{"id":1464,"date":"2016-01-15T15:37:33","date_gmt":"2016-01-15T23:37:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1464"},"modified":"2022-05-16T09:51:28","modified_gmt":"2022-05-16T16:51:28","slug":"quadrastichus-erythrinae-kim-erythrina-gall-wasp","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1464","title":{"rendered":"Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim | Erythrina gall wasp"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating for<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Quadrastichus erythrinae <\/em><\/strong>Kim: Erythrina gall wasp<\/strong><\/h5>\n
(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pest Rating: B<\/strong><\/h5>\n
\n
PEST RATING PROFILE<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Initiating Event: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

In April 2015 the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) released a Deregulation Evaluation of Established Pests (DEEP) report that proposed to change the status of Quadrastichus erythrinae<\/em> to non-actionable.\u00a0 A pest rating proposal is required to determine future direction on this pest in California.<\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background<\/u><\/strong>:\u00a0 Quadrastichus erythrinae<\/em> is an emerging pest gall wasp that disfigures the leaves and young shoots of more than 60 species of coral trees (Erythrinia<\/em> spp.)1,2<\/sup>.\u00a0 It may be transported long distances when infested plants or plant parts such as fallen leaves are moved1<\/sup>.\u00a0 Female wasps insert eggs inside young leaves and stem tissue1<\/sup>.\u00a0 As larvae develop, they induce galls which cause leaves to curl and shoots to become swollen1<\/sup>.\u00a0 Larvae pupate inside leaves and stems and adults chew their way out as they emerge1<\/sup>.\u00a0 Heavy infestations can cause defoliation and death of trees1<\/sup>.\u00a0 Quadrastichus erythrinae<\/em> was first found in Hawaii in 2005 and within 2 years caused 95% mortality of Erythrina<\/em> trees1<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/u><\/strong>: Quadrastichus erythrinae<\/em> is believed to be native to Africa1<\/sup>.\u00a0 From there it has spread through much of Asia and the Pacific islands including Hawaii1<\/sup>.\u00a0 In the Americas it is established in Brazil, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Florida1<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/u><\/strong>: Quadrastichus erythrinae<\/em> is listed as a harmful organism by China, but is not known to be under official control in any other states or nations3<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/u><\/strong>:\u00a0 Quadrastichus erythrinae<\/em> has never been found in the environment of California.<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/u><\/strong>:\u00a0 Quadrastichus erythrinae<\/em> has never been intercepted in California.<\/p>\n

The risk Quadrastichus erythrinae<\/em> (Erythrina gall wasp) would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

1) Climate\/Host Interaction<\/strong>: The current distribution of Quadrastichus erythrinae<\/em> corresponds to USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 10-13.\u00a0 This indicates that the pest is likely to be limited to the warmest parts of southern California.\u00a0 Quadrastichus erythrinae receives a Low (1)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.\u00a0 Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/p>\n

2) Known Pest Host Range<\/span>:<\/strong> Quadrastichus erythrinae<\/em> is only known to feed on coral trees in the genus Erythrina<\/em>.\u00a0 It receives a Low (1)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong><\/span> has a very limited host range.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> has a moderate host range.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has a wide host range.<\/p>\n

3) Pest Dispersal Potential<\/span>:<\/strong> Quadrastichus erythrinae<\/em> has a high reproductive rate.\u00a0 Each female carries an average of 320 eggs and can complete a life cycle in 20 days1<\/sup>.\u00a0 These gall wasps may be transported long distances when infested plants or plant parts are moved and disperse locally by flying, wind, or by hitchhiking on clothing, animals, or equipment1<\/sup>.\u00a0 Quadrastichus erythrinae<\/em> receives a High (3)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

4) Economic Impact<\/span>:<\/strong> If Quadrastichus erythrinae<\/em> were to establish in California it is not expected to lower any crop yields.\u00a0 It may reduce the value of Erythrina<\/em> nursery stock and increase production costs of those trees.\u00a0 The gall wasp is not expected to disrupt any markets, change cultural practices, vector other organisms, injure animals, or interfere with water supplies.\u00a0 Quadrastichus erythrinae<\/em> receives a Low (1)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:<\/p>\n

A. \u00a0The pest could lower crop yield.<\/p>\n

B<\/strong>. \u00a0The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).<\/span><\/p>\n

C. \u00a0The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).<\/p>\n

D. \u00a0The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.<\/p>\n

E. \u00a0The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/p>\n

F. \u00a0The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G. \u00a0The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes 2 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/p>\n

5) Environmental Impact<\/span><\/strong>: Quadrastichus erythrinae<\/em> is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem practices.\u00a0 It is not likely to directly affect threatened or endangered species or disrupt critical habitats.\u00a0 It may trigger additional treatment programs in the nursery industry and by residents who wish to save their coral trees.\u00a0 Coral trees are grown as ornamentals in southern California and may be extirpated by Quadrastichus erythrinae<\/em>.\u00a0 Erythrina gall wasp receives a High (3)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

