{"id":1434,"date":"2016-01-05T16:25:07","date_gmt":"2016-01-06T00:25:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1434"},"modified":"2024-05-06T13:30:10","modified_gmt":"2024-05-06T20:30:10","slug":"rotylenchulus-reniformis-reniform-nematode","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1434","title":{"rendered":"Rotylenchulus reniformis (Reniform Nematode)"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating for<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Rotylenchulus reniformis<\/em><\/strong> Linford & Oliveira, 1940<\/strong><\/h5>\n
(Reniform Nematode)<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pest Rating: <\/strong>A<\/h5>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n
PEST RATING PROFILE<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Initiating Event: \u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

For the past several decades, CDFA Nematologists have detected the invasive reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis, <\/em>mainly in imported nursery plants.\u00a0 For example, in 2012, the reniform nematode was detected in three separate shipments of 1,288 Beaucarnea<\/em> sp. and 44 Beaucarnea<\/em> recurvata<\/em> and 174 Dracaena<\/em> marginata<\/em> plants from Florida destined to Orange County, one shipment of 24 Euphorbia<\/em> sp. and 12 Dracaena<\/em> marginata<\/em> plants also from Florida destined to San Mateo County, and 250 Yucca<\/em> elephantipes<\/em> destined to San Diego County. While in 2013, 90 reniform nematode-infected Sansevieria<\/em> sp. plants were intercepted in shipments from Florida to San Mateo County, and in 2015, 45 reniform nematode-infected Dracaena reflexa<\/em> plants in shipments from Florida to San Diego County.\u00a0 Detection of this nematode species resulted in subsequent action taken to prevent its introduction and establishment in California.\u00a0 The pest rating proposal is used here to test the validity of the current rating of an already considered high-risk nematode pest.<\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background<\/u><\/strong>:\u00a0 The reniform nematode, in its adult female stage, is an obligate sedentary semi-endoparasite of plant roots.\u00a0 All juvenile stages, immature females, mature males and eggs are found within rhizosphere soils of host plants.\u00a0 The species is bisexual and reproduces through cross fertilization and parthenogenesis, completely a life cycle from egg to egg in about 24-29 days on okra (17-23 days on cotton).\u00a0 \u00a0Males do not feed. Soon after the final molt the vermiform, immature adult female becomes infective and seeks to penetrate host roots.\u00a0 After infecting the roots the young females become oriented perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the roots with usually only the anterior part of the body embedded within the root tissue. In cotton and other crops, Feeding occurs on tissue of the cortex, phloem and pericycle. Nurse cells are formed near the pericycle with hypertrophy of pericycle and endodermis cells.\u00a0 Epidermal and cortical cells are destroyed resulting in slight browning and necrosis of surrounding tissue. About one week after root penetration, the immature female body enlarges and matures to form the typical kidney shape and secretes a gelatinous matrix that encases her body on the surface of the root. It is within this matrix that the female lays 75-120 eggs per day. \u00a0The nematode is capable of surviving in air-dried soil for extended periods of time: 7 months at 20-25C, for 6 months in dry soil, and has been reported to survive 29 months in the absence of the host.\u00a0 Two races have been reported in India, differentiated by reactions on cowpea, castor and cotton.\u00a0 Reproduction and development of the reniform nematode are favored by fine textured soils with a relatively high content of silt and\/or clay.<\/p>\n

The Reniform Nematode has been found to attack over 140 species of more than 115 plant genera in 46 families. Some of the economically important host plants are banana, cabbage, cantaloupe, citrus, kale, lettuce, mango, okra, pigeon pea, pineapple, sugarcane, cotton, corn, onion, beans, potato, carrot, plum, pear, cowpea, soybean, tobacco, eggplant, and tomato.\u00a0 Several ornamental foliage plants also are hosts. In California, potential damage and crop loss of cotton, grapes, citrus, tomato, and ornamentals would be of major concern. Yield loss in cotton up to 60% was reported in infested fields of Louisiana and Mississippi, also in tomato.<\/p>\n

