{"id":1357,"date":"2015-12-16T16:03:53","date_gmt":"2015-12-17T00:03:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1357"},"modified":"2022-05-16T09:50:42","modified_gmt":"2022-05-16T16:50:42","slug":"zaprionus-indianus-gupta-striped-vinegar-fly","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1357","title":{"rendered":"Zaprionus indianus Gupta: Striped Vinegar Fly"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating for<\/strong><\/h5>\n
\"Zaprionus<\/a>
Zaprionus cf. indianus<\/em>
Image Citation: Darren J. Obbard (obbardlab)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
Zaprionus indianus<\/em><\/strong> Gupta: Striped Vinegar Fly<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Diptera: Drosophilidae<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pest Rating: B<\/strong><\/h5>\n
\n
PEST RATING PROFILE<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Initiating Event: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

On July 29, 2015 Dr. Stephen Gaimari confirmed the identification of Zaprionus indianus<\/em> from a sample submitted by a resident in Los Angeles County.\u00a0 This find was soon confirmed by official samples.\u00a0 A pest rating proposal is required to assign a permanent pest rating.<\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background<\/u><\/strong>:\u00a0 Zaprionus indianus<\/em> is a generalist small fly that feeds on fallen fruit and fruit on the tree1<\/sup>.\u00a0 In most host species, fruit damage is necessary to allow the fly access to fruit1<\/sup>.\u00a0 However, it is able to attack undamaged figs by laying eggs at the ostiole1<\/sup>.\u00a0 Infestations of Zaprionus indianus<\/em> may reduce the yield of commercial fig by 40-80%1<\/sup>. Striped vinegar fly may be transported long distances when infested fruit is moved or by researchers who study model organisms in the family Drosophilidae.<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/u><\/strong>: Zaprionus indianus<\/em> is native to Africa, the Middle East, and southern Eurasia1<\/sup>.\u00a0 It was first found in Brazil in 1999 and rapidly spread through that nation and Uruguay1<\/sup>.\u00a0 It was then found in Mexico in 20022<\/sup>, Panama in 20032<\/sup>, Florida in 20051<\/sup>, Pennsylvania in 20113<\/sup>, Virginia in 20122<\/sup>, and Utah and Oklahoma in 20158<\/sup>.\u00a0 It has also been reported in other states but records are not known to be verifiable (Michigan, Texas, Arizona, California, Mississippi, Louisiana, South Carolina, Wisconsin, and Connecticut)6,9<\/sup>.\u00a0 One author reports that this fly is established \u201cthroughout the western USA\u201d7<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/u><\/strong>: Zaprionus indianus<\/em> is listed as a harmful organism by Japan and the Republic of Korea4<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/u><\/strong>:\u00a0 Zaprionus indianus<\/em> is only confirmed to be established in Los Angeles County.<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/u><\/strong>:\u00a0 Zaprionus indianus<\/em> has never been intercepted by CDFA.<\/p>\n

The risk Zaprionus indianus<\/em> (Striped vinegar fly) would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

1) \u00a0Climate\/Host Interaction<\/span><\/strong>: Zaprionus indianus<\/em> has a widespread distribution in eastern North America from Pennsylvania to Florida corresponding with much of California. Striped vinegar fly is likely to establish a widespread distribution in the state and receives a High (3)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California.\u00a0 Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.
\n– Medium (2)<\/strong> may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.
\n– High (3)<\/strong> likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/span><\/p>\n

2) \u00a0Known Pest Host Range<\/span><\/strong>: Zaprionus indianus<\/em> feeds on a wide variety of damaged fruit.\u00a0 The only undamaged fruit it is known to attack is figs.\u00a0 It receives a Low (1)<\/span> <\/strong>in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> has a very limited host range.<\/span>
\n– Medium (2)<\/strong> has a moderate host range.
\n– High (3)<\/strong> has a wide host range.<\/p>\n

3) \u00a0Pest Dispersal Potential<\/span><\/strong>: Since it was first found in Brazil in 1999 Zaprionus indianus<\/em> has rapidly colonized much of the Americas.\u00a0 It breeds continuously under favorable conditions and each female produces many offspring.\u00a0 It can be transported long distances when infested fruit is moved.\u00a0 Striped vinegar fly receives a High (3)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.
\n– Medium (2)<\/strong> has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.
\n– High (3)<\/strong> has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

4) \u00a0Economic Impact<\/span><\/strong>: California leads the nation in fig production.\u00a0 Growers in the state produce 96% of the nation\u2019s figs on 7,300 acres for a total crop value of $23.1 million5<\/sup> in 2013.\u00a0 If Zaprionus indianus<\/em> were to establish in fig production areas it is likely to significantly reduce yields.\u00a0 In South America it is also reported to be an important pest of oranges and peaches but this is probably due to cultural practices where fruit is allowed to over-ripen on the tree2,3<\/sup>.\u00a0 It has also been found to be abundant in eastern U.S. vineyards but has not been documented causing any economic damage3,6<\/sup>.\u00a0 Zaprionus indianus<\/em> is expected to increase crop production costs in fig orchards, as some fig growers in areas where the fly is established place a sticker over each fruit ostiole as a control measure3<\/sup> or may treat.\u00a0 Zaprionus indianus<\/em> also has the potential to disrupt fig and a wide variety of fresh fruit markets as both Japan and Korea list the fly as a harmful organism4<\/sup>.\u00a0 Striped vinegar fly receives a High (3)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:<\/p>\n

