{"id":1176,"date":"2015-10-12T16:20:09","date_gmt":"2015-10-12T23:20:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1176"},"modified":"2024-04-26T11:19:35","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T18:19:35","slug":"peronospora-belbahrii-downy-mildew-of-basil","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1176","title":{"rendered":"Peronospora belbahrii (Downy mildew of basil)"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating for<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Peronospora belbahrii<\/em><\/strong><\/h5>\n
(Downy mildew of basil)<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pest Rating: C<\/strong><\/h5>\n
\n
PEST RATING PROFILE<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Initiating Event: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

During June 2014, Cheryl Blomquist, CDFA Plant Pathologist, detected Peronospora belbahrii<\/em> in basil plants grown in a Nursery in Alameda County.\u00a0 The plants had been purchased from a different nursery in Sebastopol, Sonoma County.\u00a0 In 2008, the pathogen had been detected in basil plants produced in various nurseries.\u00a0 Trace-back investigation of the 2008 detections revealed that the seeds had originated in Italy.\u00a0 Presently, the origin of seeds cultivated in Sonoma County is not known.\u00a0 Peronospora belbahrii<\/em> currently has a Q rating that is herein reassessed for the proposal of a permanent rating.<\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background:<\/u>\u00a0 Peronospora belbahrii<\/em> is a fungal pathogen that causes downy mildew disease of basil (Ocimum<\/em> spp. of the family Lamiaceae).\u00a0 Traditionally it was believed that the downy mildew disease of Lamiaceae, including the downy mildew of basil, was caused by a single species namely, P. lamii<\/em>.\u00a0 However, that view has been proven inaccurate by several researchers, and Belbahri et al<\/em>. (2005) showed through ITS sequencing that a then newly occurring fungal species on basil was different from P. lamii<\/em>.\u00a0 Later, Thines et al.<\/em> (2009) formally introduced this fungal species as P. belbahrii<\/em> and distinguished it from a different closely related species that parasitizes sage (Salvia<\/em>).\u00a0 They determined that P. belbahrii <\/em>isolates infected both basil and coleus (Solenostemon<\/em> sp.), and while those isolates seemed closely related, Thines et al<\/em>. (2009) refrained from distinguishing them as two separate species until further studies have been conducted (albeit depending on the taxonomical concept taken, downy mildew on basil and coleus may be attributed to one or two different species).\u00a0 Downy mildew of basil was first reported from Africa from where it is assumed to have originated on sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum<\/em>). Later, it was reported from Europe.\u00a0 It continued to spread globally and is considered a relatively new disease of basil in the United States.<\/p>\n

Disease cycle:<\/u>\u00a0 Peronospora belbahrii<\/em> is an oomycete belonging to the family Peronosporaceae.\u00a0 Generally, downy mildews overwinter as thick-walled resting spores called oospores that are produced through the fertilization of two mating types.\u00a0 However, currently only one mating type of P. belbahrii <\/em>has been found in the USA.\u00a0 Consequently, no oospores are formed and the pathogen is unable to survive harsh cold winters (Grabowski, 2014).\u00a0 It is likely that the pathogen survives as mycelium and\/or condia (spores) in infected plant buds, plant debris, leaf tissue and shoots.\u00a0 Peronospora belbahrii<\/em> thrives in warm, humid climates.\u00a0 However, it can tolerate cool weather, infect and produce conidia at temperatures as low as 59\u00b0F (Grabowski, 2012).\u00a0 Generally, under favorable weather conditions, condia are carried by wind or water to wet leaves near the ground where they infect through stomata of the lower leaf surface.\u00a0 A conidium germinates via a germ tube that grows through leaf stomata into intercellular spaces within the leaf tissue and eventually penetrates plant cells through special structures called haustoria.\u00a0 Developing hypha that spreads intercellularly forms a cushion of mycelia just below the stomata.\u00a0 From this cushion, conidophores arise and emerge through stomata.\u00a0 At their tips, conidia (sporangia\/spores) are produced simultaneously and are carried by wind and rain to new infection sites of the same or different plant.<\/p>\n

Dispersal and spread<\/em>:\u00a0 The pathogen is seed borne and can also be spread through contaminated plant cuttings, transplants, and fresh leaves.\u00a0 Also, it produces airborne conidia (spores) can disperse and be carried by moist winds.\u00a0 It can also be present in soil associated with host and non-host plants and therefore, can spread by any means that aids in the movement of soil and\/or water from infected plants to non-infected ones.<\/p>\n

Hosts:<\/em>\u00a0 Ocimum<\/em> spp. (basil, including culinary and ornamental varieties), Solenostemon<\/em> sp. coleus (Thines et al<\/em>., 2009), Agastache<\/em> sp. hyssop (Henricot et al<\/em>., 2009).<\/p>\n

