{"id":1604,"date":"2016-02-29T16:34:41","date_gmt":"2016-03-01T00:34:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1604"},"modified":"2024-04-26T11:14:34","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T18:14:34","slug":"squash-vein-yellowing-virus-sqvyv","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1604","title":{"rendered":"Squash Vein Yellowing Virus (SqVYV)"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating for<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Squash Vein Yellowing Virus<\/em><\/strong> (SqVYV)<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pest Rating: \u00a0B<\/h5>\n
\n
PEST RATING PROFILE<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Initiating Event: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

None.\u00a0 The risk of introduction of Squash vein yellowing virus<\/em> to California is assessed and a permanent rating for SqVYV is herein proposed.<\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background<\/u><\/strong>:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In 2003 in Hillsborough County, Florida, an unknown virus was detected in squash plants (Cucurbita pepo<\/em>) exhibiting vein yellowing symptoms and soon after in 2005, this virus was found to cause watermelon vine decline in watermelon plants in Florida (Webb et al.,<\/em> 2003; Adkins et al.,<\/em> 2007).\u00a0 In 2006, the virus was identified and characterized as a new species, Squash vein yellowing virus<\/em>.\u00a0 SqVYV is a whitefly-transmitted member of the genus Ipomovirus<\/em> in the family Potyviridae which induces necrosis of watermelon stems and petioles resulting in rapid wilt and death of plants at or near harvest. In the field, SqVYV is often detected in watermelon in mixed infections with other viruses (Adkins et al.,<\/em> 2013).<\/p>\n

Squash vein yellowing virus<\/em> was reported from California in 2015 following the fall of 2014 detection of diseased pumpkin plants grown from seed at the University of California Desert Research Extension Center in Holtville, California. Molecular analysis of pathogens associated with the diseased plants revealed mixed infections with the crinivirus Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus<\/em>, the begomovirus Squash leaf curl virus<\/em> and SqVYV. Symptoms of infection and association of a divergent strain of SqVYV were confirmed through pathogenicity trials and molecular diagnostic tests of infected pumpkin and squash plants.\u00a0 SqVYV-infected melon plants were also detected in commercial fields in the Imperial Valley (Batuman et al<\/em>., 2015).\u00a0\u00a0 Subsequently, during December 2014, official melon and pumpkin samples from the infected sites were collected by Imperial County Agricultural Commissioner\u2019s staff and sent to CDFA Plant Pathology Laboratory for diagnosis.\u00a0 Tongyan Tian, CDFA plant pathologist, detected SqVYV from the samples using a RT-PCR protocol and sequence analysis.\u00a0 The detection of SqVYV in Imperial County marked the first report of an Ipomovirus<\/em> in California (Batuman et al<\/em>., 2015).<\/p>\n

Hosts:<\/em> The host range is limited to species in Cucurbitaceae with more dramatic symptoms produced in squash (inc<\/em>. pumpkin) and watermelon.\u00a0 Plant hosts include two varieties of cucurbit weeds, namely, Momordica charantia<\/em> (Balsam-apple) and Melothria pendula<\/em> (creeping cucumber) (Adkins et al<\/em>., 2008). The weeds may serve as reservoir hosts for SqVYV.<\/p>\n

Symptoms:<\/em> Initial symptoms consist of a slight yellowing of leaves. This is followed by browning and collapse of entire vines within weeks of the first symptoms.\u00a0 These symptoms appear as the fruit develops to a harvestable size.\u00a0 Infected fruit internally often exhibit discolored and necrotic blotches in the rind, discolored flesh (too red) and an off-taste (Baker et al., 2008).\u00a0 SqVYV-infected cucurbit weed hosts are asymptomatic (Adkins et al<\/em>., 2008).\u00a0\u00a0 In Puerto Rico, symptoms of watermelon vine decline on field-grown watermelon included leaf curling, mosaic, and internode necrosis. During the early stage of plant growth reduced vigor and general stunting occurred, and at the flowering stage, symptoms progressed to necrosis and wilting of vines (Acevedo, et al<\/em>., 2013). \u00a0Adkins et al. <\/em>(2013) reported that symptoms of vine decline in watermelon appeared 12-16 days after inoculation regardless of plant age at time of inoculation and greenhouse or field location. However, younger watermelon plants exhibited more severe symptoms than older ones.<\/p>\n

