{"id":1438,"date":"2016-01-05T16:25:19","date_gmt":"2016-01-06T00:25:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1438"},"modified":"2024-04-26T11:15:43","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T18:15:43","slug":"grapevine-red-blotch-associated-virus-grbav","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1438","title":{"rendered":"Grapevine Red Blotch associated Virus (GRBaV)"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating for<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Grapevine Red Blotch associated Virus <\/em><\/strong>(GRBaV)<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pest Rating: \u00a0B<\/h5>\n
\n
PEST RATING PROFILE<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Initiating Event:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

None.<\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background<\/u><\/strong>: The origin of Grapevine red blotch does not appear to be recent.\u00a0 For long the disease escaped the attention of vineyard growers because of its close resemblance to leafroll disease symptoms. Nevertheless, in 2008, an emerging grapevine disease \u2013 later termed red blotch disease, was first recognized in a Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard in Napa Valley, California. The disease was typified by leaf reddening and delayed fruit maturity in red cultivars of grapevine and initially confused with grapevine leafroll due to the late-season symptom of leaf reddening.\u00a0 However, some symptomatic leafroll grapevine cultivars were found to be free of leafroll viruses and DNA sequencing analysis revealed the presence of a single stranded DNA virus that was named, Grapevine red blotch associated virus<\/em> (Al Rwahnih et al.,<\/em> 2012, 2013).\u00a0 In 2010, severe decline of grapevine cultivar \u2018Cabernet franc\u2019 was discovered in a vineyard in New York.\u00a0 As in California, the disease was initially described as leafroll but following nucleic acid analysis, was found to be free of leafroll viruses, and found to have a single stranded DNA that, on sequence analysis, resembled members of the virus family Geminiviridae.\u00a0 This virus was tentatively named, Grapevine cabernet franc-associated virus<\/em> (GCFaV).\u00a0 Subsequently, both GRBaV and GCFaV were found to be the same virus and the name, Grapevine red blotch associated virus<\/em> was used for the causal organism of the associated grapevine red blotch disease to distinguish the symptoms from those caused by leafroll viruses and other graft-transmissible agents (Krenz et al<\/em>., 2014). \u00a0Grapevine red blotch associated virus<\/em> is a newly identified virus of grapevines and a putative member of a new genus within the family Geminiviridae (Sudarshana et al.,<\/em> 2015).\u00a0 In 2013, in Washington State vineyards, a disease similar to grapevine red blotch was reported to be caused by Grapevine red leaf-associated virus<\/em>, which was determined to be genetically identical to GRBaV (Poojari et al<\/em>., 2013).<\/p>\n

Since its initial discovery in 2008, GRBaV has been detected in several regions of California (see<\/em> \u2018California Distribution\u2019).\u00a0 Furthermore, through surveys, the disease was found to be widely distributed in North America.\u00a0 Grapevine red blotch has not been reported outside of North America. Studies conducted in the National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR) located near Winters, California, revealed that grapevine accessions originating from 33 countries and five continents outside North America tested positive for the virus.\u00a0 However, it was not concluded from those studies that the virus occurs in those countries (Rwahnih et al<\/em>., 2015).<\/p>\n

Hosts<\/strong><\/em>: Vitis vinifera<\/em> (grapevine) red cultivars: Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Malbec, Merlot, Mourv\u00e8dre, Petite Sirah, Petit Verdot, Pinot Noir, and Zinfandel; white V. vinifera<\/em> cultivars such as Chardonnay, Riesling, Semillon, and Viognier; also, table and raisin grapes and some root stocks.\u00a0 GRBaV has been detected in grapevine collections, nursery stock and established vineyards (EPPO, 2015).<\/p>\n

