anamorph) = Ascochyta pisi var. fabae R. Sprague 1947 Ascochyta blight Leaf and pod spot of fava beans","author":"Heather.Martin","date":"September 20, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Didymella fabae G.J. Jellis & Punith. 1991 (teleomorph) Ascochyta fabae Speg. 1899 (anamorph) = Ascochyta pisi var. fabae R. Sprague 1947 Ascochyta blight Leaf and pod spot of fava beansPest Rating: B Download pest rating *NOTE You must be registered and logged in to post a\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "B-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"B-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=670"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":12755,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=12755","url_meta":{"origin":1933,"position":1},"title":"Ascochyta rabiei (Passerini) Labrousse chickpea blight","author":"Heather.Martin","date":"June 26, 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating Profile for Ascochyta rabiei (Passerini) Labrousse chickpea blightPest Rating: B download pest rating profile *NOTE You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. Posted by tn","rel":"","context":"In "B-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"B-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=670"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1283,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1283","url_meta":{"origin":1933,"position":2},"title":"Erysiphe aquilegiae DC. 1815","author":"Admin","date":"November 13, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Erysiphe aquilegiae DC. 1815 Pest Rating: \u00a0C PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: \u00a0 None. History & Status: Background:\u00a0 The fungal pathogen, Erysiphe aquilegiae, originally named, Ischnochaeta aquilegiae (DC.) Sawada 1959 is the cause of powdery mildew disease that infects several species of plant hosts, including Aquilegia\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Fungi"","block_context":{"text":"Fungi","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":6351,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=6351","url_meta":{"origin":1933,"position":3},"title":"Cronartium quercuum (Berk.) Miyabe ex Shirai 1899","author":"Heather.Martin","date":"August 28, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Cronartium quercuum (Berk.) Miyabe ex Shirai 1899 Pest Rating: C DOWNLOAD PEST RATING Responsible Party: Heather J. Scheck, CDFA Primary Plant Pathologist\/Nematologist. 204 West Oak Ave, Lompoc, CA93463. 805-736-8050. plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov. *NOTE: You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Fungi"","block_context":{"text":"Fungi","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1969,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1969","url_meta":{"origin":1933,"position":4},"title":"Plant Pathogens","author":"Admin","date":"May 13, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"Plant diseases can be caused by several pathogenic microorganisms including fungi, bacteria, viruses, viroids, phytoplasmas and plant parasitic nematodes. In California, several plant pathogens have evolved with native plants and consequently, caused little damage. However, many other pathogens are either not present or have only been newly discovered within the\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Ratings"","block_context":{"text":"Ratings","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=333"},"img":{"alt_text":"Plant pathogens montage","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/plant-diseases-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/plant-diseases-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/plant-diseases-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/plant-diseases-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":6246,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=6246","url_meta":{"origin":1933,"position":5},"title":"Septocyta ruborum (Lib.) 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