{"id":1519,"date":"2016-01-20T14:25:31","date_gmt":"2016-01-20T22:25:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1519"},"modified":"2024-04-26T11:15:19","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T18:15:19","slug":"greeneria-uvicola-berk-m-a-curtis-punith-1974","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1519","title":{"rendered":"Greeneria uvicola (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Punith. 1974"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating Proposal for<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Greeneria uvicola <\/em><\/strong>(Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Punith. 1974<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pest Rating: B<\/h5>\n
\n
PEST RATING PROFILE<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Initiating Event: \u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

On December 16, 2015, a shipment of grape leaves from Texas, destined to a retail store in California, was intercepted by the Los Angeles County officials.\u00a0 The leaves had symptoms of leaf spots and a sample was collected and sent to the CDFA Plant Pathology Laboratory for disease diagnosis.\u00a0 The fungal pathogen, Greeneria uvicola, <\/em>was identified as the cause for the leaf spots, by Suzanne Rooney Latham, CDFA plant pathologist.\u00a0 The pathogen was given a Q rating and subsequently the shipment of grape leaves was destroyed. \u00a0The risk of infestation of Greeneria uvicola<\/em> in California is evaluated and a permanent rating is herein proposed.\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background<\/u><\/strong>:\u00a0 Greeneria uvicola <\/em>is the cause of \u2018Bitter Rot\u2019 of grapes. The disease is cosmopolitan and common in the southern eastern United States, while being an occasional problem in the northern region as far as Long Island and New England states.\u00a0 Greeneria uvicola<\/em> is an asexually reproducing fungus with no known sexual state. Taxonomically, the pathogen is also known by several synonyms (including, Greenaria fuliginea, Melanconium fuligineum<\/em>, and Phoma uvicola<\/em>) and based on molecular data was placed in Ascomycetes, Diaporthales (Farr et al<\/em>., 2001; Sutton, 2015).<\/p>\n

Hosts<\/strong>: Grapevine (Vitis<\/em> spp.).<\/em><\/p>\n

Symptoms<\/strong>:\u00a0 The pathogen infects all above ground vegetative plant parts including stem, leaves, tendrils and fruits.\u00a0 Leaf symptoms, which are more common on muscadine grapes than on bunch grapes, appear as tiny, sunken, reddish-brown flecks with yellow halos.\u00a0 Stem and petiole infects result in round to elliptical, reddish brown to black lesions which may be slightly raised or sunken.\u00a0 Flecking of sepals and blighting of flower buds may also occur.\u00a0 The fungus initially invades the berry from the berry stem (pedicel) at the onset of ripening. Infected light-skinned berries turn brown and form multiple, prominent fungal asexual fruiting bodies (acervuli) once the berries reach their full size.\u00a0 As the rot progresses through the infected berries, the acervuli form in concentric rings, but are more uniformly distributed once the fruit is completely rotted.\u00a0 These symptoms are less visible on dark-skinned berries which rough-skinned and iridescent.\u00a0 Eventually, infected berries soften, shrivel, may be completely covered with acervuli, and may abscise or become mummified and remain attached (Sutton, 2015).<\/p>\n

Damage Potential:<\/strong>\u00a0 Infected fruit becomes rotted and as rotted fruit begins to soften they have a distinct bitter taste which is carried through the winemaking process resulting in a finished wine with an unpleasant, burnt or bitter taste.\u00a0 Therefore, the marketability of diseased fruit for table or wine use is reduced.<\/p>\n

Disease Cycle:<\/strong> The pathogen overwinters as a saprophyte on fallen fruit, cold-damaged shoot tips, and necrotic bark of the trunk and cordons.\u00a0 In spring, gelatinous masses of spores (conidia) are produced from acervuli and washed by rain to green vegetative parts including the pedicels.\u00a0 Disease development requires long and warm rains in spring, followed by warm, humid summers.\u00a0 Infections occur during wet periods at 12-30\u00b0C, and optimally at 22.4-24.6\u00b0C, with 6-12 hrs wetness.\u00a0 The fungus invades the pedicel and remains latent until fruit mature.\u00a0 At that time the pathogen actively grows from the infected pedicel into the maturing fruit resulting in berry rot. \u00a0Conidia are produced in infected berries and rain splashed onto other ripening fruit causing secondary infections.\u00a0 Infections usually occur in fruit wounded by insects, birds, hail, heavy rainstorms, or mechanically.\u00a0 Berries are most susceptible at the onset of ripening however they may be infected by conidia anytime between bloom and harvest (Sutton, 2015).<\/p>\n

Transmission<\/strong>: \u00a0\u00a0The pathogen is spread through infected above ground vegetative plant materials and dead plant debris (leaves, stems, tendrils, and mummied fruits), rain\/water splash.<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong> Greeneria uvicola<\/em> is distributed worldwide and reported from Asia<\/em>: India, China, Taiwan, Thailand; Africa<\/em>: South Africa; Europe<\/em>: Bulgaria, Poland, Ukraine; North America:<\/em> USA, Mexico; South America<\/em>: Brazil, Costa Rica; Uruguay; Australia<\/em> (Farr & Rossman, 2016; Samuelian, et al<\/em>., 2013; ChaoYu et al<\/em>., 2015). \u00a0Greece, Japan, and New Zealand have also been reported (Sutton, 2015).<\/p>\n