Symptoms<\/strong><\/em>: Symptoms have been observed in grapevines of various ages in young (first leaf) and mature (5-20 yr old vineyards. Generally, symptoms appear in late August through September as red blotches on leaf blades on basal portions of shoots either between secondary or tertiary veins or extending from the leaf margin with the veins turning partly or fully red (Sudarshana & Fuchs, 2015). Foliar symptoms in white cultivars are less conspicuous and usually involve irregular chlorotic areas that may become necrotic late in season (Sudarshana et al<\/em>., 2015).\u00a0 Certain white cultivars, such as Sauvignon Blanc may remain asymptomatic (EPPO, 2015).\u00a0 Symptoms of red blotch are very similar to those caused by leafroll disease in that leaves, primarily at the base of shoots, turn red during early fall.\u00a0 However, unlike leafroll, red blotch affected leaves have pink or red veins on the underside of leaves without the margins rolling downwards.<\/p>\n

Damage Potential<\/strong><\/em>:\u00a0 GRBaV reduces fruit quality and ripening of grape.\u00a0 The most significant impact of red blotch disease is the reduction of sugar levels (\u00b0Brix), up to 4-5 times lower, in fruit of diseased grapes than in fruit of healthy grapes thereby, causing delayed harvests.\u00a0 This is of particular concern to wine grape growers who must achieve a certain sugar level in their wine grapes before the latter are acceptable for wine production.\u00a0 Also, fruit of diseased grapevines have increased acidity. The effect of red blotch disease on fruit yield or vine longevity is not known.<\/p>\n

Transmission<\/strong><\/em>:\u00a0 GRBaV is graft transmissible.\u00a0 The primary source of spread of the pathogen is through infected planting material.\u00a0 There is no evidence for seed transmission (similar to other members of Geminiviridae).\u00a0 While the role of an insect vector in transmitting GRBaV in vineyards has not been confirmed, greenhouse experiments have shown that the Virginia creeper leafhopper (Erythroneura aicazc<\/em>) is involved in spreading the virus from vine to vine in the greenhouse.\u00a0 The role of this leafhopper in vineyards and how plant-to-plant spread of GRBaV occurs under field conditions are not yet known (Rwahnih et al.,<\/em> 2015; Sudarshana & Fuchs, 2015).<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/u><\/strong>: North America<\/em>: USA (Arizona, Arkansas, California, Georgia, Idaho, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Texas, Virginia, and Washington) and Canada (British Columbia and Ontario) (EPPO, 2015; McFadden-Smith, 2013; Sudarshana & Fuchs, 2015).<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/u><\/strong>: Grapevine red blotch associated virus<\/em> is on the \u201c2015 Alert list\u201d of the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO, 2015).\u00a0 Currently, it is a Q-rated quarantine pathogen in California.<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/u><\/strong>:\u00a0 Red blotch disease has been found in Napa and Sonoma Counties, as well as in the central coast (San Luis Obispo County) and San Joaquin Valley (Fresno County) regions of the State (Al Rwahnih et al<\/em>., 2013; Sudarshana & Fuchs, 2015).<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/u><\/strong>: There are no records of detection of GRBaV in quarantine shipments of plant material intercepted in California.<\/p>\n

The risk Grapevine red blotch associated virus<\/em> would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h5>\n

1) \u00a0Climate\/Host Interaction<\/span><\/strong>: Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.
\n– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.
\n– High (3)<\/strong> likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is High (3)<\/em><\/strong><\/span> \u2013.<\/em>Grapevine red blotch associated virus has already spread to certain grape growing counties in California\u2019s northern, central and San Joaquin Valley regions.\u00a0 If left unchecked, the pathogen is likely to establish a widespread distribution in grape producing regions of the State.<\/em><\/p>\n

2) Known Pest Host Range<\/span><\/strong>: Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> has a very limited host range.<\/span>
\n– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.
\n– High (3) has a wide host range.<\/p>\n

Risk is Low (1) <\/em><\/strong><\/span>\u2013 Grapevine red blotch associated virus has been identified in nine <\/em>Vitis vinifera red cultivars: Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Malbec, Merlot, Mourv\u00e8dre, Petite Sirah, Petit Verdot, Pinot Noir, and Zinfandel; and white cultivars <\/em>V. vinifera cultivars such as Chardonnay, Riesling, Semillon, and Viognier; also, table and raisin grapes and some root stocks. Although the pathogen has a limited host range, Grape production is a major enterprise and grapevine is cultivated over significant acreage in California.<\/em><\/p>\n

