{"id":1181,"date":"2015-10-12T16:20:17","date_gmt":"2015-10-12T23:20:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1181"},"modified":"2024-04-26T11:18:59","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T18:18:59","slug":"tomato-chlorotic-dwarf-viroid","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1181","title":{"rendered":"Tomato Chlorotic Dwarf Viroid"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating for<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Tomato Chlorotic Dwarf Viroid<\/em><\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pest Rating: A<\/strong><\/h5>\n
\n
PEST RATING PROFILE<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Initiating Event:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h5>\n

On October 23, 2014 CDFA was notified by USDA APHIS of the detection of Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid<\/em> (TCDVd) in four experimental Petunia<\/em> samples that were shipped under federal permit from California to Illinois (Kress, 2014). The detection was made by the plant pathologist of an ornamental plant breeding company, and communicated to USDA APHIS as per federal permit requirement that \u201cAPHIS is notified within 10 days on receipt of permitted materials if the permitee detects a pathogen that is not widely prevalent in the State from which the infected material was obtained.\u201d\u00a0 The Petunia<\/em> plant samples came from plants raised in a greenhouse environment by a different plant breeding company in Arroyo Grande, California.\u00a0\u00a0 Following that detection the Company took action by discarding all infected Petunia<\/em> plants and administering phytosanitary measures. Furthermore, the Company reported to San Luis Obispo County that they had the (remaining) Petunia<\/em> plants in the greenhouse tested for TCDVd and the results were negative. Nevertheless, following the disposal and sanitary action taken by the Company, official samples of the remainder Petunia<\/em> plants in the greenhouse were collected for diagnostic analysis conducted by the CDFA Plant Pathology Laboratory (Taylor, 2014).\u00a0 The current status and pest rating of TCDVd is re-evaluated and a permanent rating is proposed.<\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background<\/u><\/strong>: \u00a0Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid<\/em> (TCDVd) belongs to the genus Pospiviroid<\/em>.\u00a0 PSTVd has a circular single stranded RNA molecule with 360 nucleotides and lacks a coat protein.\u00a0 It is closely related to the Potato spindle tuber viroid<\/em> but significantly differs from it in sequence homology. Little is known about the pathogen\u2019s host range, host-pathogen interactions, transmission and epidemiology however, the pathogenicity properties of TCDVd are expected to be similar to those of the Potato spindle tuber viroid<\/em>.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 As with other members of its genus, TCDVd use the infected plant cell nucleolus to multiply in numbers and accumulate. TCDVd then move from cell to cell through natural openings in the cell wall (plasmodesmata) and throughout the plant via<\/em> the phloem.\u00a0 In general, viroids survive in nature outside a host or in dead plant material for only brief periods of a few minutes to a few months. They overwinter and oversummer within infected perennial hosts.\u00a0 TCDVd is active at high temperatures and therefore, warm climates are expected to increase its rate of transmission.<\/p>\n

Hosts:<\/em> Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum<\/em>) is the major host.\u00a0 Incidental hosts include Brugsmania<\/em> hybrids (Angel\u2019s trumpet), Petunia<\/em>, Verbena<\/em> and Vinca minor<\/em> (periwinkle) (EPPO, 2014; CABI, 2014).\u00a0 Several artificially inoculated, experimental, susceptible hosts belonging to the family Solanaceae have been reported (Singh, et al.,<\/em> 1999).<\/p>\n

Symptoms:<\/em>\u00a0 Symptoms are difficult to distinguish as specific to TCDVd \u2013 as several viroids and viruses can produce similar symptoms.\u00a0 Symptoms expressed by tomato plants are influenced by the TCDVd strain, tomato variety, age and vigor of the plant, and climatic conditions.\u00a0 Initial symptoms, produced in tomato plants 3-6 weeks after initial infection, are exhibited as reduction in growth and chlorosis (yellowing) of young terminal leaves. Over time infected plants become stunted, distinctly chlorotic leaves that may turn bronze and\/or purplish, sometimes with lesions, and turn brittle and distorted.\u00a0 However, commonly observed symptoms include stunting, bunchiness, reduced leaves and fruit, leaf chlorosis, necrosis and leaf and petiole, downward bending of leaves, distorted fruit and may lead to death of the plant.<\/p>\n

The pathogen has been detected in petunia and verbena although no symptoms were exhibited by these hosts (Sabaratnam, 2012).\u00a0 Symptomless ornamental plants may serve as a source of inoculum.<\/p>\n