Damage Potential:<\/em>\u00a0 In Florida, watermelon plants suffering from vine decline and fruit rot disease caused by SqVYV has resulted in severe losses in spring and fall plantings.\u00a0\u00a0 During this period the disease may rapidly increase in incidence from 10 to >80% within a week (Adkins et al<\/em>., 2007). The disease can result in total crop loss with collapsed vines and unmarketable fruit with discolored and necrotic rinds.<\/p>\n

Transmission<\/em>:\u00a0 SqVYV is transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci.<\/em>\u00a0 The pathogen is not transmitted by aphids unlike other common cucurbit-infecting species of the family Potyviridae<\/em> (Adkins et al.,<\/em> 2003). Experimentally, Adkins and others determined that whiteflies required 1-2 days to feed and acquire the virus from infected plants followed by 2 hours or 2 days to inoculate or transmit the virus to non-infected squash and watermelon plants.\u00a0 Transmission occurs in a semi-persistent mode by the whitefly which remains infective for 4-6 hours after acquiring the virus.\u00a0 Adkins et al<\/em>. (2008) experimentally demonstrated that the whitefly vector was able to acquire SqVYV from inoculated cucurbit weed host Momordica charantia<\/em> and subsequently transmit it to squash and watermelon to produce typical symptoms.\u00a0 While the virus has been artificially inoculated to plants under greenhouse conditions, the main mode of natural field transmission is through its whitefly vector.<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong> North America<\/em>: USA (California, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, South Carolina, Puerto Rico (Acevedo et al., <\/em>2013; Egel & Adkins, 2007; Adkins et al.,<\/em> 2013).<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/u>:<\/strong> Squash vein yellowing virus<\/em> currently holds a temporary Q rating by the CDFA.\u00a0 No other official control for SqVYV has been reported.<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong> Currently, Squash vein yellowing virus<\/em> has only been detected in Imperial County.<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/u>:<\/strong>\u00a0 There are no official records of interceptions of Squash vein yellowing virus<\/em> in California.<\/p>\n

The risk Squash vein yellowing<\/em> virus<\/em> would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h5>\n

1) Climate\/Host Interaction<\/span>:<\/strong> Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/p>\n

Risk is Medium (2)<\/em><\/strong><\/span> \u2013 <\/em>SqVYV has already been able to establish in Imperial County, southern California\u00a0 Its further spread to non-infected sites cultivated to cucurbits is limited by the distribution of its vector,<\/em> Bemisia tabaci, which to date, has not been found in natural cooler climates of northern California counties.<\/em><\/p>\n

2) Known Pest Host Rang<\/span>e:<\/strong> Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> has a very limited host range.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.<\/p>\n

– High (3) has a wide host range.<\/p>\n

Risk is low (1) <\/em><\/strong><\/span>\u2013 The natural host range is limited to plant species in the family Cucurbitaceae (which are grown extensively in the lower Sacramento Valley and in limited production in San Joaquin and Imperial Valleys).<\/em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

3)\u00a0Pest Dispersal Potential<\/span>:<\/strong> Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is High (3) <\/em><\/strong><\/span>\u2013 The virus is able to thrive in climates that are favorable for its vector. Its potential for spread is always artificial being completely dependent on the distribution of its vector and infected plant materials.\u00a0 Therefore, factors that increase movement and activity of the vector and infected plants will also influence that of the virus.<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

4) Economic Impact<\/span>:<\/strong> Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:<\/p>\n

