{"id":1750,"date":"2016-04-05T16:05:15","date_gmt":"2016-04-05T23:05:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1750"},"modified":"2022-04-29T15:26:47","modified_gmt":"2022-04-29T22:26:47","slug":"phyllanthus-urinaria-l-chamberbitter","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1750","title":{"rendered":"Phyllanthus urinaria L.; Chamberbitter"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Phyllanthus urinaria<\/em><\/strong> L.; Chamberbitter<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Euphorbiaceae; Malpighiales<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pest\u00a0<\/span>Rating: C | Proposed\u00a0<\/strong>Seed Rating: R<\/strong><\/h5>\n
\n
PEST RATING PROFILE<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Initiating Event: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

The species was given a temporary Q rating in 2014.<\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Chamberbitter is an herbaceous, annual herb that can grow 20-70 cm in height. The leaves are elliptic and borne distichously along the stem. They are superficially similar to those of sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica<\/em>), but in fact sensitive plant has compound leaves with elliptic leaflets. The small flowers are sessile under the leaf axils and quickly give rise to six-lobed, pumpkin-shaped fruits that dehisce explosively releasing 6 seeds. Chamberbitter seems not to be native to the United States, but it is a widely distributed tropical weed. It is weedy species nurseries, gardens and lawns in tropical areas. It is a pest of rice in Southeast Asia.<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/span>:<\/strong> Chamberbitter has been a \u201cQ\u201d listed weed in California since late 2014.<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/span>:\u00a0 <\/strong>Chamberbitter currently is not known from California.<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/span>:<\/strong> Chamberbitter has been detected in nursery stock entering California from Florida.<\/p>\n

United States<\/span>:<\/strong> \u00a0Chamberbitter is widespread in the Southern United States. It is listed as a noxious weed in Alabama.<\/p>\n

International<\/span>: <\/strong>Chamberbitter is reported as naturalized and as an environmental and agricultural weed in much of the tropics.<\/p>\n

The risk Chamberbitter would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h5>\n

1) Climate\/Host Interaction<\/span>: <\/strong>It is an invasive species of disturbed areas, nurseries, lawns and wet fields in the tropics and subtropics. Although it may spread in agricultural situations with adequate water, chamberbitter is unlikely to be suited to escape widely in the environment, except in warmer areas that have abundant water in the late spring and summer. This might apply in nurseries in Southern California, as well as in some rice fields. It scores as Medium (2) <\/strong><\/span>in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.\u00a0 Score:<\/p>\n

-Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.
\n-Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.<\/span>
\n-High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0Host Range<\/span>: <\/strong>Risk is High (3)<\/strong> <\/span>as weeds do not require any one host, but grow wherever ecological conditions are favorable.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

-Low (1) has a very limited host range.
\n-Medium (2) has a moderate host range.
\n–High (3)<\/strong> has a wide host range.<\/span><\/p>\n

3) Pest Dispersal Potential<\/span>: <\/strong>Chamberbitter\u00a0is a prolific seed producer that disperses its seeds via explosive fruits. The seeds can remain dormant for an extended period of time. They germinate during the wet, warm conditions and the seedlings mature quickly (within 2 weeks in some cases). Seed requires light to germinate. A germination rate of up to 80% was observed at temperatures of 25\u201335\u00b0C, but germination was poor at 20\u00b0C or 40\u00b0C. Germination of seed is also poor under moisture stress conditions. Chamberbitter receives a High (3) <\/strong><\/span>in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

-Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.
\n-Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.
\n–High (3)<\/strong> has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

4) Economic Impact<\/span>: <\/strong>Chamberbitter is a weed in some agricultural situations. Its worst effects are as a lawn weed that is difficult to eradicate. Chamberbitter receives a Low (1)<\/strong> <\/span>in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:<\/p>\n

A. \u00a0The pest could lower crop yield<\/p>\n

B. \u00a0The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs)<\/p>\n

C. \u00a0The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines by other states or countries)<\/p>\n

D<\/strong>. \u00a0The pest could negatively change normal production cultural practices<\/span><\/p>\n

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/p>\n

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

–Low (1)<\/strong> causes 0 or 1 of these impacts<\/span>
\n-Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts
\n<\/span><\/strong>-High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts<\/p>\n

5) Environmental Impact<\/span>: <\/strong>The plant has not yet spread in California. If it does spread, Chamberbitter might trigger new treatments by nursery and turf farm managers. Chamberbitter receives a Low (1) <\/strong><\/span>in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

A. \u00a0The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/p>\n

B. \u00a0The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/p>\n

C. \u00a0The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/p>\n

D<\/strong>. \u00a0The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/span><\/p>\n