A. \u00a0The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/p>\n

B. \u00a0The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/p>\n

C. \u00a0The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/p>\n

D<\/strong>. \u00a0The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/span><\/p>\n

E<\/strong>. \u00a0The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/span><\/p>\n

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> causes none of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes one of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Quadrastichus erythrinae<\/em> (Erythrina gall wasp):<\/strong>\u00a0 Medium (9)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Add up the total score and include it here.<\/p>\n

–Low<\/strong> = 5-8 points<\/p>\n

–Medium<\/strong> = 9-12 points<\/p>\n

–High<\/strong> = 13-15 points<\/span><\/p>\n

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information<\/span>:<\/strong> Quadrastichus erythrinae<\/em> has never been found in California and receives a Not established (0)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.<\/p>\n

–Not established (0)<\/strong> Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/span><\/p>\n

–Low (-1)<\/strong> Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).<\/p>\n

–Medium (-2)<\/strong> Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

–High (-3)<\/strong> Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

The final score is<\/strong> the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: Medium (9)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Uncertainty: \u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

There have not been any surveys for Quadrastichus erythrinae<\/em> in California.<\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Quadrastichus erythrinae<\/em> has never been found in California.\u00a0 However, if it were to establish in the state its effects are likely to be limited to coral trees in the nursery industry and southern California landscape. \u00a0A \u201cB\u201d rating is justified.<\/p>\n

References:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

1 <\/sup>CABI Invasive Species Compendium.\u00a0 Datasheet on Quadrastichus erythrinae<\/em> (Erythrina gall wasp).\u00a0 http:\/\/www.cabi.org\/isc\/datasheet\/46220<\/a><\/p>\n

2<\/sup> Baez, Ignacio. DEEP Report Quadrastichus erythrinae<\/em> Kim: Erythrina gall wasp. Deregulation Evaluation of Established Pests (DEEP). Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Lab. Center for Plant Health Science and Technology.<\/p>\n

3<\/sup> USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD).\u00a0 https:\/\/pcit.aphis.usda.gov\/pcit\/<\/a><\/p>\n

\n
Responsible Party:<\/h5>\n

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n
<\/h5>\n
Comment Format:<\/h5>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s)\u00a0being commented on, as shown below.<\/p>\n

Example Comment:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction: \u00a01. Climate\/Host Interaction:\u00a0[Your comment that relates to \u201cClimate\/Host Interaction\u201d here.<\/em>]<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may not be posted if they:<\/p>\n

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to\u00a0the pest rating proposal;<\/p>\n

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic,\u00a0sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal\u00a0material;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms\u00a0of discrimination;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the\u00a0website to be viewed, not just submitted.<\/p>\n

\n

Pest Rating: B<\/strong><\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating for Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim: Erythrina gall wasp (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) Pest Rating: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: In April 2015 the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) released a Deregulation Evaluation of Established Pests (DEEP) report that proposed to change the status of Quadrastichus erythrinae to non-actionable.\u00a0 A pest rating proposal is … Continue reading Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim | Erythrina gall wasp<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[136,5],"tags":[266,224,189,52,250,265],"class_list":["post-1464","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hymenoptera","category-entomology","tag-erythrina-gall-wasp","tag-eulophidae","tag-hymenoptera","tag-insects-and-mites","tag-invertebrate","tag-quadrastichus-erythrinae"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-nC","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":1347,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1347","url_meta":{"origin":1464,"position":0},"title":"Ophelimus maskelli (Ashmead): Eucalyptus Gall Wasp","author":"Jason Leathers","date":"December 16, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Ophelimus maskelli (Ashmead): Eucalyptus Gall Wasp Hymenoptera: Eulophidae Pest Rating: \u00a0C PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: Ophelimus maskelli has been found in the environment of southern California and is presently assigned a temporary rating of \u201cQ\u201d.\u00a0 A pest rating proposal is required to assign a permanent\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Hymenoptera"","block_context":{"text":"Hymenoptera","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=136"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1954,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1954","url_meta":{"origin":1464,"position":1},"title":"Insects, Mites & Earthworms","author":"Admin","date":"May 13, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"Insects and mites are related in that their skeletons are on the outside (Phyllum: Arthropoda), but differ in that adult insects have six legs and adult mites have eight.\u00a0 Both groups can be beneficial, neutral or destructive to their environment.\u00a0 Like nematodes, they can cause yearly losses in the billions\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Ratings"","block_context":{"text":"Ratings","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=333"},"img":{"alt_text":"Insects and Mites Banner","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/insects-and-mites-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/insects-and-mites-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/insects-and-mites-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/insects-and-mites-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":7525,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=7525","url_meta":{"origin":1464,"position":2},"title":"Jaliscoa hunteri (Crawford): parasitoid wasp","author":"Kyle Beucke","date":"September 8, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Jaliscoa hunteri (Crawford): parasitoid waspPest Rating: D download pest rating *NOTE: You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. 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