3)\u00a0Pest Dispersal Potential<\/span><\/strong>: Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.
\n– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.
\n– High (3)<\/strong> has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is High (3) <\/em><\/strong><\/span>\u2013 <\/em>Grapevine red blotch associated virus is graft transmissible.\u00a0 The primary source of spread of the pathogen to vineyards is through infected planting material.<\/em> The role of an insect vector in vineyards and plant-to-plant spread of GRBaV under field conditions are not yet known.<\/em><\/p>\n

4) Economic Impact<\/span><\/strong>: Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:<\/p>\n

A. \u00a0The pest could lower crop yield.<\/p>\n

B. \u00a0The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).<\/p>\n

C. \u00a0The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).<\/p>\n

D. \u00a0The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.<\/p>\n

E. \u00a0The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/p>\n

F. \u00a0The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G. \u00a0The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.
\n– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes 2 of these impacts.<\/span>
\n– High (3) causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/p>\n

Risk is Medium (2)<\/em><\/strong><\/span> \u2013 The effect of red blotch disease on fruit yield or vine longevity is not known. However,<\/em> Grapevine red blotch associated virus reduces fruit quality and ripening of grape resulting in lowered crop value, loss of markets and is likely to negatively change normal cultural practices including removal of diseased vines and replant of vineyards since there is no cure once the virus is present in a vineyard (UCDavis News & information, 2013).\u00a0 The most significant impact of red blotch disease is the reduction of sugar levels (\u00b0Brix), up to 4-5 times lower, in fruit of diseased grapes than in fruit of healthy grapes thereby, causing delayed harvests.\u00a0 This is of particular concern to wine grape growers who must achieve a certain sugar level in their wine grapes before the latter are acceptable for wine production.\u00a0 Also, fruit of diseased grapevines have increased acidity.<\/em> The involvement of an insect vector in spreading the virus under field conditions is not known.<\/em><\/p>\n

5) Environmental Impact<\/span><\/strong>: Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

A. \u00a0The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/p>\n

B. \u00a0The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/p>\n

C. \u00a0The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/p>\n

D. \u00a0The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/p>\n

E. \u00a0The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/p>\n

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.
\n– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes one of the above to occur.<\/span>
\n– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

Risk is <\/em><\/strong>Medium<\/em><\/strong> (2)<\/em><\/strong><\/span> \u2013 <\/em>Grapevine red blotch associated virus could significantly impact cultural practices, home\/urban plantings of disease infected grapevines and trigger official or private treatment programs. <\/em><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Grapevine red blotch associated virus<\/em><\/strong><\/h5>\n

Add up the total score and include it here. (Score)<\/p>\n

-Low = 5-8 points
\n–Medium<\/strong> = 9-12 points<\/span>
\n-High = 13-15 points<\/p>\n

Total points obtained on evaluation of consequences of introduction of GRBaV to California = Medium <\/span>(11)<\/span>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information<\/span><\/strong>: Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included. (Score)<\/p>\n

-Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.
\n-Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).
\n–Medium (-2)<\/strong> Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/span>
\n-High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

Evaluation is Medium (-2)<\/span>. <\/em><\/strong>Presently, <\/em>Grapevine red blotch associated virus has been reported from Napa and Sonoma Counties, as well as in the central coast (San Luis Obispo County) and San Joaquin Valley (Fresno County) regions in California.<\/em><\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

7) The final score<\/strong> is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: (Score)<\/p>\n

Final Score: <\/em><\/strong><\/span>\u00a0Score of Consequences of Introduction \u2013 Score of Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information = 9<\/span>.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Uncertainty:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h5>\n

The means by which GRBaV spreads in vineyards is not known and is a current focused study of \u00a0researchers.\u00a0 Virus spread is suspected via a vector but this has yet to be identified. Knowledge gained in this area may further the distribution of the virus than what is reported here.<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Based on the evidence provided above the proposed rating for Grapevine red blotch associated virus<\/em> is B.<\/strong><\/p>\n

References:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

A<\/strong>l Rwahnih, M., A. Dave, M. Anderson, J. K. Uyemoto, and M. R. Sudarshana.\u00a0 2012.\u00a0 Association of a circular DNA virus in grapevine affected by red blotch disease in California.\u00a0 Proceedings of the 17th<\/sup> Congress of ICVG, Davis, California, USA. October 7-14, 2012.<\/p>\n

A<\/strong>l Rwahnih, M., M. R. Sudarshana, and J. Wolpert.\u00a0 2013. Red Blotch Disease.\u00a0 Viticulture Information, University of California Integrated Viticulture: http:\/\/iv.ucdavis.edu\/Viticultural_Information\/?uid=284&ds=351<\/a>.<\/p>\n

A<\/strong>l Rwahnih, M., A. Dave, M. M. Anderson, A. Rowhani, J. K. Uyemoto, and M. R. Sudarshana.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2013.\u00a0 Association of a DNA virus with grapevines affected by red blotch disease in California.\u00a0 Phytopathology 103:1069-1076.<\/p>\n

A<\/strong>l Rwahnih, A. Rowhani, D. A. Golino, C. M. Islas, J. E. Preece, and M A. Sudarshana.\u00a0 2015.\u00a0 Detection and genetic diversity of Grapevine red blotch-associated virus<\/em> isolated in table grape accessions in the National Clonal Germplasm Repository in California.\u00a0 Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 37:130-135. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/07060661.2014.999705<\/a>.<\/p>\n

E<\/strong>PPO.\u00a0 2015.\u00a0 Grapevine red blotch-associated virus<\/em>.\u00a0 European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization: http:\/\/www.eppo.int\/QUARANTINE\/Alert_List\/viruses\/GRBAV0.htm<\/a>.<\/p>\n

K<\/strong>renz, B., J. R. Thompson, H. L. McLane, M. Fuchs, and K. L. Perry.\u00a0 2014.\u00a0 Grapevine red blotch-associated virus<\/em> is widespread in the United States.\u00a0 Phytopathology 104:1232-1240.<\/p>\n

Mc<\/strong>Fadden-Smith, W.\u00a0 2013.\u00a0 Grapevine red blotch associated virus: A newly identified disease in vineyards.\u00a0 Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs: http:\/\/www.omafra.gov.on.ca\/english\/crops\/hort\/news\/hortmatt\/2013\/22hrt13a1.htm<\/a>.<\/p>\n

P<\/strong>oojari S, O. J. Alabi, V. Y. Fofanov, and R. A. Naidu RA. 2013. A leafhopper transmissible DNA virus with novel evolutionary lineage in the family Geminiviridae implicated in grapevine redleaf disease by next-generation sequencing. PLoS One. 8:e64194. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0064194.<\/p>\n

S<\/strong>udarshana M., and M. Fuchs.\u00a0 2015.\u00a0 Grapevine Red Blotch.\u00a0 In<\/em> Compendium of Grape Diseases, Disorders, and Pests, Second Edition, Edited by W. F. Wilcox, W. D. Gubler, and J. K. Uyemoto. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minnesota. 122-123 pp.<\/p>\n

S<\/strong>udarshana, M. R., K. L. Perry, and M. F. Fuchs.\u00a0 2015.\u00a0 Grapevine red blotch associated virus<\/em>, an emerging threat to the grapevine industry.\u00a0 Phytopathology, 105:1026-1032.\u00a0 http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1094\/PHYTO-12-14-0369-FI<\/a>.<\/p>\n

U<\/strong>CDavis News and Information.\u00a0 2015.\u00a0 New technology offers hope for solving grapevine red blotch disease problem.\u00a0 http:\/\/news.ucdavis.edu\/search\/news_detail.lasso?id=10499<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\n
Responsible Party:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

John J. Chitambar, Primary Plant Pathologist\/Nematologist, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832. Phone: 916-262-1110, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n
Comment Format:<\/h5>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s)\u00a0being commented on, as shown below.<\/p>\n

Example Comment:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction: \u00a01. Climate\/Host Interaction:\u00a0[Your comment that relates to \u201cClimate\/Host Interaction\u201d here.<\/em>]<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may not be posted if they:<\/p>\n

