{"id":1852,"date":"2016-04-14T10:11:05","date_gmt":"2016-04-14T17:11:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1852"},"modified":"2024-04-26T11:14:24","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T18:14:24","slug":"peronospora-digitalidis-gaum-1923","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1852","title":{"rendered":"Peronospora digitalidis G\u00e4um, 1923"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating for<\/strong><\/h5>\n
\"Foxglove,<\/a>
Downy mildew does occur in the landscape in Washington. Note lesions with angular margins. ~ Photo Credit: Jenny Glass, 2011.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
Peronospora digitalidis <\/em><\/strong>G\u00e4um, 1923<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pest Rating: C<\/strong><\/h5>\n
\n
PEST RATING PROFILE<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Initiating Event: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

On February 9, 2016, USDA\u2019s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) notified the CDFA that the downy mildew pathogen, Peronospora digitalidis,<\/em> was added on February 2, 2016, to their \u2018List of Pests no Longer Regulated at U.S. Ports of Entry\u2019 under the Federally Recognized State Managed Phytosanitary (FRSMP) program (USDA APHIS 2016).\u00a0 Consequently, USDA APHIS will no longer take regulatory action this pathogen at ports of entry.\u00a0 Therefore, and at the request of Stephen Brown, Assistant Director, CDFA, the risk of infestation and the current rating for P. digitalidis<\/em> is re-assessed here.<\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background<\/strong><\/u>:\u00a0 Peronospora digitalidis<\/em> is an oomycete in the order Peronosporales, which causes downy mildew disease of foxglove (Digitalis<\/em> spp.).\u00a0 The pathogen has been reported in Europe, Asia, and New Zealand, and was first reported from the United States, in 2002, on potted common foxglove plants in commercial nurseries in Santa Cruz County, California (Tjosvold & Koike, 2002).\u00a0 It is likely that all affected nursery plants were destroyed, however, following its initial detection, in 2003, the pathogen continued to be found in several nurseries in California coastal counties and most recently in 2015 (CDFA Pest and Damage Records).<\/p>\n

Disease cycle<\/strong><\/u>:\u00a0 Peronospora digitalidis<\/em> is an oomycete belonging to the family Peronosporaceae.\u00a0 Generally, downy mildews overwinter as thick-walled resting spores called oospores that are produced through the fertilization of two mating types.\u00a0 However, no oospores have so far been reported for this pathogen.\u00a0 It is likely that the pathogen survives as mycelium and\/or condia (spores) in infected plant buds, plant debris, leaf tissue and shoots.\u00a0 Downy mildews are severe in cool or warm (but not hot), high humid climates and when a film of water is present on plant tissue.\u00a0 They primarily cause foliar blights and rapidly spread in young green leaf, twig and fruit tissues.\u00a0 Under favorable weather conditions, condia are carried by wind or water to wet leaves near the ground where they infect through stomata of the lower leaf surface.\u00a0 A conidium germinates via a germ tube that grows through leaf stomata into intercellular spaces within the leaf tissue and eventually penetrates plant cells through special structures called haustoria.\u00a0 Developing hypha that spreads intercellularly forms a cushion of mycelia just below the stomata.\u00a0 From this cushion, conidophores arise and emerge through stomata.\u00a0 At their tips, conidia (sporangia\/spores) are produced simultaneously and are carried by wind and rain to new infection sites of the same or different plant.<\/p>\n

Dispersal and spread<\/em><\/strong>:\u00a0 The pathogen can spread through contaminated plant cuttings, transplants, fresh leaves and within seeds.\u00a0 Also, it produces airborne conidia (spores) can disperse and be carried by moist winds.\u00a0 It can also be present in soil associated with host and non-host plants and therefore, can spread by any means that aids in the movement of soil and\/or water from infected plants to non-infected ones.<\/p>\n

Hosts<\/strong>:<\/em> Digitalis <\/em>spp. (foxglove): D. purpurea, D. grandiflora, D. lutea<\/em>, and Digitalis<\/em> sp. (Farr & Rossman, 2016). Foxy hybrids are very susceptible and D. grandiflora<\/em> was symptomless when grown in a heavily diseased region (Tjosvold & Koike, 2002).<\/p>\n

Symptoms and damage potential<\/em><\/strong>: On leaves, initial symptoms consist of light green, rectangular areas that are delimited by veins.\u00a0 Later, these spots become chlorotic, coalesce and turn necrotic and purplish-gray sporulation of the pathogen develops primarily on the underside of leaves and sometimes on upper surfaces of leaves (Pscheidt & Ocamb, 2016).<\/p>\n