E. \u00a0Significantly impacting cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/p>\n

Score the pest for Environmental Impact.<\/p>\n

–Low (1)<\/strong> causes none of the above to occur<\/span>
\n-Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur
\n-High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Chamberbitter: Medium (10)<\/span><\/strong><\/h5>\n

Add up the total score and include it here.<\/p>\n

-Low = 5-8 points
\n–Medium<\/strong> = 9-12 points<\/span>
\n-High = 13-15 points<\/p>\n

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information<\/span>: <\/strong>Chamberbitter has not been found established in California. Its range at this time is limited. It receives a (0)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.<\/p>\n

–Not established (0)<\/strong> Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.
\n<\/span>–Low (-1)<\/strong> Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).
\n–Medium (-2)<\/strong> Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.
\n–High (-3)<\/strong> Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

The final score is<\/strong> the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: Medium (10) <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Uncertainty: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

This plant is not widely adapted to the dry environments of California. Nevertheless, locally in warmer areas with irrigation, it could invade and prove troublesome. It is an especially invasive pests of nurseries and well watered lawns.<\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Chamberbitter is a potential weed of nurseries, turf farms and watered gardens in southern California. It may invade irrigated crops such as rice and cotton in warm areas as well, although this is less likely given the management regime in CA rice fields. Because of its real but restricted potential to invade California, chamberbitter deserves for a C<\/strong><\/span> pest rating.<\/p>\n

References:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Baldwin, B. G., D. H. Goldman, D. J. Keil, R. Patterson, T. J. Rosatti, and D. H. Wilken, editors. 2012. The Jepson manual: vascular plants of California, second edition. University of California Press, Berkeley.<\/p>\n

Consortium of California Herbaria: ucjeps.berkeley.edu\/consortium\/<\/a><\/p>\n

Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds.\u00a0 1993+.\u00a0 Flora of North America North of Mexico.\u00a0 16+ vols.\u00a0 New York and Oxford.<\/p>\n

Weaver, R. 2010. Phyllanthus urinaria<\/em> L., the chamber bitter or gripe weed. Accessed 5\/23\/2015: http:\/\/www.freshfromflorida.com\/Divisions-Offices\/Plant-Industry\/Plant-Industry-Publications\/Weed-of-the-Month\/August-2010-Phyllanthus-Urinaria-L.-The-Chamber-Bitter-Or-Gripe-Weed<\/a><\/p>\n

USDA Plant Profile: Phyllanthus urinaria<\/em>. Accessed May 16, 2015:<\/p>\n

http:\/\/plants.usda.gov\/core\/profile?symbol=PHUR<\/a><\/p>\n

\n
Responsible Party:<\/h5>\n

Dean G. Kelch, Primary Botanist; California Department of Food and Agriculture; 1220 N Street,\u00a0Sacramento, CA 95814; Tel. (916) 654-0312; plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n
Comment Format:<\/h5>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s)\u00a0being commented on, as shown below.<\/p>\n

Example Comment:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction: \u00a01. Climate\/Host Interaction:\u00a0[Your comment that relates to \u201cClimate\/Host Interaction\u201d here.<\/em>]<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may not be posted if they:<\/p>\n

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to\u00a0the pest rating proposal;<\/p>\n

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic,\u00a0sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal\u00a0material;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms\u00a0of discrimination;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the\u00a0website to be viewed, not just submitted.<\/p>\n

\n

Pest Rating: C |\u00a0<\/strong>Proposed\u00a0<\/strong>Seed Rating: R<\/strong><\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating Phyllanthus urinaria L.; Chamberbitter Euphorbiaceae; Malpighiales Pest\u00a0Rating: C | Proposed\u00a0Seed Rating: R PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: The species was given a temporary Q rating in 2014. History & Status: Chamberbitter is an herbaceous, annual herb that can grow 20-70 cm in height. The leaves are elliptic and borne distichously along the … Continue reading Phyllanthus urinaria L.; Chamberbitter<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[7],"tags":[310,309,308,85],"class_list":["post-1750","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-plants","tag-chamberbitter","tag-euphorbiaceae-malpighiales","tag-phyllanthus-urinaria","tag-weeds"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-se","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":6785,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=6785","url_meta":{"origin":1750,"position":0},"title":"MASCARENE ISLAND LEAF-FLOWER: Phyllanthus tenellus","author":"Javaid Iqbal","date":"January 22, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating Profile for Mascarene Island leaf-flower: Phyllanthus tenellus Pest Rating: C download pest rating Profile *NOTE: You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. 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