Symptoms and damage potential<\/em>: Infection starts on lower leaves and progresses upwards.\u00a0 Initially symptoms appear as yellowing (slightly chlorotic) of affected leaves with the veins remaining green. Following this, the central portion of a chlorotic lesion may become necrotic; slight curvature of leaves occurs followed by premature leaf fall. \u00a0In some cases entire area of the leaf surface is affected.\u00a0 Grey to brown, furry or downy (conidia) growth is apparent on underside of symptomatic leaves giving the leaves a dirty appearance.\u00a0 These symptoms may sometimes occur on upper surfaces of leaves.<\/p>\n

Under cool dry conditions infected transplants and leaves may not exhibit symptoms (Grabowski, 2012).\u00a0\u00a0 Basil plants not showing symptoms at harvest are capable of developing symptoms during transport (Roberts et al<\/em>., 2009).\u00a0 Chen et al<\/em>. (2010) noted that in Taiwan, the pathogen caused chlorosis and leaf shrinkage on basil in the field, but did not cause any symptom on coleus.<\/p>\n

Downy mildew is one of the most destructive diseases of sweet basil which is grown as a specialty crop in greenhouses and production fields in several regions of the United States and other countries. Once infected, basil plants are no longer marketable.\u00a0 Under favorable weather conditions complete yield loss can be expected.\u00a0 In Florida, almost 100% incidence of the disease occurred causing complete yield loss in the field for fresh and potted herbs markets (Roberts et al<\/em>., 2009).\u00a0 The frequency of disease occurrence and the percentage of infected leaf area were 80-90% and 17-20% respectively on full-grown basil leaves grown a greenhouse in Hungary (Nagy & Horvath, 2011).<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/u>: Basil downy mildew has been reported from several countries and continents including, Argentina (greenhouse), Belgium, Benin, Cameroon, Canada, Cuba, Cyprus, France, Switzerland, Hungary, Israel, Iran, Italy, New Zealand, South Africa, Taiwan, Tanzania, Uganda, United Kingdom (Zhang et al.<\/em>, 2012; CABI, 2014; EPPO, 2014; Henricot et al.,<\/em> 2009).<\/p>\n

In the United States, the pathogen was first discovered in Florida in 2007 (Roberts et al.<\/em>, 2009).\u00a0 Since then, the disease has been found throughout the eastern United Sates and commercial basil production regions in the Midwest and California, namely, Alabama, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Hawaiian Islands, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Missouri, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Texas, Vermont, Virginia and Wisconsin (Zhang et al., 2012; Grabowski, 2012; PNW, 2014).<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/u>: Currently, the pathogen is not officially controlled in the United States Department of Agriculture.<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/u>:\u00a0 In California, the pathogen has been found in nursery and\/or field environments of Alameda, San Diego, San Joaquin, Ventura, and Southern Valley Counties.<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/u>:\u00a0 Recently P. belbahrii<\/em> was detected in basil plants grown in a nursery in Alameda County.\u00a0 The plants had originated from a different nursery in Sonoma County (see \u2018Initiating Event\u2019).<\/p>\n

The risk Downy mildew of basil would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h5>\n

1) Climate\/Host Interaction:<\/strong> Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/p>\n

Risk is Medium (2)<\/span>: <\/em><\/strong>As evident from current distribution records in California, <\/strong><\/em>Peronospora belbahrii \u2013 causing downy mildew of basil \u2013 is able to develop in warm (not hot), humid weather conditions and can tolerate cool climates as well. \u00a0<\/strong>Interestingly, in San Diego County, basil was drip irrigated and grown in a hot inland valley.\u00a0 Under those conditions the disease still spread, possibly due to the humid microenvironment that developed in a basil field where plants were grown close together so that dew was produced when evening temperatures dropped.<\/em><\/p>\n

2) Known Pest Host Range:<\/strong> Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> has a very limited host range.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.<\/p>\n

– High (3) has a wide host range.<\/p>\n

Risk is Low (1)<\/span>: <\/em><\/strong>The host range is limited to basil, coleus and hyssop.\u00a0 Although several species and varieties of basil exist, the host range is thus far limited to three plant genera.<\/em><\/p>\n

3) Pest Dispersal Potential:<\/strong> Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is High (3)<\/span>: <\/em><\/strong>Conidia are easily produced simultaneously and in abundance.\u00a0 The pathogen is seed borne as well as transmitted via infected plant material; conidia are dispersed by winds, water and associated soil.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

4) Economic Impact:<\/strong> Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:<\/p>\n