A. \u00a0The pest could lower crop yield.<\/p>\n

B. \u00a0The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).<\/p>\n

C. \u00a0The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).<\/p>\n

D. \u00a0The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.<\/p>\n

E. \u00a0The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/p>\n

F. \u00a0The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G. \u00a0The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is High (3)<\/em><\/strong><\/span> \u2013<\/em> SqVYV infections could lower crop yield and value, increase production costs, trigger loss of market, and the virus is vectored by the whitefly, <\/em>Bemisia tabaci which would require implementation of management strategies to minimize the risk of the introduction and establishment of the virus in non-infected regions within California.<\/em><\/p>\n

5) Environmental Impact<\/span>:<\/strong> Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/p>\n

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/p>\n

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/p>\n

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/p>\n

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/p>\n

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes one of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

Risk is <\/em><\/strong>Medium (2)<\/em><\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 Infestations of <\/em>\u00a0SqVYV could significantly impact home\/urban gardening of cucurbit host plants resulting in the imposition of additional official or private treatment programs in order to prevent spread of the virus and virus-carrying whitefly vector.<\/em><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Squash vein yellowing virus<\/em><\/strong><\/h5>\n

Add up the total score and include it here. (Score)<\/p>\n

-Low = 5-8 points<\/p>\n

–Medium<\/strong> = 9-12 points<\/span><\/p>\n

-High = 13-15 points<\/p>\n

Total points obtained on evaluation of consequences of introduction of SqVYV<\/em> to California = (11)<\/span>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information<\/span>:<\/strong> Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included. (Score)<\/p>\n

–Not established (0)<\/strong> Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/span><\/p>\n

-Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).<\/p>\n

-Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

-High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

Evaluation is Low (-1).\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

7) The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: (Score)<\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/span> <\/em><\/strong>\u00a0Score of Consequences of Introduction \u2013 Score of Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information = 10<\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Uncertainty: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

While <\/em>SqVYV is established in the Imperial Valley and there have been no further reports of its spread to other intrastate regions, targeted surveys for the pathogen have not been conducted in other cucurbit production sites.\u00a0 The distribution and establishment of the virus is largely dependent on the distribution and established infestations of virus-carrying <\/em>Bemisia tabaci.\u00a0 Subsequently, detections outside the Imperial Valley may alter the proposed rating for this virus pathogen<\/em>.<\/em><\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Based on the evidence provided above the proposed rating for Squash vein yellowing virus<\/em> is B<\/span>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

References:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

A<\/strong>cevedo, V., J. C. V.\u00a0 Rodrigues, C. E. de Jensen, C. G. Webster, S. Adkins and L. Wessel-Beaver.\u00a0 2013.\u00a0 First report of Squash vein yellowing virus<\/em> affecting watermelon and bitter gourd in Puerto Rico.\u00a0 Plant Disease 97:1516.<\/p>\n

A<\/strong>dkins S., T. G. McCollum, J. P. Albano, C. S. Kousik, C. A. Baker, C. G. Webster, P. D. Roberts, S. E. Webb and W. W. Turechek.\u00a0 2013.\u00a0 Physiological effects of Squash vein yellowing virus<\/em> infection on watermelon.\u00a0 Plant Disease 97:1137-1148.<\/p>\n

A<\/strong>dkins, S., S.E. Webb, D. Achor, P. Roberts, and C.A. Baker. 2007. Identification and characterization of a novel whitefly-transmitted member of the family Potyviridae isolated from cucurbits in Florida.\u00a0 Phytopathology 97: 145-154.<\/p>\n

A<\/strong>dkins, S.T., S. Webb, C. Baker, and C.S. Kousik. 2008. Squash vein yellowing virus <\/em>detection using nested polymerase reaction demonstrates the cucurbit weed Momordica charantia <\/em>is a reservoir host. Plant Disease 92: 1119-1123.<\/p>\n

B<\/strong>aker, C., S. Webb and S. Adkins.\u00a0 2008.\u00a0 Squash vein yellowing virus<\/em>, causal agent of watermelon vine decline in Florida. Plant Pathology Circular No. 407, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry.<\/p>\n

E<\/strong>gel, D. S. and S. Adkins. 2007.\u00a0 Squash vein yellowing virus<\/em> identified in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) in Indiana.\u00a0 Plant Disease, 91:1056.2.<\/p>\n