Damage Potential<\/strong>: <\/em>While estimates of crop losses caused in particular by Peronospora digitalidis<\/em> have not been reported, downy mildews can cause rapid and severe losses of young plants in seedbeds and in the field. Nursery stock producers and landscape growers of foxglove species may be at risk of damages caused by this downy mildew pathogen.<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/u><\/strong>: Europe: Czech Republic, Poland, Germany, Italy, United Kingdom, Scotland, Wales; North America: USA (California, Oregon, Washington) (Farr & Rossman, 2016; Garibaldi et al., 2013; Tjosvold & Koike, 2002; Pscheidt & Ocamb, 2016).<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/u><\/strong>: Since 2002, Peronospora digitalidis<\/em> has been on the North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO) \u201cAlert List\u201d (EPPO, 2016).\u00a0 Since February 2, 2016, it has not been regulated by the USDA (see \u2018Initiating event\u2019). Currently, it has a \u201cC\u201d rating in California.<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/u><\/strong>: Orange, San Diego, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, and Santa Cruz (CDFA Pest and Damage Records).<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/u><\/strong>:\u00a0 Peronospora digitalidis <\/em>was detected in two nursery foxglove shipments imported to California in 2003.<\/p>\n

The risk Downy mildew of foxglove would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h5>\n

\u00a01) Climate\/Host Interaction<\/span>:<\/strong> Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/p>\n

Risk is Medium (2)<\/span>:\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>Peronospora digitalidis is likely to establish in cool to warm and very humid to wet climates where foxglove grows in California.\u00a0 According to the California Invasive Plant Council (2006-2016), foxglove is found along the coast northward from Santa Barbara, infesting moist meadows and roadsides and also in the northern Sierra Nevada foothills.<\/em><\/p>\n

2) Known Pest Host Range<\/span>:<\/strong> Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> has a very limited host range.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.<\/p>\n

– High (3) has a wide host range.<\/p>\n

Risk is Low (1): <\/em><\/strong><\/span>Presently, the host range is limited to few reported species of <\/em>Digitalis.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

3) Pest Dispersal Potential<\/span>:<\/strong> Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is High (3):<\/span> <\/em><\/strong>Conidia are easily produced simultaneously and in abundance.\u00a0 The pathogen is transmitted via infected plant material; conidia are dispersed by winds, water and associated soil. \u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

4) Economic Impact<\/span>:<\/strong> Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:<\/p>\n

A. The pest could lower crop yield.<\/p>\n

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).<\/p>\n

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).<\/p>\n

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.<\/p>\n

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/p>\n

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is High (3): <\/em><\/strong><\/span>While estimates of crop losses caused by<\/em> Peronospora digitalidis have not been reported, presence of the pathogen in open fields\/landscapes and\/or in nursery stock produced in greenhouse environments are expected to cause severe damage under cool or warm and humid climates resulting in significantly lower crop value and yield.\u00a0 Infected, symptomatic nursery stock plants are not marketable resulting in total loss in recovery of production costs.\u00a0 Markets for crop sale are directly affected.\u00a0 Normal cultivation practices, including delivery and supply of irrigation water, would need to be altered to prevent spread of the pathogen.<\/em><\/p>\n

5) Environmental Impact<\/span>:<\/strong> Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/p>\n

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/p>\n

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/p>\n

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/p>\n

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/p>\n

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes one of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

Risk is <\/em><\/strong>Medium (2): <\/em><\/strong><\/span>Commercial landscape and home garden plantings of foxglove can be significantly impacted if infected by the downy mildew pathogen.\u00a0 Under favorable climate conditions, disruption of natural communities and changes in ecosystem could occur with severe and widespread infestations of downy mildew.\u00a0 <\/em><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Downy mildew of foxglove:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Add up the total score and include it here. (Score)<\/p>\n

-Low = 5-8 points<\/p>\n

-Medium = 9-12 points<\/p>\n

-High<\/strong> = 13-15 points<\/span><\/p>\n

Total points obtained on evaluation of consequences of introduction to California = 11<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information<\/span>:<\/strong> Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included. (Score)<\/p>\n

-Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/p>\n

-Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).<\/p>\n

-Medium (-2)<\/strong> Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/span><\/p>\n

-High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

Evaluation is Medium (-2): <\/em><\/strong><\/span>Presently, the downy mildew pathogen, <\/em>Peronospora digitalidis, has been reported from at least five coastal counties.<\/em><\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

7) The final score is<\/strong> the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: (Score)<\/p>\n