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to\u00a0the pest rating proposal;<\/p>\n

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic,\u00a0sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal\u00a0material;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms\u00a0of discrimination;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the\u00a0website to be viewed, not just submitted.<\/p>\n

\n

Pest Rating: B<\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating for Grapevine Red Blotch associated Virus (GRBaV) Pest Rating: \u00a0B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: None. History & Status: Background: The origin of Grapevine red blotch does not appear to be recent.\u00a0 For long the disease escaped the attention of vineyard growers because of its close resemblance to leafroll disease symptoms. Nevertheless, … Continue reading Grapevine Red Blotch associated Virus (GRBaV)<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1117,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[4,39],"tags":[248,249,45,154],"class_list":["post-1438","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-plant-pathology","category-viruses-and-viroids","tag-grapevine-red-blotch","tag-grbav","tag-plant-pathogen","tag-virus"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-nc","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":5426,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=5426","url_meta":{"origin":1438,"position":0},"title":"Grapevine Pinot gris Virus (GPGV)","author":"Admin","date":"May 22, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating\u00a0 for Grapevine Pinot gris Virus (GPGV) Pest Rating: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: \u00a0\u00a0 A pest risk assessment and rating for Grapevine pinot gris virus (GPGV) was recently requested by Joshua Kress, CDFA Pest Exclusion Branch, in response to notification received on January 24, 2018, from\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "B-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"B-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=670"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":5126,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=5126","url_meta":{"origin":1438,"position":1},"title":"Citrus Leaf Blotch Virus","author":"Admin","date":"April 6, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 California Pest Rating for Citrus leaf blotch virus Pest Rating: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: On February 26, 2018, Dr. G. Vidalakis, University of California, Director, Citrus Clonal Protection Program, informed CDFA of his detection of Citrus leaf blotch virus (CLBV) from a Bearss Lime tree at\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "B-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"B-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=670"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":11520,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=11520","url_meta":{"origin":1438,"position":2},"title":"Pseudopezicula tracheiphila (M\u00fcller \u2013 Thurgau 1913 (Korf et. al, 1986) Rotbrenner (red fire) disease of grapevine","author":"Heather.Martin","date":"April 12, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Pseudopezicula tracheiphila (M\u00fcller \u2013 Thurgau 1913 (Korf et. al, 1986) Rotbrenner (red fire) disease of grapevinePest Rating: B download pest rating *NOTE You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "B-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"B-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=670"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":13309,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=13309","url_meta":{"origin":1438,"position":3},"title":"Polystigma amygdalinum Cannon, 1996 almond red leaf blotch","author":"Heather Martin","date":"September 30, 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating Profile for Polystigma amygdalinum Cannon, 1996 almond red leaf blotchPest Rating:\u00a0B download pest rating profile *NOTE You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. Posted by tn","rel":"","context":"In "B-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"B-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=670"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1196,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1196","url_meta":{"origin":1438,"position":4},"title":"Xiphinema index Thorne & Allen, 1950 (Dagger nematode)","author":"Admin","date":"October 14, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Xiphinema index Thorne & Allen, 1950 (Dagger nematode) Pest Rating:\u00a0 B \u00a0 PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: \u00a0 None. History & Status: Background:\u00a0 Xiphinema index was first described by Thorne and Allen in 1950, from soil around roots of fig (Ficus carica, variety Calimyrna) growing near\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Nematodes"","block_context":{"text":"Nematodes","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=27"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":7398,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=7398","url_meta":{"origin":1438,"position":5},"title":"Phyllosticta sphaeropsoidea Ellis & Everh. 1883 (syn= Guignardia aesculi (Peck) V.B.Stewart 1916) Leaf blotch of buckeyes and horse chestnuts","author":"Heather.Martin","date":"July 21, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Phyllosticta sphaeropsoidea Ellis & Everh. 1883 Leaf blotch of buckeyes and horse chestnutsPest Rating: C DOWNLOAD PEST RATING *NOTE: You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov.\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "C-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"C-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=671"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1438","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1117"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1438"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1438\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10491,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1438\/revisions\/10491"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1438"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1438"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1438"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}