A. \u00a0The pest could lower crop yield.
\n<\/span><\/strong>B. \u00a0The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).
\n<\/span><\/strong>C. \u00a0The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).
\n<\/span><\/strong>D. \u00a0The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.
\nE. \u00a0The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.
\nF. \u00a0The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.
\nG. \u00a0The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.
\n– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes 2 of these impacts.
\n– High (3)<\/strong> causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

5) \u00a0Environmental Impact<\/span><\/strong>: If Zaprionus indianus<\/em> were to establish in California it is not expected to lower biodiversity, disrupt natural communities, or change ecosystem processes.\u00a0 It is not likely to affect any threatened or endangered species or disrupt critical habitats.\u00a0 It may trigger new treatment programs in fig orchards and by residents who grow figs for consumption.\u00a0 Figs are grown in home\/urban gardens and will be significantly impacted by this pest.\u00a0 Striped vinegar fly receives a High (3)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

A. \u00a0The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.
\nB. \u00a0The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.
\nC. \u00a0The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.
\nD. \u00a0The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.
\n<\/span><\/strong>E. \u00a0The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> causes none of the above to occur.
\n– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes one of the above to occur.
\n– High (3)<\/strong> causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Zaprionus indianus <\/em>(Striped Vinegar Fly):<\/strong>\u00a0 High (13)<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n

Add up the total score and include it here.<\/p>\n

–Low<\/strong> = 5-8 points
\n–Medium<\/strong> = 9-12 points
\n–High<\/strong> = 13-15 points<\/span><\/p>\n

6) \u00a0Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information<\/span><\/strong>: Zaprionus indianus<\/em> is confirmed to be established in Los Angeles County and is reported to be established in San Diego. It receives a Low (-1)<\/strong><\/span> in this category.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included.<\/p>\n

–Not established (0)<\/strong> Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.
\n–Low (-1)<\/strong> Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).
\n<\/span>–Medium (-2)<\/strong> Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.
\n–High (-3)<\/strong> Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: Medium (12) <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Uncertainty: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

It is possible that Zaprionus indianus<\/em> may be able to expand the range of undamaged fruit it feeds on beyond fig in California.<\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Zaprionus indianus<\/em> has established a localized distribution in California and is expected to have significant economic and environmental impacts as it expands its range in California.\u00a0 Impacts are expected to be limited to fig.\u00a0 A \u201cB\u201d rating is justified.<\/p>\n

References:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

1<\/sup><\/span> Van der Linde, Kim, Gary J. Steck, Ken Hibbard, Jeffry S. Birdsley, Linette M. Alonso, and David Houle. 2006. First records of Zaprionus indianus<\/em> (Diptera: Drosophilidae), a pest species on commercial fruits from Panama and the Untied States of America.\u00a0 Florida Entomologist 89(3):402-404.\u00a0 http:\/\/www.bioone.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1653\/0015-4040%282006%2989%5B402%3AFROZID%5D2.0.CO%3B2<\/a><\/p>\n

2<\/sup><\/span> Markow, Therese Ann, Giovanni Hanna, Juan R. Riesgo-Escobar, Aldo A. Tellez-Garcia, Maxi Polihronakis Richmond, Nestor O. Nazario-Yepiz, Mariana Ramierez Loustalot Laclette, Javier Carpinteyro-Ponce, and Edward Pfeiler. 2014. Population genetics and recent colonization history of the invasive drosophilid Zaprionus indianus in Mexico and Central America. Biological Invasions 16: 2427-2434.\u00a0 http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs10530-014-0674-5#page-2<\/a><\/p>\n

3<\/sup><\/span> Joshi, Neelendra K., David J. Biddinger, Kathleen Demchak, Alan Deppen. 2014. First report of Zaprionus indianus (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in commercial fruits and vegetables in Pennsylvania.\u00a0 Journal of Insect Science http:\/\/jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/14\/1\/259<\/a><\/p>\n

4<\/sup><\/span> USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System (PCIT) Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD).\u00a0 https:\/\/pcit.aphis.usda.gov\/pcit\/<\/a><\/p>\n

5<\/sup><\/span> California Department of Food & Agriculture. California Agricultural Production Statistics 2014 Report.\u00a0 http:\/\/www.cdfa.ca.gov\/Statistics\/PDFs\/CropYearStats2013_NASS.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