Final Score: <\/em><\/strong>\u00a0Score of Consequences of Introduction \u2013 Score of Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information = 9.<\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Uncertainty: \u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em><\/h5>\n

The impact and spread of this pathogen to other intrastate regions where <\/em>Digitalis spp. is grown, is not known.\u00a0 Future reports of the detection of <\/em>P. digitalidis in California could lower the overall score for the pathogen although it is unlikely to affect its final rating.<\/em><\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Based on the evidence provided above the proposed rating for Peronospora digitalidis<\/em> is C.<\/strong><\/p>\n

References:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

A<\/strong>grios, G. N.\u00a0 2005.\u00a0 Plant Pathology (Fifth Edition).\u00a0 Elsevier Academic Press, USA.\u00a0 922 p.<\/p>\n

C<\/strong>alifornia Invasive Plant Council.\u00a0 2006-2016. Invasive Plants of California\u2019s Wildland Digitalis purpurea<\/em>: http:\/\/www.cal-ipc.org\/ip\/management\/ipcw\/pages\/detailreport.cfm@usernumber=42&surveynumber=182.php?print=y<\/a> .<\/p>\n

E<\/strong>PPO.\u00a0 2016.\u00a0 Peronospora digitalidis <\/em>(PERODG).\u00a0 New PQR database.\u00a0 Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization.\u00a0 http:\/\/newpqr.eppo.int<\/a>.<\/p>\n

F<\/strong>arr, D.F., & A. Y. Rossman. \u00a0Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. \u00a0Retrieved January 28, 2016, from http:\/\/nt.ars-grin.gov\/fungaldatabases\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

G<\/strong>aribaldi, A., D. Bertetti, A. Poli, and M. L. Gullino.\u00a0 2013.\u00a0 Outbreak of downy mildew caused by Peronospora digitalidis<\/em> on common foxglove (Digitalis purpurea<\/em>) in Italy.\u00a0 Journal of Plant Pathology 95:659-668. doi:\u00a010.4454\/JPP.V95I3.021.<\/p>\n

P<\/strong>scheidt, J. W., and C. M. Ocamb (Senior Eds.).\u00a0 2016.\u00a0 Foxglove (Digitalis spp.) downy mildew.\u00a0 PNW Plant Disease Management Handbook: http:\/\/pnwhandbooks.org\/plantdisease\/foxglove-digitalis-spp-downy-mildew<\/a>.<\/p>\n

U<\/strong>SDA APHIS.\u00a0 2016.\u00a0 FRSMP: Pests no longer regulation at U. S. ports of entry.\u00a0 United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.\u00a0 https:\/\/www.aphis.usda.gov\/aphis\/ourfocus\/planthealth\/plant-pest-and-disease-programs\/frsmp\/ct_non-reg-pests<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\n
Responsible Party:<\/h5>\n

John J. Chitambar, Primary Plant Pathologist\/Nematologist, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832. Phone: 916-262-1110, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n
Comment Format:<\/h5>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s)\u00a0being commented on, as shown below.<\/p>\n

Example Comment<\/span>:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction: \u00a01. Climate\/Host Interaction:\u00a0[Your comment that relates to \u201cClimate\/Host Interaction\u201d here.<\/em>]<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may not be posted if they:<\/p>\n

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to\u00a0the pest rating proposal;<\/p>\n

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic,\u00a0sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal\u00a0material;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms\u00a0of discrimination;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the\u00a0website to be viewed, not just submitted.<\/p>\n

\n

Pest Rating: C<\/strong><\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating for Peronospora digitalidis G\u00e4um, 1923 Pest Rating: C PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: On February 9, 2016, USDA\u2019s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) notified the CDFA that the downy mildew pathogen, Peronospora digitalidis, was added on February 2, 2016, to their \u2018List of Pests no Longer Regulated at U.S. Ports … Continue reading Peronospora digitalidis G\u00e4um, 1923<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1117,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[8,4],"tags":[46,327,41],"class_list":["post-1852","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fungi","category-plant-pathology","tag-fungi-2","tag-peronospora-digitalidis","tag-plant-pathogens"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-tS","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":11692,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=11692","url_meta":{"origin":1852,"position":0},"title":"Peronospora sparsa Berk. 1862 downy mildew of cane fruit; downy mildew of rose","author":"Heather.Martin","date":"July 10, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Peronospora sparsa Berk. 1862 downy mildew of cane fruit; downy mildew of rosePest Rating: C download pest rating *NOTE You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. 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