The nematode is readily transported over long distances in plant roots and associated soil, as well as spread over short distances in contaminated, run-off irrigation water, infested plant roots and soil. Therefore, imported nursery plants and farm -destined crops are potential pathways of entry.<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/u><\/strong>: The reniform nematode is widely distributed in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world.\u00a0 It has been reported in most of Africa, the Caribbean, Japan, the Middle East, South Pacific, Central America, Italy, Spain, Mexico, China and the Far East.\u00a0 Within the USA it is established in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina and Texas.<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/u><\/strong>: In 2012, the reniform nematode is included on a list of harmful organism under official control in Argentina, Bermuda, Chile, French Polynesia, Republic of Korea and Turkey.\u00a0 Within the USA it is under official control in the states of Arizona and California.<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/u><\/strong>:\u00a0 Reniform nematode is not established in California.\u00a0 In 1967, the nematode was detected in 13 residential properties in San Bernardino County.\u00a0 The infestation was traced to yuccas brought into California from Harlingen, Texas, and plant in the subdivision. In December, 1978, the nematode was officially declared eradicated after subsequent herbicide and fumigation (DBCP) trials of the infested areas.<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/u><\/strong>: Over the past several decades, reniform nematode has been frequently detected in incoming quarantine shipments of nursery and household plants at nurseries and border stations.<\/p>\n

The risk reniform nematode would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

1) Climate\/Host Interaction<\/span><\/strong>: Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:<\/p>\n

-Low (1) not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas
\n-Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California
\n– High (3)<\/strong> likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is High (3)<\/span>.\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>Rotylenchulus reniformis is likely to establish a widespread distribution in California especially in fine textured soils, and mainly wherever its host is able to grow.<\/em><\/p>\n

2) Known Pest Host Range<\/span><\/strong>: Evaluate the host range of the pest:<\/p>\n

-Low (1) has a very limited host range
\n-Medium (2) has a moderate host range
\n– High (3)<\/strong> has a wide host range.<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is High (3)<\/span>.\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>Rotylenchulus reniformis has a wide host range.<\/em><\/p>\n

3) Pest Dispersal Potential<\/span><\/strong>: Evaluate the dispersal potential of the pest:<\/p>\n

-Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential
\n-Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential
\n– High (3)<\/strong> has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is High (3)<\/span>.\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>Rotylenchulus reniformis has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/em><\/p>\n

4) Economic Impact<\/span><\/strong>: Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using these criteria:<\/p>\n

A. \u00a0The pest could lower crop yield<\/p>\n

B. \u00a0The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs)<\/p>\n

C. \u00a0The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines by other states or countries)<\/p>\n

D. \u00a0The pest could negatively change normal production cultural practices<\/p>\n

E. \u00a0The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/p>\n

F. \u00a0The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G. \u00a0The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses<\/p>\n

-Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts
\n-Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts
\n– High (3)<\/strong> causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is High (3)<\/span>.\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>The establishment of <\/em>Rotylenchulus reniformis in California could result in the lowered crop yield and value, increased crop production costs, loss of markets, imposition of domestic and international quarantines against California export plant commodities, and alteration of normal cultural practices, including application of irrigation water, to inhibit spread of the pathogen to non-infested sites.\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0Cotton, grape, tomato, citrus and ornamental are the main industries that would be affected, additionally several other crops of lesser production are also at risk.<\/em><\/p>\n

5) Environmental Impact<\/span><\/strong>: Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using these criteria:<\/p>\n

A. \u00a0The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/p>\n

B. \u00a0The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/p>\n

C. \u00a0The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/p>\n

D. \u00a0The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/p>\n

E. \u00a0Significantly impacting cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/p>\n

Score the pest for Environmental Impact:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur
\n– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur
\n– High (3)<\/strong> causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is High (3)<\/span>.<\/em><\/strong> \u00a0\u00a0The establishment of <\/em>Rotylenchulus reniformis in California could adversely impact the environment by destroying natural communities, critical habitats, significantly affect residential gardening and cultural practices thereby requiring additional official or private treatment programs. Given its wide host range several, agricultural and environmental communities are at definite risk of being impacted.\u00a0 These can include habitats of minor and major animal communities.<\/em><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Common Name:<\/strong>\u00a0 Score<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Add up the total score and include it here. (Score)<\/p>\n