Damage Potential:<\/em> Estimates of crop\/yield loss caused by the pathogen are not available however TCDVd can be a serious threat to tomato production in field and greenhouse environments. Extensive damage has especially been noted in greenhouse-grown tomato plants.<\/p>\n

Transmission<\/em>:\u00a0 Similar to other members of the genus pospiviroid, Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid<\/em> is mechanically transmitted in infected plant sap spread through handling of contaminated plants, pruning tools, cultivation equipment, clothing, and plant to plant contact.\u00a0 The pathogen is also spread through vegetative propagation and contaminated seed (Singh & Dilworth, 2009).\u00a0 Natural transmission of TCDVd by insects and pollen is not known, however, Ling (2010) stated the transmission of TCDVd by bumblebee pollinators of tomato plants grown in greenhouse environments. The pathogen is transmitted less efficiently from older mature plants during the picking of fruit and old leaves (Sabaratnam, 2012).<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong>\u00a0 Asia<\/em>:\u00a0 India; America<\/em>: Mexico, USA; Europe<\/em>: Czech Republic, France, Slovenia.\u00a0 \u00a0In the USA, TCDVd is present and limited in its occurrence in Arizona and Colorado (EPPO, 2014; CABI, 2014).<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/u>:\u00a0<\/strong> The following countries include Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid on their \u2018Harmful Organism\u2019 lists: Georgia, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand, and Thailand (PCIT, 2014).<\/p>\n

Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid<\/em> has been eradicated in Canada (Manitoba), Japan (Honshu), Finland and Norway, and is no longer present in Belgium.\u00a0 It is considered transient, under eradication in United Kingdom (Scotland) (EPPO, 2014; CABI, 2014).<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong> There are no reports of TCDVd being established in field or natural environments within California \u2013 that would indicate an established distribution.<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/u><\/strong>:\u00a0 There are no state reports of TCDVd detections in plant materials intercepted within or at points of entry in California.<\/p>\n

The risk Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid <\/em>would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h5>\n

1) Climate\/Host Interaction:<\/strong> Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is High (3)<\/span> \u2013 <\/em><\/strong>TCDVd is capable of establishing within greenhouse as well as field environments within California.\u00a0 Suitable climates for tomato and other host plants would also favor establishment of TCDVd. \u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

2) Known Pest Host Range:\u00a0<\/strong> Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> has a very limited host range.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.<\/p>\n

– High (3) has a wide host range.<\/p>\n

Risk is Low (1)<\/span> <\/em><\/strong>\u2013 Of what is currently known, the host range of TCDVd is limited to tomato and few ornamental crops.\u00a0 However, tomato is grown in significant acreages throughout the State.<\/em><\/p>\n

3) Pest Dispersal Potential:<\/strong> Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is High (3)<\/span> <\/em><\/strong>\u2013 TCDVd multiply autonomously in infected plant material and are easily transmitted through infected seed and mechanical means.<\/em><\/p>\n

4) Economic Impact:<\/strong> Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:<\/p>\n

A. The pest could lower crop yield.<\/p>\n

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).<\/p>\n

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).<\/p>\n

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.<\/p>\n

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/p>\n

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is High (3)<\/span><\/em><\/strong> \u2013 TCDVd can potentially lower tomato crop value, yield, trigger loss of market through the imposition of quarantine regulations by other countries and states, and can influence normal cultural practices.<\/em><\/p>\n

5) Environmental Impact:<\/strong> Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/p>\n

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/p>\n

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/p>\n

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/p>\n

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/p>\n

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) causes one of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is <\/em><\/strong>High (3)<\/em><\/strong><\/span> \u2013 At the very least, incidence of TCDVd could result in requirement of additional official and private treatments, impact cultural and horticultural practices. <\/em><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Add up the total score and include it here. (Score)<\/p>\n

-Low = 5-8 points<\/p>\n

-Medium = 9-12 points<\/p>\n

–High<\/strong> = 13-15 points<\/span><\/p>\n

Total points obtained on evaluation of consequences of introduction to California = (13)<\/span>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information:<\/strong> Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included. (Score)<\/p>\n

–Not established (0)<\/strong> Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/span><\/p>\n

-Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).<\/p>\n

-Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

-High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

Evaluation is (0)<\/span>.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 TCDVd is not established in California.\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>TCDVd has only been detected in nursery plants contained in greenhouses. That detection led to destruction of infected plants and implementation of phytosanitary measures (see \u201cInitiating event\u201d) and does not indicate the establishment of the pathogen in California.\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