B<\/strong>atuman, O., E. T. Natwick, W. M. Wintermantel, T. Tian, J. D. McCreight, L. L. Hladky, and R. L. Gilbertson.\u00a0 2015.\u00a0 First report of an Ipomovirus infecting cucurbits in the Imperial Valley of California.\u00a0 Plant Disease 99:1042.\u00a0 http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1094\/PDIS-12-14-1248-PDN<\/a>.<\/p>\n

W<\/strong>ebb, S. E., E. Hiebert and T. A. Kucharek.\u00a0 2003.\u00a0 Identity and distribution of viruses infecting cucurbits in Florida.\u00a0 Phytopathology 93:S89.<\/p>\n

\n
Responsible Party:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

John J. Chitambar, Primary Plant Pathologist\/Nematologist, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832. Phone: 916-262-1110, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n
Comment Format:<\/h5>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s)\u00a0being commented on, as shown below.<\/p>\n

Example Comment:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction: \u00a01. Climate\/Host Interaction:\u00a0[Your comment that relates to \u201cClimate\/Host Interaction\u201d here.<\/em>]<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may not be posted if they:<\/p>\n

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to\u00a0the pest rating proposal;<\/p>\n

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic,\u00a0sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal\u00a0material;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms\u00a0of discrimination;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the\u00a0website to be viewed, not just submitted.<\/p>\n

\n

Pest Rating: \u00a0B<\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating for Squash Vein Yellowing Virus (SqVYV) Pest Rating: \u00a0B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: None.\u00a0 The risk of introduction of Squash vein yellowing virus to California is assessed and a permanent rating for SqVYV is herein proposed. History & Status: Background:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In 2003 in Hillsborough County, Florida, an unknown virus was detected … Continue reading Squash Vein Yellowing Virus (SqVYV)<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1117,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[4,39],"tags":[45,271,154],"class_list":["post-1604","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-plant-pathology","category-viruses-and-viroids","tag-plant-pathogen","tag-squash-vein-yellowing-virus","tag-virus"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-pS","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":386,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=386","url_meta":{"origin":1604,"position":0},"title":"Cucurbit Yellow Stunting Disorder Virus (CYSDV)","author":"Admin","date":"March 16, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"California Plant Pest Rating for Cucurbit Yellow Stunting Disorder Virus (CYSDV) Pest\u00a0Rating:\u00a0B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: The risk of infestation of Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus in California is evaluated and a permanent rating is herein proposed. History & Status: Background: Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus CYSDV belongs to\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Plant Pathogens"","block_context":{"text":"Plant Pathogens","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=4"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":8943,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=8943","url_meta":{"origin":1604,"position":1},"title":"Citrus yellow vein clearing virus","author":"Heather.Martin","date":"September 24, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Citrus yellow vein clearing virusPest Rating: A DOWNLOAD PEST RATING *NOTE You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. 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Posted by ta","rel":"","context":"In "B-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"B-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=670"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":13233,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=13233","url_meta":{"origin":1604,"position":4},"title":"Benyvirus necrobetae (syn. Beet necrotic yellow vein virus) Rhizomania of beet","author":"Heather Martin","date":"August 30, 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating Profile for Benyvirus necrobetae (syn. Beet necrotic yellow vein virus) Rhizomania of beetPest Rating: C Comment Period: 08\/30\/2024 \u2013 10\/14\/2024 download pest rating profile *NOTE You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation,\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "C-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"C-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=671"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":6143,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=6143","url_meta":{"origin":1604,"position":5},"title":"Lethal yellowing of palm phytoplasma | CANDIDATUS PHYTOPLASMA PALMAE","author":"Heather.Martin","date":"June 6, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Candidatus Phytoplasma palmae (Lethal yellowing of palm phytoplasma) [syn. Coconut lethal yellowing pathogen (Nutman & Roberts, 1955)]Pest Rating: A DOWNLOAD PEST RATING Author\/Responsible Party: Dr. Heather J. 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