In the USA, Greeneria uvicola<\/em> has been reported mainly from the south eastern states.\u00a0 Its distribution includes Florida, Georgia, Missouri, Mississippi, Ohio, Oklahoma, North Carolina, South Carolina, and West Virginia (Farr & Rossman, 2016).<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/u>:<\/strong>\u00a0 Greeneria uvicola<\/em> is on the \u2018Harmful Organism List\u2019 for China (PCIT, 2015).\u00a0 Presently, G. uvicola<\/em> has a temporary (Q) rating as a quarantine, actionable pathogen by the CDFA.<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong>\u00a0 Greeneria uvicola<\/em> is not reported from California.<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/u>:<\/strong> There has been only one interception of Greeneria uvicola<\/em>-infected grape leaves in California (see \u2018Initiating Event\u201d).<\/p>\n

The risk Greeneria uvicola<\/em> would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h5>\n

1) Climate\/Host Interaction<\/span>:<\/strong> Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.<\/p>\n

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/p>\n

Risk is Low (1) <\/em><\/strong><\/span>\u2013 The requirements for a suitable climate of long periods of warm rains in spring, followed by warm, humid summers would not likely favor or greatly limit the establishment of <\/em>Greenaria uvicola in California where grape is usually cultivated under warm and dry conditions.<\/em><\/p>\n

2) Known Pest Host Range<\/span>:<\/strong> Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> has a very limited host range.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.<\/p>\n

– High (3) has a wide host range.<\/p>\n

Risk is Low (1)<\/span> <\/em><\/strong>\u2013 Grape<\/em> (Vitis spp<\/em>.) is the only host. \u00a0Although the host range is very limited, in California grape is a major crop that is cultivated over significant acreage.<\/em><\/p>\n

3)\u00a0Pest Dispersal Potential<\/span>:<\/strong> Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

Risk is Medium (2)<\/span> \u2013 <\/em><\/strong>Greeneria uvicola is highly reproductive, producing gelatinous masses of conidia for primary and secondary infections.\u00a0 Dispersal of conidia is dependent on rain splash for delivery to, and infection of non-infected above ground parts of the grapevine.<\/em><\/p>\n

4) Economic Impact<\/span>:<\/strong> Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:<\/p>\n

A. \u00a0The pest could lower crop yield.<\/p>\n

B. \u00a0The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).<\/p>\n

C. \u00a0The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).<\/p>\n

D. \u00a0The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.<\/p>\n

E. \u00a0The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/p>\n

F. \u00a0The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G. \u00a0The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is High (3)<\/span> – <\/em><\/strong>Bitter rot diseased fruit is rotted and has a bitter taste that results in finished wine with an unpleasant bitter or burnt flavor.\u00a0 Therefore, <\/em>Greeneria uvicola-infected fruit could lower crop yield of healthy fruit bunches, lower crop value, and trigger loss of markets of table and wine grapes. \u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

5) Environmental Impact<\/span>:<\/strong> Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

A. \u00a0The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/p>\n

B. \u00a0The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/p>\n

C. \u00a0The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/p>\n

D. \u00a0The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/p>\n

E. \u00a0The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/p>\n

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes one of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

Risk is <\/em><\/strong>Medium (2)<\/em><\/strong><\/span> \u2013 <\/em><\/strong>Home gardens cultivated with table and\/or wine grapes could be significantly impacted if infected with the bitter rot pathogen.<\/em><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Greeneria uvicola:<\/em><\/strong><\/h5>\n

Add up the total score and include it here. (Score)<\/p>\n

-Low = 5-8 points<\/p>\n

–Medium<\/strong> = 9-12 points<\/span><\/p>\n

-High = 13-15 points<\/p>\n

Total points obtained on evaluation of consequences of introduction of Greeneria uvicola<\/em> to California = 9<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information<\/span>:<\/strong> Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included. (Score)<\/p>\n

–Not established (0)<\/strong> Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/span><\/p>\n

-Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).<\/p>\n

-Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

-High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

Evaluation is not established in California (0).\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

7) The final score is<\/strong> the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: (Score)<\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/span> <\/em><\/strong>\u00a0Score of Consequences of Introduction \u2013 Score of Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information = 9.<\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Uncertainty: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

None<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Based on the evidence provided above the proposed rating for the bitter rot pathogen, Greeneria uvicola<\/em> is B<\/span> .\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

References:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

C<\/strong>haoYu, Cui, Jiang JunXi, Ouyang Hui, Li Cheng, Liu DengQuan, and Huang Ting.\u00a0 2015.\u00a0 First report of Greeneria uvicola<\/em> causing bitter rot of grape in China.\u00a0 Journal of Phytopathology, 163:780-782.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.eppo.int\/DATABASES\/pqr\/pqr.htm<\/a> .<\/p>\n

F<\/strong>arr, D. F., and A. Y. Rossman.\u00a0 2015.\u00a0 Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved January 12, 2016, from http:\/\/nt.ars-grin.gov\/fungaldatabases\/<\/a><\/p>\n