7) The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: (Score)<\/p>\n

Final Score: <\/em><\/strong>\u00a0Score of Consequences of Introduction \u2013 Score of Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information = 13 (High)<\/span>.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Uncertainty: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Information of the source of the pathogen is not known.\u00a0 The pathogen has not been reported from environments outside greenhouses.<\/em><\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Based on the evidence provided above the proposed rating for Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid<\/em> is A.<\/strong><\/p>\n

References:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

C<\/strong>ABI\u00a0\u00a0 2014.\u00a0 Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid basic datasheet.\u00a0 Crop Protection Compendium.\u00a0 http:\/\/www.cabi.org\/cpc\/datasheet\/1695<\/a>.<\/p>\n

E<\/strong>PPO, 2014.\u00a0 Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid (TCDVD0).\u00a0 New PQR database.\u00a0 Paris, France:\u00a0 European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization.\u00a0 http:\/\/newpqr.eppo.int<\/a>.<\/p>\n

K<\/strong>ress, J.\u00a0 2014.\u00a0 Email to John Chitambar (CDFA) and others (CDFA), subject: RE: Attention Shailaja Rabindran\/Pathogen Detection, sent: Thursday 10\/23\/2014, 11:06 am.<\/p>\n

L<\/strong>ing, K. S., J. Th. J. Verhoeven, R. P. Singh, and J. K. Brown.\u00a0 2009.\u00a0 First report of tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid<\/em> in greenhouse tomatoes in Arizona.\u00a0 Plant Disease, 93:1075.<\/p>\n

L<\/strong>ing, K. S.\u00a0 2010.\u00a0 Genetic diversity of tomato viroids in North America.\u00a0 USDA-ARS, U. S. Vegetable Laboratory Charleston, South Carolina, Power Point Presentation<\/em>.<\/p>\n

P<\/strong>CIT.\u00a0 2014.\u00a0 USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System.\u00a0 https:\/\/pcit.aphis.usda.gov\/PExD\/faces\/ReportHarmOrgs.jsp<\/a>.<\/p>\n

S<\/strong>abaratnam, S.\u00a0 2012.\u00a0 Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid<\/em> on greenhouse tomato.\u00a0 British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, Abbotsford Agriculture Center.\u00a0 http:\/\/www.agf.gov.bc.ca\/cropprot\/tcdvd.htm<\/a>.<\/p>\n

S<\/strong>ingh, R. P. and A. D. Dilworth.\u00a0 2009.\u00a0 Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid<\/em> in the ornamental plant Vinca minor<\/em> and its transmission through tomato seed.\u00a0 European Journal of Plant Pathology, 123:111-116.<\/p>\n

S<\/strong>ingh, R. P. X. Nie, and M. Singh.\u00a0 1999.\u00a0 Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid<\/em>: an evolutionary link in the origin of pospiviroids.\u00a0 Journal of General Virology, 80:2823-2828.<\/p>\n

Taylor, C.\u00a0 2014.\u00a0 Email to Karen Lowerison (San Luis Obispo County Agricultural Commissioner\u2019s office) and others (CDFA, SLO County), subject: Re: Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid detection, sent: Friday 10\/24\/2014, 2:31 pm.<\/p>\n

Responsible Party:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

John J. Chitambar, Primary Plant Pathologist\/Nematologist, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832. Phone: 916-262-1110, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n

Pest Rating: A<\/strong><\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating for Tomato Chlorotic Dwarf Viroid Pest Rating: A PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event:\u00a0 On October 23, 2014 CDFA was notified by USDA APHIS of the detection of Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid (TCDVd) in four experimental Petunia samples that were shipped under federal permit from California to Illinois (Kress, 2014). The detection was … Continue reading Tomato Chlorotic Dwarf Viroid<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1117,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[4,39],"tags":[200],"class_list":["post-1181","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-plant-pathology","category-viruses-and-viroids","tag-tomato-chlorotic-dwarf-viroid"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-j3","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":384,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=384","url_meta":{"origin":1181,"position":0},"title":"Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid","author":"Admin","date":"March 16, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"California Plant Pest Rating for Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid Pest\u00a0Rating:\u00a0A PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: On December 16, 2013, CDFA was notified by USDA APHIS of the detection of potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) in three Cestrum samples that were shipped under federal permit from California to Illinois. The detection\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Plant Pathogens"","block_context":{"text":"Plant Pathogens","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=4"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":8870,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=8870","url_meta":{"origin":1181,"position":1},"title":"Tomato apical stunt viroid TASVd","author":"Heather.Martin","date":"September 3, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Tomato apical stunt viroid TASVdPest Rating: A DOWNLOAD PEST RATING *NOTE You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. 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