{"id":1179,"date":"2015-10-12T16:20:13","date_gmt":"2015-10-12T23:20:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1179"},"modified":"2024-04-26T11:19:14","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T18:19:14","slug":"sarocladium-oryzae-sawada-w-gams-d-hawksworth","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1179","title":{"rendered":"Sarocladium oryzae (Sawada) W. Gams & D. Hawksworth"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating for<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Sarocladium oryzae<\/em><\/strong> (Sawada) W. Gams & D. Hawksworth<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pest Rating: A<\/strong><\/h5>\n
\n
PEST RATING PROFILE<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Initiating Event: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

In August 2014, during a routine Controlled Import Permit inspection, Anthony Jackson, USDA APHIS PPQ WR, sampled rice seedlings imported from Spain and grown under post quarantine permit conditions in a greenhouse in Pleasant Grove, Sutter County, California.\u00a0 A fungal pathogen, Sarocladium oryzae<\/em> was detected in the sampled seedlings and identified by Cheryl Blomquist, plant pathologist, CDFA.\u00a0 This identification marked the first detection of S. oryzae<\/em> in California.\u00a0 Later, in October 2014, the same pathogen was again detected by Suzanne Latham, plant pathologist, CDFA, in rice seedlings grown in the same Pleasant Grove greenhouse.\u00a0 Subsequently, all post quarantine rice seedlings held at the greenhouse were destroyed by steam sterilization at the CDFA Plant Pathology Laboratory.\u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong>The fungal pathogen was assigned a Q (temporary) rating which is reassessed herein for the proposal of a permanent rating.<\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background<\/u>: \u00a0Sarocladium oryzae<\/em> is a fungal pathogen that causes the sheath rot of rice disease.\u00a0 Historically, the pathogen was initially described as Acrocylindrium oryzae<\/em> by Sawada in 1922 from Taiwan.\u00a0 In 1956, a species which caused symptoms similar to Sarocladium oryzae<\/em>, was named by Gams and Hawksworth as S. attenuatum<\/em>.\u00a0 However, genetic and biochemical analyses revealed no differences between S. oryzae<\/em> and S. attenuatum<\/em> and subsequently the latter species was declared a synonym of S. oryzae<\/em> (Bridge et al.,<\/em> 1989).\u00a0 Sarocladium oryzae<\/em> belongs to the order Hypocreales in the class Sordariomycetes, Phylum Ascomycota.<\/p>\n

Hosts<\/em>: Oryza sativa<\/em> (rice) is the main host. However, rice cultivars differ in their susceptibility to the pathogen.\u00a0 Other naturally infected hosts include O. rufipogon<\/em> (wild rice) and grasses: Hymanchne assamica, Leersia hexandra, Panicum walense.\u00a0 <\/em>Other hosts include monocot weeds found in rice fields which may serve as a natural source of inoculum for infection of rice: Cyperus iria <\/em>(rice flat sedge), C. tenneriffae, C. difformis <\/em>(small-flowered nut sedge), Echinochloa crus-galli<\/em> (barnyard grass), Eleusine indica<\/em> (goose grass) and Monochoria vaginalis<\/em>.\u00a0 Also, Echinochloa colona <\/em>(jungle rice)<\/a>.\u00a0 <\/em>Other monocot agricultural crops include millets, sorghum and maize. Several weeds and wild rices are included experimental, greenhouse-tested hosts (CABI, 2014; EPPO, 2014).<\/p>\n

Symptoms<\/em>:\u00a0 The pathogen mainly attacks the uppermost leaf sheaths which enclose young panicles at the booting stage.\u00a0 Lesions develop, initiating as irregular spots 5-10 mm, which become dark lesions, sometimes oblong, with brown margins and light-brown centers or grayish-brown throughout. Lesions may coalesce and cover most of the leaf sheath.\u00a0 Young lesions bear whitish, powdery fungal growth on the outer and inner sides of affected sheaths, while old lesions have less or no fungal growth and appear as dry, brownish lesions with the enclosed rotted panicle. When infected early, young panicles remain compressed within the sheath, do not develop and rot, or only partially emerge from the sheath.\u00a0 Outside the rotted sheath, partially emerged spikelets\/grains are dark brown, chaffy and partially filled.<\/p>\n

Infected seeds are usually symptomless and germinate normally.\u00a0 Sometimes, primary and secondary leaves wither prematurely due to S. oryzae<\/em> infection (CABI, 2014).<\/p>\n