A. \u00a0The pest could lower crop yield.<\/p>\n

B. \u00a0The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).<\/p>\n

C. \u00a0The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).<\/p>\n

D. \u00a0The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.<\/p>\n

E. \u00a0The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/p>\n

F. \u00a0The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G. \u00a0The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is High (3)<\/span>: <\/em><\/strong>Presence of the pathogen in field and\/or greenhouse environments can significantly lower crop value and yield.\u00a0 Infected, symptomatic plants are not marketable resulting in total loss in recovery of production costs.\u00a0 Markets for crop sale are directly affected.\u00a0 Normal cultivation practices, including delivery and supply of irrigation water, would need to be altered to prevent spread of the pathogen.<\/em><\/p>\n

5) Environmental Impact:<\/strong> Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

A. \u00a0The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/p>\n

B. \u00a0The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/p>\n

C. \u00a0The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/p>\n

D. \u00a0The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/p>\n

E. \u00a0The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/p>\n

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes one of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Risk is <\/em><\/strong>Medium (2)<\/span>: <\/em><\/strong>Home\/urban gardening of basil and cultivation of coleus and hyssop ornamental plants can be significantly impacted if the pathogen is present in private home garden environments. <\/em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Downy mildew of basil:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Add up the total score and include it here. (Score)<\/p>\n

-Low = 5-8 points<\/p>\n

-Medium<\/strong> = 9-12 points<\/span><\/p>\n

-High = 13-15 points<\/p>\n

Total points obtained on evaluation of consequences of introduction to California = 11<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information:<\/strong> Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included. (Score)<\/p>\n

-Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/p>\n

-Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).<\/p>\n

-Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

–High (-3)<\/strong> Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/span><\/p>\n

Evaluation is High (-3)<\/span>:\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>To date, the pathogen has been detected in more than four non contiguous counties in California.\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

7) The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: (Score)<\/p>\n

Final Score: <\/em><\/strong>\u00a0Score of Consequences of Introduction \u2013 Score of Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information = 8<\/span>.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Uncertainty: \u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Surveys for the detection of P. belbahrii<\/em> have not been conducted to fully establish its presence in field environments within California.\u00a0 Results of future survey may result in further detections of the pathogen in new locations.\u00a0 This will only strengthen the current proposed C rating.\u00a0 However, due to the devastating effects on crop production, direct action is necessary to mitigate risk of establishment and spread of P. belbahrii<\/em> on host plants particularly grown in nursery environments.<\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Based on the evidence provided above the proposed rating for Downy mildew of basil is C.<\/strong><\/p>\n

References:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

B<\/strong>elbahri, L., G. Calmin, J. Pawlowski and F. Lefort.\u00a0 2005.\u00a0 Phylogenetic analysis and real time PCR detection of a presumbably undescribed Peronospora<\/em> species on sweet basil and sage.\u00a0 Mycological Research, 109:1276-1287.<\/p>\n

B<\/strong>lomquist, C.L., S. Rooney-Latham and P. A. Nolan.\u00a0 2009. First report of downy mildew on field-grown sweet basil caused by a Peronospora<\/em> sp. in San Diego County, California. Plant Disease 93:968.<\/p>\n

C<\/strong>ABI.\u00a0 2014.\u00a0 Pernospora belbahrii<\/em> data sheet report (basic).\u00a0 Crop Protection Compendium.\u00a0 http:\/\/www.cabi.org\/cpc\/datasheetreport?dsid=118352<\/a>.<\/p>\n

C<\/strong>hen, C. H., J. H. Huang, J. H. and T. F. Hsieh.\u00a0 2010.\u00a0 First report of Peronospora<\/em> belbahrii<\/em> causing downy mildew on basil.\u00a0 Plant Pathology Bulletin, 17:177-180.<\/p>\n

E<\/strong>PPO.\u00a0 2014.\u00a0 Peronospora belbahrii<\/em> (PEROBE).\u00a0 PQR database.\u00a0 Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization.\u00a0 http:\/\/www.newpqr.eppo.int<\/a>.<\/p>\n

G<\/strong>rabowski, M.\u00a0 2012.\u00a0 Basil Downy Mildew Peronospora belbahrii<\/em>.\u00a0 Regents of the University of Minnesota.\u00a0 University of Minnesota Extension. http:\/\/www.extension.umn.edu\/garden\/yard-garden\/vegetables\/basil-downy-mildew\/docs\/basil-downy-mildew-pub.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n

H<\/strong>enricot, B., J. Denton, J. Scarce, A. V. Barnes and C. R. Lane.\u00a0 2009.\u00a0 Peronospora<\/em> belbahrii<\/em> causing downy mildew disease on Agastache<\/em> in the UK: a new host and location for the pathogen.\u00a0 New Disease Reports, 20:26.<\/p>\n