-Low = 5-8 points
\n-Medium = 9-12 points
\n-High<\/strong> = 13-15 points<\/span><\/p>\n

Total points obtained on evaluation of consequences of introduction to California = 15 (High)<\/span>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information<\/span><\/strong>: Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included. (Score)<\/p>\n

–Not established (0)<\/strong> Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.
\n<\/span>-Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).
\n-Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

-High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas<\/p>\n

Evaluation<\/em><\/strong>:\u00a0 Rotylenchulus reniformis is not established in California (0)<\/em><\/strong>.<\/em>\u00a0<\/span> The nematode species has never been detected within California.\u00a0 Eradicative actions taken subsequent to the detection of the nematode species in imported nursery and household plant shipments, vigilant screening of plant materials grown in California soils and inspected for plant parasitic nematodes through CDFA\u2019s phytosanitary certification programs, and all published studies to date on plant parasitic nematodes in California have never resulted in the detection of <\/em>R. reniformis.<\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

Final Score: <\/em><\/strong><\/span>\u00a0Score of Consequences of Introduction \u2013 Score of Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information =<\/strong> <\/span>15 (High)<\/span>.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Uncertainty: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

The damage potential and crop loss information on several hosts of this nematode species are yet to be determined.\u00a0 Nevertheless, based on the nematode\u2019s biology, diverse host range, and favorable climatic conditions that (historically have) allowed the pest to establish within California (and then be eradicated), more information gained on crop damage and losses can only further confirm the reniform nematode as a pest of major economic importance within several regions of California.<\/em><\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification:\u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Based on the evidence presented above, reniform nematode is definitely a pest of high risk to agricultural and environmental communities of California.\u00a0 The current given \u201cA\u201d pest rating of Rotylenchulus reniformis<\/em> is duly justified and is herein, proposed to remain unchanged.\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

References:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

B<\/strong>irchfield, W., and W. J. Martin.\u00a0 1967.\u00a0 Reniform nematode survival in air-dried soil.\u00a0 Phytopathology 57:804.<\/p>\n

C<\/strong>hitambar, J. J.\u00a0 1997.\u00a0 A brief review of the reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis. <\/em>\u00a0California Plant Pest & Damage Report, California Department of Food and Agricultural \u00a0\u00a0 16:71-73.<\/p>\n

D<\/strong>asgupta, D. R., and A. R. Seshadri. 1971.\u00a0 Races of the reniform nematode Rotylenchulus reniformis<\/em> Linford and Oliviera, 1940.\u00a0 Indian Journal of Nematology 1:21-24.<\/p>\n

F<\/strong>erris, H., K. M. Jetter, I. A. Zasada, J. J. Chitambar, R. C. Venette, K. M. Klonsky, and J. Ole Becker.\u00a0 2003.\u00a0 Risk Assessment of plant parasitic nematodes. In <\/em>Exotic Pests and Diseases Biology and Economics for Biosecurity, D. A. Summer Editor. Iowa State Press. 265 p.<\/p>\n

J<\/strong>atala, P.\u00a0 1991.\u00a0 Reniform and false root-knot nematodes, Rotylenchulus<\/em> and Nacobbus<\/em> spp.\u00a0 In<\/em> Manual of Agricultural Nematology, edited by W. R. Nickle, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1035p.<\/p>\n

K<\/strong>oenning, S. R., S. A. Walters, and K. R. Barker.\u00a0 1996.\u00a0 \u201cImpact of soil texture on the reproductive and damage potentials of Rotylenchulus reniformis <\/em>and Meloidogyne incognita<\/em> on Cotton. Journal of Nematology, 28:527-536.<\/p>\n