F<\/strong>arr. D. F., L. A. Castlebury, A. Rossman, and O. Erincik.\u00a0 2001.\u00a0 Greeneria uvicola<\/em>, cause of bitter rot of grapes, belongs in Diaporthales.\u00a0 Sydowia-Horn, 53:185-199.<\/p>\n

P<\/strong>CIT.\u00a0 2015.\u00a0 USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System. July 21, 2015.\u00a0 https:\/\/pcit.aphis.usda.gov\/PExD\/faces\/ReportHarmOrgs.jsp<\/a> .<\/p>\n

S<\/strong>amuelian, S. K., L. A. Greer, K. Cowan, M. Priest, T. B. Sutton, S. Savocchia, and C. C. Steel.\u00a0 2013.\u00a0 Phylogenetic relationships, pathogenicity and fungicide sensitivity of Greeneria uvicola<\/em> isolates from Vitis vinifera<\/em> and Muscadinia rotundifolia<\/em>.\u00a0 Plant Pathology, 62: 829-841.<\/p>\n

S<\/strong>utton, T. B.\u00a0 2015.\u00a0 Diseases caused by biotic factors, diseases caused by fungi and Oomycetes: Bitter Rot.\u00a0 Compendium of Grape Disease, Second Edition.APS Press, The American Phytopathological Society, pg. 24-26.<\/p>\n

\n
Responsible Party:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

John J. Chitambar, Primary Plant Pathologist\/Nematologist, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832. Phone: 916-262-1110, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n
Comment Format:<\/h5>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s)\u00a0being commented on, as shown below.<\/p>\n

Example Comment:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction: \u00a01. Climate\/Host Interaction:\u00a0[Your comment that relates to \u201cClimate\/Host Interaction\u201d here.<\/em>]<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may not be posted if they:<\/p>\n

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to\u00a0the pest rating proposal;<\/p>\n

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic,\u00a0sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal\u00a0material;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms\u00a0of discrimination;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the\u00a0website to be viewed, not just submitted.<\/p>\n

\n

Pest Rating: B<\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating Proposal for Greeneria uvicola (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Punith. 1974 Pest Rating: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: \u00a0 On December 16, 2015, a shipment of grape leaves from Texas, destined to a retail store in California, was intercepted by the Los Angeles County officials.\u00a0 The leaves had symptoms of leaf … Continue reading Greeneria uvicola (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Punith. 1974<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1117,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[8,4],"tags":[46,268,45],"class_list":["post-1519","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fungi","category-plant-pathology","tag-fungi-2","tag-greeneria-uvicola","tag-plant-pathogen"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-ov","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":2762,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2762","url_meta":{"origin":1519,"position":0},"title":"Phakopsora phyllanthi Dietel 1910","author":"Admin","date":"October 26, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Phakopsora phyllanthi Dietel 1910 Pest Rating: C PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: On December 4, 2015, a shipment of cut foliage of an unidentified plant species was intercepted at the USPS West Sacramento Distribution Center by the CDFA Dog Team.\u00a0 The shipment had originated in Florida\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Fungi"","block_context":{"text":"Fungi","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2677,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2677","url_meta":{"origin":1519,"position":1},"title":"Cercospora coniogrammes Crous & R. 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Wei 1950 Pest Rating: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event:\u00a0 On September 27, 2017, a shipment of desert rose (Adenium obesum) plants showing symptoms of leaf spot disease was intercepted by San Diego Agricultural County inspectors.\u00a0 The\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "B-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"B-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=670"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2207,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2207","url_meta":{"origin":1519,"position":3},"title":"Calonectria pteridis Crous, M. J. Wingf. & Alfenas, 1993","author":"Admin","date":"June 29, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Calonectria pteridis Crous, M. J. Wingf. & Alfenas, 1993 Pest Rating: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: On April 19, 2016, diseased Ravenea rivularis (majesty palm) plants exhibiting leaf spots were intercepted by San Luis Obispo County Agricultural officials. The shipment of plants had originated in\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Fungi"","block_context":{"text":"Fungi","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":10994,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=10994","url_meta":{"origin":1519,"position":4},"title":"Didymella fabae G.J. Jellis & Punith. 1991 (teleomorph) Ascochyta fabae Speg. 1899 (anamorph) = Ascochyta pisi var. fabae R. Sprague 1947 Ascochyta blight Leaf and pod spot of fava beans","author":"Heather.Martin","date":"September 20, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Didymella fabae G.J. Jellis & Punith. 1991 (teleomorph) Ascochyta fabae Speg. 1899 (anamorph) = Ascochyta pisi var. fabae R. Sprague 1947 Ascochyta blight Leaf and pod spot of fava beansPest Rating: B Download pest rating *NOTE You must be registered and logged in to post a\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "B-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"B-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=670"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":6798,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=6798","url_meta":{"origin":1519,"position":5},"title":"Exosporium petersii (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) U. Braun 2014","author":"Heather.Martin","date":"February 4, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Exosporium petersii (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) U. Braun 2014 Pest Rating: B download pest rating *NOTE: You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. 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