{"id":1518,"date":"2016-01-20T14:25:22","date_gmt":"2016-01-20T22:25:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1518"},"modified":"2024-04-26T11:15:31","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T18:15:31","slug":"colletotrichum-cordylinicola-phoulivong-l-cai-k-d-hyde-2011","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1518","title":{"rendered":"Colletotrichum cordylinicola Phoulivong, L. Cai & K. D. Hyde, 2011"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating Proposal for<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Colletotrichum cordylinicola <\/em><\/strong>Phoulivong, L. Cai & K. D. Hyde, 2011<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pest Rating: B<\/h5>\n
\n
PEST RATING PROFILE<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Initiating Event: \u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

On October 6, 2015 a shipment of Green Ti plant cuttings (Cordyline glauca<\/em>) showing leaf blight symptoms and destined to a nursery in San Diego County, was intercepted and sampled by San Diego County Agricultural officials.\u00a0 \u00a0The shipment had originated in Costa Rica.\u00a0 Diseased plant samples were sent to the CDFA Plant Diagnostics Branch for diagnosis.\u00a0 Suzanne Latham, CDFA plant pathologist identified the leaf spot and anthracnose pathogen, Colletotrichum <\/em>sp. <\/em>as the cause for the disease. The identity of the associated pathogen was later confirmed to be C. cordylinicola <\/em>by USDA National Identification Services at Beltsville, Maryland, and marked the first detection of C. cordylinicola<\/em> in continental USA.\u00a0 The pathogen was assigned a temporary Q rating by the CDFA and consequently, all infected plant materials were destroyed. The risk of infestation of C. cordylinicola <\/em>in California is evaluated and a permanent rating is proposed.<\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background<\/u><\/strong>:\u00a0 In 2010, Phoulivong et al.<\/em> first reported the fungal species, Colletotrichum cordylinicola<\/em> causing anthracnose disease in Cordyline fruticosa<\/em> in Thailand and Eugenia javanica<\/em> in Laos. They noted that the isolate from C. fruticosa <\/em>was not pathogenic to E. javanica <\/em>and vice versa, and that both strains may represent different pathotypes.\u00a0 However, Weir et al.<\/em> (2012), through further molecular analysis placed both isolates within the same species. \u00a0Colletotrichum cordylinicola <\/em>is a distinct fungus species belonging to the vastly morphological and physiological variable C. gloeosporioides <\/em>and is genetically identified from other species of the complex (Weir et al<\/em>, 2012). Colletotrichum cordylinicola<\/em> has not been reported from the USA.\u00a0 A reported identification of C. cordylinicola<\/em> detected on Cordyline fruticosa<\/em> in Florida (Sharma et al<\/em>., 2014) is considered inconclusive by the USDA APHIS PPQ National Identification Services.<\/p>\n

Hosts<\/strong>: Cordyline (Cordyline fruticosa) <\/em>in the Asparagaceae family, <\/em>and wax jambu (Eugenia javanica <\/em>= syn. Syzygium samarangense<\/em>) in the Myrtaceae family.<\/p>\n

Symptoms<\/strong>:\u00a0 Colletotrichum cordylinicola <\/em>causes leaf and fruit spots.\u00a0 Generally, Colletotrichum<\/em>-infected host plants exhibit symptoms of anthracnose which include dark brown leaf, stem and fruit spots and wilting of leaves which often result in dieback and reduction in plant quality.<\/p>\n

Damage Potential:\u00a0<\/strong> In general, anthracnose disease of fruits and leaves caused by Colletotrichum<\/em> spp., can result in reduction in yield quantity and quality of agricultural crops and fruit trees (Phoulivong et al<\/em>., 2010).\u00a0 It is, therefore, highly likely that Colletotrichum cordylinicola <\/em>can result in reduced plant quality and growth, fruit production and marketability.\u00a0 Estimates of yield\/crop loss due to this pathogen have not been reported.\u00a0 Nursery productions of ornamental cordyline and wax jambu plants are particularly at risk as nursery conditions are often conducive to infection by Colletotrichum<\/em> species.\u00a0 In open fields, disease development may be sporadic as it is affected by levels of pathogen inoculum and environmental conditions.<\/p>\n

Disease Cycle:\u00a0<\/strong> It is likely that Colletotrichum cordylinicola<\/em> has a similar life cycle to that of other Colletotrichum<\/em> species and survives between crops during winter as mycelium on plant residue in soil, on infected plants, and on seeds.\u00a0 During active growth, the pathogen produces masses of hyphae (stromata) which bear conidiophores, on the plant surface. Conidia (spores) are produced at the tips of the conidiophores and disseminated by wind, rain, cultivation tools, equipment, and field workers.\u00a0 \u00a0Conidia are transmitted to host plants.\u00a0 Humid, wet, rainy weather is necessary for infection to occur.\u00a0 These requirements in particular may limit the occurrence of the pathogen in California fields and subsequently, the pathogen may be more of a problem under controlled environments of greenhouses.\u00a0 Conidia germinate, penetrate host tissue by means of specialized hyphae (appresoria) and invade host tissue.<\/p>\n