Damage Potential:\u00a0 <\/em>In India, rice yield losses of 10-26% and 50% are reported (Chakravarty and Biswas, 1978; CABI, 2014).\u00a0 In Taiwan, 3-20% incidence of sheath rot disease have been observed reaching 85% in susceptible varieties.\u00a0 Losses include production of fewer spikelets per panicle, lower grain weight of diseased panicles, and increased grain chaffiness. In India, 70% disease severity with 15-35% grain chaffiness, and 100% seed sterility in severe cases has been reported (CABI, 2014).<\/p>\n

Disease Cycle: Sarocladium oryzae <\/em>survives as mycelium on and in seeds.\u00a0 Fungal inoculum or spores (conidia) from several infected weed hosts are capable of infecting rice.\u00a0 The pathogen invades rice through the stomata and wounds and grows intercellularly within vascular and mesophyll tissues.\u00a0 Additionally, wounds created in rice plants facilitate infection and disease development.\u00a0 This is particularly true of wounds caused by mites, stem borers, mealy bugs, and rice bug.\u00a0 The incidence and severity of sheath rots of rice disease is favored at 20-30\u00b0C and 65-85% relative humidity.<\/p>\n

Transmission:\u00a0 Seed \u2013 the pathogen is externally and internally seedborne.\u00a0 Sachan and Agarwal (1995) found S. oryzae<\/em> within the seedcoat, endosperm and embryo of discolored seeds however the pathogen may also be detected on seeds that are not discolored. S. oryzae <\/em>may also be spread through infected straw and plant parts \u2013 leaves, seeds, flowers, inflorescences, cones, and calyx.<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/u>:\u00a0 Africa<\/em>:\u00a0 Burundi, Cameroon, Cote d’Ivore, Gambia, Kenya, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Tanzania; North America<\/em>: Mexico, USA; Central America: <\/em>Cuba; South America<\/em>: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela; Asia<\/em>:\u00a0 Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, China, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Oceania<\/em>: Australia.\u00a0 In the USA it is reported as being widespread, and specifically present in Louisiana (CABI, 2014; EPPO, 2014).<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/u>: Sarocladium oryzae<\/em> is on the \u201cHarmful Organism List\u2019 for Honduras and Peru (PCIT, 2014). The species is currently listed as a Q rated pest for California.<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/u>: Sarocladium oryzae<\/em> is not present in California.<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/u>:\u00a0 Prior to its current detection in Sutter County (see \u2018Initiating event\u2019) Sarocladium oryzae<\/em> has not been detected in incoming plant shipments to California.<\/p>\n

The risk Sarocladium oryzae<\/em> would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h5>\n

1) Climate\/Host Interaction: Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is High (3) <\/span><\/em><\/strong>\u2013 If allowed to enter California, <\/em>Sarocladium oryzae is capable of establishing a widespread distribution in the States rice cultivated acreage.<\/em><\/p>\n

2) Known Pest Host Range:<\/strong> Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) has a very limited host range.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> has a moderate host range.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) has a wide host range.<\/p>\n

Risk is Medium (2)<\/span> <\/em><\/strong>\u2013 Rice is the major host of the pathogen and is grown in significant acreage in California.\u00a0 Other hosts include several weeds that are capable to harboring inoculum for rice infections.<\/em><\/p>\n

3) Pest Dispersal Potential:<\/strong> Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is High (3) <\/span><\/em><\/strong>\u2013 Long distance spread is mainly through infested seed.\u00a0 Infected plant parts and rice straw also serve as significant means of spread.\u00a0 Potentially, conidia may be moved over short distances via winds, and wind-blown water droplets. \u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

4) Economic Impact:<\/strong> Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:<\/p>\n

A. The pest could lower crop yield.<\/p>\n

B. The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).<\/p>\n

C. The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).<\/p>\n

D. The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.<\/p>\n

E. The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/p>\n

F. The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G. The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is High (3)<\/span><\/em><\/strong> \u2013 The pathogen could significantly impact rice production in California by lowering crop yield and value which would result in the loss of markets.\u00a0 Additionally, certain species of mites and stem borers have been reported to harbor large numbers of fungal spores (conidia) and spread the pathogen to non-infected plants thereby, increasing the incidence of the sheath rot of rice disease.<\/em><\/p>\n

5) Environmental Impact:<\/strong> Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

A. The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/p>\n

B. The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/p>\n

C. The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/p>\n

D. The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/p>\n

E. The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/p>\n

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes one of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