6 <\/sup><\/span>Sigler, Derrek. 2012. New fruit fly spreading across country. FGN Fruit Grower News. http:\/\/fruitgrowersnews.com\/index.php\/magazine\/article\/new-fruit-fly-spreading-across-country<\/a><\/p>\n

7<\/sup><\/span> Van der Linde, Kim. 2010. Zaprionus indianus<\/em>: species identification and taxonomic position. Drosophila Information Service 93:95-98.\u00a0 http:\/\/www.ou.edu\/journals\/dis\/DIS93\/van%20der%20Linde%2095.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

8<\/sup><\/span> Survey Status of Drosophilid Fig Fly \u2013 Zaprionus indianus<\/em>.\u00a0 http:\/\/pest.ceris.purdue.edu\/capsreview.php?code=IOAPAQA<\/a><\/p>\n

9<\/sup><\/span> Van det Linde, Kim. Zaprionus indianus<\/em>: taxonomic position and species identification. http:\/\/www.kimvdlinde.com\/professional\/Zaprionus%20indianus.html<\/a><\/p>\n

\n
Responsible Party:<\/h5>\n

Jason Leathers, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, (916) 654-1211, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n
Comment Format:<\/h5>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments should refer to the appropriate California Pest Rating Proposal Form subsection(s)\u00a0being commented on, as shown below.<\/p>\n

Example Comment:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction: \u00a01. Climate\/Host Interaction:\u00a0[Your comment that relates to \u201cClimate\/Host Interaction\u201d here.<\/em>]<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments will not be able to be viewed immediately.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may not be posted if they:<\/p>\n

Contain inappropriate language which is not germane to\u00a0the pest rating proposal;<\/p>\n

Contains defamatory, false, inaccurate, abusive, obscene, pornographic,\u00a0sexually oriented, threatening, racially offensive, discriminatory or illegal\u00a0material;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting sexual harassment or other forms\u00a0of discrimination;<\/p>\n

Violates agency regulations prohibiting workplace violence, including threats.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Comments may be edited prior to posting to ensure they are entirely germane.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0Posted comments shall be those which have been approved in content and posted to the\u00a0website to be viewed, not just submitted.<\/p>\n

\n

Pest Rating: B<\/strong><\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating for Zaprionus indianus Gupta: Striped Vinegar Fly Diptera: Drosophilidae Pest Rating: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: On July 29, 2015 Dr. Stephen Gaimari confirmed the identification of Zaprionus indianus from a sample submitted by a resident in Los Angeles County.\u00a0 This find was soon confirmed by official samples.\u00a0 A pest rating … Continue reading Zaprionus indianus Gupta: Striped Vinegar Fly<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[17,5],"tags":[185,231,52,230,229],"class_list":["post-1357","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-diptera","category-entomology","tag-diptera","tag-drosophilidae","tag-insects-and-mites","tag-striped-vinegar-fly","tag-zaprionus-indianus"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-lT","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":13494,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=13494","url_meta":{"origin":1357,"position":0},"title":"Zaprionus tuberculatus Malloch: Vinegar fly","author":"Kyle Beucke","date":"November 12, 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating Profile for Zaprionus tuberculatus Malloch: Vinegar flyPest Rating:\u00a0B download pest rating profile *NOTE You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. 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Posted by tn","rel":"","context":"In "B-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"B-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=670"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":14394,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=14394","url_meta":{"origin":1357,"position":3},"title":"Euxesta stigmatias Loew: Cornsilk fly","author":"Kyle Beucke","date":"February 6, 2026","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating Profile for Euxesta stigmatias Loew: Cornsilk fly Pest Rating: B Download Pest Rating Profile *NOTE You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. Posted by SK","rel":"","context":"In "B-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"B-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=670"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":14467,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=14467","url_meta":{"origin":1357,"position":4},"title":"Neosilba batesi (Curran): Lonchaeid fly","author":"Kyle Beucke","date":"March 12, 2026","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating Profile for Neosilba batesi (Curran): Lonchaeid fly Pest Rating: A Comment Period: 03\/12\/2026 through 04\/26\/2026 Download Pest Rating Profile *NOTE You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov.\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "A-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"A-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=669"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2111,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=2111","url_meta":{"origin":1357,"position":5},"title":"Image Credits","author":"Admin","date":"May 13, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"Top Row: Image, left: Cereal Leaf Beetle (Oulema melanopus) by Hania Berdys (bugwood.org) Image, center: Zaprionus cf. indianus by Darren J. Obbard (obbardlab) Image, right: Horidiplosis ficifolii: an Ornamental Fig Pest by Jakub Ber\u00e1nek Bottom Row: Image, left: Mediterranean Fruit Fly by Scott Bauer, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org Image,\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Image Credits"","block_context":{"text":"Image Credits","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=345"},"img":{"alt_text":"Insects and Mites Banner","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/insects-and-mites-featured-image-1024x580.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1357","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1357"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1357\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10349,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1357\/revisions\/10349"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1357"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1357"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1357"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}