Transmission:<\/strong>\u00a0 Wind, wind-driven rain, cultivation tools, and human contact.<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong>\u00a0 Colletotrichum cylindricola <\/em>is distributed in Thailand, Laos, and New Zealand (Farr & Rossman, 2015; Phoulivong et al<\/em>., 2010; Weir et al<\/em>., 2012).<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/u>:\u00a0<\/strong> Presently, in California C. cordylinicola <\/em>is an actionable, Q-rated pathogen, and infected plant material is subject to destruction or rejection.\u00a0 The pathogen is categorized as \u2018reportable\u2019 by the USDA.<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong> Colletotrichum cylindricola <\/em>is not established in California (see \u201cInitiating Event\u201d).<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/u>:<\/strong> There has been one reported interception of Colletotrichum cordylinicola-<\/em>infected Cordyline glauca<\/em> plant cuttings. (see \u2018Initiating event\u2019).<\/p>\n

The risk Colletotrichum cordylinicola<\/em> would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h5>\n

1) Climate\/Host Interaction<\/span>:<\/strong> Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.<\/p>\n

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/p>\n

Risk is Low (1) <\/em><\/strong><\/span>\u2013 Similar to other species of <\/em>Colletotrichum cordylinicola requires humid, wet, rainy weather for conidia to infect host plants. The environmental requirements and narrow host range may limit the ability of the pathogen to fully establish and spread under outdoor dry conditions in the State.<\/em><\/p>\n

2) Known Pest Host Range<\/span>:<\/strong> Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> has a very limited host range.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.<\/p>\n

– High (3) has a wide host range.<\/p>\n

Risk is Low (1)<\/span> <\/em><\/strong>\u2013 Colletotrichum cylindricola has a limited host range comprising of cordyline (<\/em>Cordyline fruticosa) and wax jambu (<\/em>Eugenia javanica) .\u00a0 Cordyline is an indoor decorative plant that is commonly produced in nursery greenhouses in California. Outdoor cultivation of this plant is not common.\u00a0 Wax Jambu (<\/em>Eugenia javanica) may be grown in limited residential and commercial public regions in Southern California..<\/em><\/p>\n

3)\u00a0Pest Dispersal Potential<\/span>:<\/strong> Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is High (3) <\/em><\/strong><\/span>\u2013 The pathogen has high reproductive potential and conidia are produced successively.\u00a0 They are transmitted by wind, wind-driven rain, cultivation tools, and human contact however conidial germination and plant infection require long, wet periods.<\/em><\/p>\n

4) Economic Impact<\/span>:<\/strong> Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:<\/p>\n

A. \u00a0The pest could lower crop yield.<\/p>\n

B. \u00a0The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).<\/p>\n

C. \u00a0The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).<\/p>\n

D. \u00a0The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.<\/p>\n

E. \u00a0The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/p>\n

F. \u00a0The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G. \u00a0The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes 2 of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/p>\n

Risk is Medium (2)<\/em><\/strong><\/span> \u2013Anthracnose-infected cordyline and wax jambu plants may result in lower crop value and market loss.\u00a0 <\/em>.Nursery production of these hosts is particularly at risk as nursery conditions are often conducive to infection by <\/em>Colletotrichum species<\/em>.\u00a0 Its economic impact is evaluated as a medium risk. \u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

5) Environmental Impact<\/span>:<\/strong> Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

A. \u00a0The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/p>\n

B. \u00a0The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/p>\n

C. \u00a0The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/p>\n

D. \u00a0The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/p>\n

E. \u00a0The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/p>\n

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes one of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Risk is <\/em><\/strong>Medium (2<\/em><\/strong>) <\/em><\/strong><\/span>\u2013 The pathogen could significantly impact home\/urban gardens and ornamental plantings.<\/em><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Colletotrichum cordylinicola:<\/em><\/strong><\/h5>\n

Add up the total score and include it here. (Score)<\/p>\n

-Low = 5-8 points<\/p>\n

–Medium<\/strong> = 9-12 points<\/span><\/p>\n

-High = 13-15 points<\/p>\n

Total points obtained on evaluation of consequences of introduction of Colletotrichum cordylinicola <\/em>to California = <\/span>(9)<\/span>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information<\/span>:<\/strong> Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included. (Score)<\/p>\n

–Not established (0)<\/strong> Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/span><\/p>\n

-Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).<\/p>\n

-Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

-High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

Evaluation is not established (0).<\/span>\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>Colletotrichum cordylinicola is not established in California.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

7) The final score is<\/strong> the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: (Score)<\/p>\n

Final Score: <\/em><\/strong><\/span>\u00a0Score of Consequences of Introduction \u2013 Score of Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information =<\/strong> <\/span>9<\/span>.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Uncertainty:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

None.<\/em><\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Based on the evidence provided above the proposed rating for the anthracnose pathogen, Colletotrichum cordylinicola<\/em> is B.<\/strong><\/p>\n

References:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

F<\/strong>arr, D. F., & A. Y. Rossman.\u00a0 Fungal databases, systematic mycology and microbiology laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved April 7, 2015, from<\/p>\n

http:\/\/nt.ars-grin.gov\/fungaldatabases\/<\/a><\/p>\n

P<\/strong>houlivong S., L. Cai, N. Parinn, H. Chen, K. A. Abd-Elsalam, E. Chukeatirote, and K. D. Hyde.\u00a0 2010.\u00a0 A new species of Colletotrichum<\/em> from Cordyline fruticosa<\/em> and Eugenia javanica<\/em> causing anthracnose disease.\u00a0 Mycotaxon 114:247-257.<\/p>\n

S<\/strong>harma K., E. Goss, and Ariena H. C. van Bruggen.\u00a0 2014.\u00a0 Isolation and identification of the fungus Colletotrichum cordylinicola<\/em> causing anthracnose disease on Cordyline fruticosa<\/em> in Florida.\u00a0 HortScience 49:911-916.<\/p>\n

W<\/strong>eir, B. S., P. R. Johnston and U. Damm.\u00a0 2012.\u00a0 The Colletotrichum gloeosporioides<\/em> species complex.\u00a0 Studies in Mycology, 73:115-180. DOI:10.3114\/sim0011.<\/p>\n

\n
Responsible Party:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

John J. Chitambar, Primary Plant Pathologist\/Nematologist, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832. Phone: 916-262-1110, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n
Comment Format:<\/h5>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s)\u00a0being commented on, as shown below.<\/p>\n

Example Comment:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction: \u00a01. Climate\/Host Interaction:\u00a0[Your comment that relates to \u201cClimate\/Host Interaction\u201d here.<\/em>]<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may not be posted if they:<\/p>\n

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to\u00a0the pest rating proposal;<\/p>\n

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic,\u00a0sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal\u00a0material;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms\u00a0of discrimination;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the\u00a0website to be viewed, not just submitted.<\/p>\n

\n

Pest Rating: B<\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating Proposal for Colletotrichum cordylinicola Phoulivong, L. Cai & K. D. Hyde, 2011 Pest Rating: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: \u00a0 On October 6, 2015 a shipment of Green Ti plant cuttings (Cordyline glauca) showing leaf blight symptoms and destined to a nursery in San Diego County, was intercepted and sampled by … Continue reading Colletotrichum cordylinicola Phoulivong, L. Cai & K. D. Hyde, 2011<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1117,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[8,4],"tags":[267,156,45],"class_list":["post-1518","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fungi","category-plant-pathology","tag-colletotrichum-cordylinicola","tag-fungus","tag-plant-pathogen"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-ou","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":4275,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=4275","url_meta":{"origin":1518,"position":0},"title":"Colletotrichum cliviae Y.L. 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Hyde, 2009 Pest Rating: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: During July, 2014, mango fruit exhibiting spots or lesions were intercepted by the CDFA Dog Team in Santa Clara County and samples of symptomatic fruit were sent to\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Fungi"","block_context":{"text":"Fungi","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":4257,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=4257","url_meta":{"origin":1518,"position":2},"title":"Colletotrichum aracearum","author":"Admin","date":"November 29, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Colletotrichum aracearum L. W. Hou & L. Cai 2016 PEST RATING: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: \u00a0 On July 28, 2017, diseased Cymbidium sp. plants exhibiting leaf spots, were detected by the CDFA Dog Team, in a shipment of plants that had originated in and\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Fungi"","block_context":{"text":"Fungi","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1227,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1227","url_meta":{"origin":1518,"position":3},"title":"Colletotrichum spaethianum (Allesch.) Damm, P. F. Cannon & Crous, 2009","author":"Admin","date":"October 19, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Colletotrichum spaethianum (Allesch.) Damm, P. F. Cannon & Crous, 2009 Pest Rating: \u00a0B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: \u00a0 On March 27, 2015, a mail shipment containing Iris sp. plants with leaf spots was intercepted by the CDFA Dog Team, at the United States Postal Service\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Fungi"","block_context":{"text":"Fungi","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1931,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1931","url_meta":{"origin":1518,"position":4},"title":"Colletotrichum fructicola Prihastuti, L. Cai & K. D. Hyde, 2009","author":"Admin","date":"May 10, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Colletotrichum fructicola Prihastuti, L. Cai & K. D. Hyde, 2009 Pest Rating: \u00a0B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: On March 29, 2016, a shipment of Chinese evergreen (Aglaonema sp.)\u00a0 cuttings showing leaf spotting symptoms and destined to a nursery in San Luis Obispo County, was intercepted\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Fungi"","block_context":{"text":"Fungi","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1369,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1369","url_meta":{"origin":1518,"position":5},"title":"Colletotrichum siamense Prihastuti, L. Cai & K. D. Hyde, 2009","author":"Admin","date":"December 18, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating Proposal for Colletotrichum siamense Prihastuti, L. Cai & K. D. Hyde, 2009 Pest Rating: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: \u00a0 On June 26, 2015, a California Dog Team intercepted Cacao seed pods with necrotic spots at a parcel distribution facility in Mariposa County and sent a\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Fungi"","block_context":{"text":"Fungi","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1518","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1117"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1518"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1518\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10490,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1518\/revisions\/10490"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1518"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1518"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1518"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}