N<\/strong>agy, G. and A. Horvath.\u00a0 2011.\u00a0 Occurrence of downy mildew caused by Peronospora<\/em> belbahrii<\/em> on sweet basil in Hungary.\u00a0 Plant Disease, 95:1034.1.<\/p>\n

P<\/strong>NW.\u00a0 2014.\u00a0 Basil, Sweet (Ocimum basilicum<\/em>) \u2013 Downy Mildew.\u00a0 Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook.\u00a0 http:\/\/pnwhandbooks.org\/plantdisease\/basil-sweet-ocimum-basilicum-downy-mildew<\/a>.<\/p>\n

R<\/strong>oberts, P. D., R. N. Raid, P. F. Harmon, S. A. Jordan and A. J. Palmateer.\u00a0 2009. \u00a0First report of Downy Mildew caused by a Peronospora<\/em> sp. on basil in Florida and the United States.\u00a0 Plant Disease 93: 199.<\/p>\n

T<\/strong>hines, M., S. Telle, S. Ploch and F. Runge.\u00a0 2009.\u00a0 Identity of the downy mildew pathogens of basil, coleus and sage with implications for quarantine measures.\u00a0 Mycological Research 113:532-540.<\/p>\n

W<\/strong>yenandt, C. A., J. E. Simon, M. T. McGrath and D. L. Ward.\u00a0 2010.\u00a0 Susceptibility of basil cultivars and breeding lines to downy mildew (Peronospora belbahrii<\/em>).\u00a0 2010.\u00a0 HortScience 45:1416-1419.<\/p>\n

Z<\/strong>hang, S. Z. Mersha, P. D. Roberts and R. Raid.\u00a0 2012.\u00a0 University of Florida, IFAS Extension Document PP271.\u00a0 http:\/\/edis.ifas.ufl.edu\/pdffiles\/PP\/PP27100.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Responsible Party:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

John J. Chitambar, Primary Plant Pathologist\/Nematologist, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832. Phone: 916-262-1110, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n

Pest Rating: C<\/strong><\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating for Peronospora belbahrii (Downy mildew of basil) Pest Rating: C PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: During June 2014, Cheryl Blomquist, CDFA Plant Pathologist, detected Peronospora belbahrii in basil plants grown in a Nursery in Alameda County.\u00a0 The plants had been purchased from a different nursery in Sebastopol, Sonoma County.\u00a0 In 2008, the … Continue reading Peronospora belbahrii (Downy mildew of basil)<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1117,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[8,4],"tags":[198,197],"class_list":["post-1176","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fungi","category-plant-pathology","tag-downy-mildew-of-basil","tag-peronospora-belbahrii"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-iY","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":1852,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1852","url_meta":{"origin":1176,"position":0},"title":"Peronospora digitalidis G\u00e4um, 1923","author":"Admin","date":"April 14, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Peronospora digitalidis G\u00e4um, 1923 Pest Rating: C PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: On February 9, 2016, USDA\u2019s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) notified the CDFA that the downy mildew pathogen, Peronospora digitalidis, was added on February 2, 2016, to their \u2018List of Pests no\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Fungi"","block_context":{"text":"Fungi","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"Foxglove, Downy Mildew Plant Symptoms","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/FoxgloveDownyMildewPlantSymptoms2Glass_by_Jenny-Glass-2011_pnwhandbooks.org_-300x260.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":11692,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=11692","url_meta":{"origin":1176,"position":1},"title":"Peronospora sparsa Berk. 1862 downy mildew of cane fruit; downy mildew of rose","author":"Heather.Martin","date":"July 10, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Peronospora sparsa Berk. 1862 downy mildew of cane fruit; downy mildew of rosePest Rating: C download pest rating *NOTE You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. 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Posted by tn","rel":"","context":"In "C-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"C-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=671"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":10731,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=10731","url_meta":{"origin":1176,"position":3},"title":"Peronospora sordida Berk. & Broome 1861","author":"Heather.Martin","date":"July 8, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Peronospora sordida Berk. & Broome 1861Pest Rating: B DOWNLOAD PEST RATING *NOTE You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. Posted by tn","rel":"","context":"In "B-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"B-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=670"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":7965,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=7965","url_meta":{"origin":1176,"position":4},"title":"Peronospora dipsaci Tul. 1854 ex de Bary 1863","author":"Heather.Martin","date":"January 13, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Peronospora dipsaci Tul. 1854 ex de Bary 1863Pest Rating: C DOWNLOAD PEST RATING *NOTE\u00a0 You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. 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