Risk is <\/em><\/strong>Medium (2)<\/em><\/strong><\/span> \u2013 Several species of natural grasses and wild rice are hosts of <\/em>Sarocladium oryzae. If these hosts are infected they may significantly impact the ecosystem of a natural environment.\u00a0 <\/em><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Sarocladium oryzae:<\/em><\/strong><\/h5>\n

Add up the total score and include it here. (Score)<\/p>\n

-Low = 5-8 points<\/p>\n

-Medium = 9-12 points<\/p>\n

–High<\/strong> = 13-15 points<\/span><\/p>\n

Total points obtained on evaluation of consequences of introduction of Sarocladium oryzae<\/em> to California = (13)<\/span>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information:<\/strong> Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included. (Score)<\/p>\n

–Not established (0)<\/strong> Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/span><\/p>\n

-Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).<\/p>\n

-Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

-High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

Evaluation is not established (0)<\/span>.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

7) The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: (Score)<\/p>\n

Final Score: <\/em><\/strong>\u00a0Score of Consequences of Introduction \u2013 Score of Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information =<\/strong> <\/span>13<\/span>.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Uncertainty: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Sarocladium oryzae has not been previously detected in California.\u00a0 The initial detection recorded in this report was made in a greenhouse and subsequently all rice plants within the greenhouse were destroyed.\u00a0 No targeted surveys of natural environments, rice fields or seed rice storage facilities have been conducted for the detection of this pathogen within California.\u00a0 If detected, the proposed rating may alter.<\/em><\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Based on the evidence provided above the proposed rating for the sheath rot of rice pathogen, Sarocladium oryzae<\/em> is A.<\/strong><\/p>\n

References:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

C<\/strong>ABI.\u00a0 2014.\u00a0 Sarocladium oryzae<\/em> full datasheet report.\u00a0 Crop Protection Compendium.\u00a0 www.cabi.org\/cpc\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

C<\/strong>hakravarty, D. K, and S. I. Biswas. 1978. Estimate of yield loss in rice affected by sheath rot. Plant Disease Reporter, 62:226-227.<\/p>\n

E<\/strong>PPO.\u00a0 2014.\u00a0 Sarocladium oryzae<\/em> (SARMOR).\u00a0 European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization PQR database.\u00a0 http:\/\/www.eppo.int\/DATABASES\/pqr\/pqr.htm<\/a>.<\/p>\n

F<\/strong>arr, D.F., & Rossman, A.Y. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved December 4, 2014, from http:\/\/nt.ars-grin.gov\/fungaldatabases\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

G<\/strong>roth, D.\u00a0 1992.\u00a0 Sheath rot.\u00a0 In<\/em>, Compendium of Rice Diseases edited by R. K. Webster and P. S. Gunnell.\u00a0 The American Phytopahtological Society, Minnesota, USA: 25.<\/p>\n

P<\/strong>CIT.\u00a0 2014.\u00a0 USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System.\u00a0 https:\/\/pcit.aphis.usda.gov\/PExD\/faces\/ReportHarmOrgs.jsp<\/a> .<\/p>\n

S<\/strong>achan, I. P., and V. K. Agarwal. 1995. Seed discolouration of rice: location of inoculum and influence on nutritional value. Indian Phytopathology, 48(1):14-20; 17 ref.<\/a><\/p>\n

Responsible Party:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

John J. Chitambar, Primary Plant Pathologist\/Nematologist, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832. Phone: 916-262-1110, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n

Pest Rating: A<\/strong><\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating for Sarocladium oryzae (Sawada) W. Gams & D. Hawksworth Pest Rating: A PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: In August 2014, during a routine Controlled Import Permit inspection, Anthony Jackson, USDA APHIS PPQ WR, sampled rice seedlings imported from Spain and grown under post quarantine permit conditions in a greenhouse in Pleasant Grove, … Continue reading Sarocladium oryzae (Sawada) W. Gams & D. Hawksworth<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1117,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[8,4],"tags":[199],"class_list":["post-1179","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fungi","category-plant-pathology","tag-sarocladium-oryzae"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-j1","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":14441,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=14441","url_meta":{"origin":1179,"position":0},"title":"Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Ishiyama, 1922) Swings et al., 1990 Rice bacterial blight","author":"Heather Martin","date":"February 25, 2026","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating Proposal for FXanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Ishiyama, 1922) Swings et al., 1990 Rice bacterial blight Current Pest Rating: None Proposed Pest Rating: A Comment Period: 02\/25\/2026 through 04\/11\/2026 Download Pest Rating Proposal *NOTE You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. 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