R<\/strong>obinson, A. F., C. M. Heald, S. L. Flanagan, W. H. Thames and J. Amador.\u00a0 1987.\u00a0 Geographical distribution of Rotylenchulus reniformis, Meloidogyne incognita<\/em>, and Tylenchulus semipenetrans <\/em>in the lower Rio Grande valley as related to soil texture and land use.\u00a0 Annals of Applied Nematology 1:20-25.<\/p>\n

\n
Responsible Party: \u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

John J. Chitambar, Primary Plant Pathologist\/Nematologist, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832. Phone: 916-262-1110, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n
Comment Period: \u00a0CLOSED<\/span><\/h5>\n

The 45-day comment period opened on Tuesday, January 5, 2016 and\u00a0closed on February 19, 2016.<\/p>\n

\n
Comment Format:<\/h5>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s)\u00a0being commented on, as shown below.<\/p>\n

Example Comment:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction: \u00a01. Climate\/Host Interaction:\u00a0[Your comment that relates to \u201cClimate\/Host Interaction\u201d here.<\/em>]<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may not be posted if they:<\/p>\n

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to\u00a0the pest rating proposal;<\/p>\n

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic,\u00a0sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal\u00a0material;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms\u00a0of discrimination;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the\u00a0website to be viewed, not just submitted.<\/p>\n

\n

Pest Rating: <\/strong>A<\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating for Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford & Oliveira, 1940 (Reniform Nematode) Pest Rating: A   PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: \u00a0 For the past several decades, CDFA Nematologists have detected the invasive reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis, mainly in imported nursery plants.\u00a0 For example, in 2012, the reniform nematode was detected in three separate shipments … Continue reading Rotylenchulus reniformis (Reniform Nematode)<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1117,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[27],"tags":[202,245,246],"class_list":["post-1434","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nematodes","tag-nematode","tag-reniform-nematode","tag-rotylenchulus-reniformis"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-n8","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":1955,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1955","url_meta":{"origin":1434,"position":0},"title":"Nematodes","author":"Admin","date":"May 13, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"(Plant Parasitic Nematodes) Nematodes (also called \u2018roundworms\u2019) are relatively small, multicellular, worm-like animals. They are found in almost every environmental niche imaginable, living free in soil, marine and freshwater habitats while feeding on bacteria, fungi, and nematodes, or as parasites of humans, insects, fish, larger animals and plants. Plant parasitic\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Ratings"","block_context":{"text":"Ratings","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=333"},"img":{"alt_text":"Nematodes montage","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/nematodes-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/nematodes-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/nematodes-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/nematodes-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":5666,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=5666","url_meta":{"origin":1434,"position":1},"title":"Meloidogyne floridensis Handoo et al., 2004","author":"Admin","date":"July 27, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for\u00a0 Meloidogyne floridensis Handoo et al., 2004 Pest Rating: A \u00a0 PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event:\u00a0 On March 8 and 29, and April 19, 2018, unidentified root knot nematode female and juvenile specimens and galled Prunus sp. roots were sent by A. Westpahl, University of California, Parlier,\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "A-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"A-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=669"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2749,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2749","url_meta":{"origin":1434,"position":2},"title":"Hemicycliophora arenaria Raski, 1958 | Citrus sheath nematode","author":"Admin","date":"October 25, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Hemicycliophora arenaria Raski, 1958 Citrus sheath nematode Pest Rating: B \u00a0 PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: \u00a0 None.\u00a0 The current status and rating of Hemicycliophora arenaria is assessed. History & Status: Background:\u00a0 The citrus sheath nematode, Hemicycliophora arenaria, was first reported in 1957 as an unknown\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Nematodes"","block_context":{"text":"Nematodes","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=27"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1196,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1196","url_meta":{"origin":1434,"position":3},"title":"Xiphinema index Thorne & Allen, 1950 (Dagger nematode)","author":"Admin","date":"October 14, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Xiphinema index Thorne & Allen, 1950 (Dagger nematode) Pest Rating:\u00a0 B \u00a0 PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: \u00a0 None. 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An evaluation of the risk involved with the possible introduction and spread of H. multicinctus in California is documented herein and a permanent rating is proposed for the species. 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